Chrillys Goldpreis-Report Inhaltsverzeichnis
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Early Life: 1924–1945
An interview with FRITZ BAUER Conducted by Ulf Hashagen on 21 and 26 July, 2004, at the Technische Universität München. Interview conducted by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, as part of grant # DE-FG02-01ER25547 awarded by the US Department of Energy. Transcript and original tapes donated to the Computer History Museum by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics © Computer History Museum Mountain View, California ABSTRACT: Professor Friedrich L. Bauer describes his career in physics, computing, and numerical analysis. Professor Bauer was born in Thaldorf, Germany near Kelheim. After his schooling in Thaldorf and Pfarrkirchen, he received his baccalaureate at the Albertinium, a boarding school in Munich. He then faced the draft into the German Army, serving first in the German labor service. After training in France and a deployment to the Eastern Front in Kursk, he was sent to officer's school. His reserve unit was captured in the Ruhr Valley in 1945 during the American advance. He returned to Pfarrkirchen in September 1945 and in spring of 1946 enrolled in mathematics and physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitäat, München. He studied mathematics with Oscar Perron and Heinrich Tietze and physics with Arnold Sommerfeld and Paul August Mann. He was offered a full assistantship with Fritz Bopp and finished his Ph.D. in 1951 writing on group representations in particle physics. He then joined a group in Munich led by a professor of mathematics Robert Sauer and the electrical engineer Hans Piloty, working with a colleague Klaus Samelson on the design of the PERM, a computer based in part on the Whirlwind concept. -
Heinz Billing
Heinz Billing Born April 7, 1914, Salzwedel, Germany; an inventor1, of magnetic drum storage and built the first working electronic computer in Germany; searched for gravity waves and became unsurpassed in not finding them. Education: doctoral degree, University of Göttingen, 1938. Professional Experience: Aerodynamic Test Centre, Göttingen (Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt, AVA) 1938-1946; German Air Force, 1938-1941; Institute für Instrumentenkunde (Institute for Scientific Instruments), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (later Max-Planck- Gesellschaft), 1946-1949, and again in 1950-1972; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Sydney, Australia, 1949-1950; Max Planck Institute, Garching, Germany, 1972-1982. Honors and Awards: honorary professorship in computing, Erlangen University, 1967; Konrad Zuse Prize, 1987. Heinz Billing was born on April 7, 1914 in Salzwedel, a small town some 30 miles north of Wolfsburg, where Volkswagen automobiles are made. He went to school at Salzwedel, graduated from high school (“Abitur”-examination) at 18 and, after studies at Göttingen (a famous university town south of Hanover) and Munich, he received his doctorate in physics at the age of 24. His thesis under Walter Gerlach was on Light Interference with Canal Rays. He began his career June 1, 1938, at the Aerodynamic Test Centre at Göttingen (Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt, AVA) connected with Ludwig Prandt], the famous director of the Kaiser- Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung (fluid mechanics). By October 1, 1938, he was drafted to the Air Force, where he worked in weather forecasting. He was released from these duties in May 1941 to do research in aeronautical acoustics. Magnetic Sound Recording In those days German engineering was well known for excellent results with magnetic sound recording, first on steel wire and then on tape. -
Some Remarks on the Impact of Computers on Mathematics and Physics ∗
Some Remarks on the Impact of Computers on Mathematics and Physics ∗ Rita Meyer-Spasche, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstr. 2 85748 Garching, Germany; [email protected] Abstract A few programmable computing machines existed already in the 19-thirties and forties. Most of them were unique, constructed in the institutes of their users. Around 1955, larger numbers of commercially produced computers became available. In 1957, the German Science Foundation (DFG) bought three IBM-650 machines, one of them for the institute of Prof Collatz at University of Hamburg. As soon as there was a larger number of scientists with computing experiences, in the years 1968-1974, researchers working in different fields of mathematics and physics met at international conferences with titles like `Computers in Mathe- matical Research' (1968) or `The Impact of Computers on Physics' (1972). There they told each other how much computers had already changed their work. In this contribution, some of the experiences, observations and lines of thought will be retraced which accompanied this development or commented on it later on: expectations for the future and strategies of science policy in the thirties to sixties; reports on the already changed and still changing conditions of research work from the seventies, and retrospective comments from later years. Today, the words of the mathematician and computer scientist George E. Forsythe (1968) are still valid: \the question `What can be automated?' is one of the most inspiring philosophical and practical questions of contemporary civilization." It is a political question as well: Should everything that can be automated actually get automated? Which of the technologically possible developments are desirable, which ones should we try to block? Zusammenfassung: Einzelne programmierbare Rechenmaschinen gab es schon in den 1930-er und 40-er Jahren. -
Preprint Heft 3
PREPRINT 3 Ulf Hashagen, Hans Dieter Hellige (Hg.) Rechnende Maschinen im Wandel: Mathematik, Technik, Gesellschaft Festschrift für Hartmut Petzold zum 65. Geburtstag Preprint 3 Ulf Hashagen, Hans Dieter Hellige: Rechnende Maschinen im Wandel: Mathematik, Technik, Gesellschaft. Festschrift für Hartmut Petzold zum 65. Geburtstag. 2011 Inhalt Vorwort 5 Erhard Anthes Zur Einführung des logarithmischen Rechenstabes im deutschen Bildungs- system 9 Joachim Fischer Zur Rolle von Heinz Adler zwischen Ludwig Albert Ott und Alwin Oswald Walther 33 Ulf Hashagen Rechner für die Wissenschaft: »Scientific Computing« und Informatik im deutschen Wissenschaftssystem 1870–1970 111 Rudolf Seising Vom harten Rechnen zum Soft Computing. Oder: Rechenkünstler sind nie modern gewesen! 153 Hans Dieter Hellige Die Aktualität von Hartmut Petzolds Sozialgeschichte des Computing 199 Schriftenverzeichnis Hartmut Petzold 215 Abbildungsnachweise 221 Vorwort Als im Winter 2008/09 auf einer Tagung europäischer Informatikhistoriker die Idee aufkam, zum 65. Geburtstag von Hartmut Petzold ein wissenschaftliches Kolloquium zu organisieren, fand diese Idee sowohl im Forschungsinstitut für Technik- und Wissen- schaftsgeschichte des Deutschen Museums als auch innerhalb der GI-Fachgruppe 8.2 »Informatik- und Computergeschichte« der Gesellschaft für Informatik sofort große Zustimmung. Auch die für einen Vortrag angefragten Kollegen Gerard Alberts (Universität Amsterdam), Erhard Anthes (PH Ludwigsburg), Joachim Fischer (Ernst von Siemens Kunststiftung), Menso Folkerts (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität -
Postface Science, Technology, Arms
Postface Science, technology, arms The text below is only a part of the postface that was announced in the preface to volume I; the full text, with references to sources, is substantially longer than the French version, already 90 pages long. It will be available to interested readers on the Internet, at the following address: www.springer.online.com/de/3-540-20921-2 Readers who wish to understand why a mathematics textbook includes the text below will find explanations in the preface to volume I. I have tried to be as pedagogical as possible, but since this postface deals with many topics far removed from mathematics, it will, of course, require some work and good will from the reader to understand it. Many sources have been used, and all of them will be found in the internet version. A few have been mentioned in the printed text. Italics have been used for verbatim quotations in the main text. § 1. How to fool young innocents The H-bomb was born in September 1941 at Columbia University in New York during a conversation between Enrico Fermi and Edward Teller. The explosion of an atomic bomb based on the fission of U-235 or Pu-239 nuclei could generate the tens or hundreds of million degrees necessary for the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, which in turn would generate amounts of energy hundreds of times greater than that of the atomic bomb itself. This was nothing more than a very rough idea, but Teller and others already knew (or believed) by 1942 that, if a 30 kg mass of U-235 is used to detonate a surrounding mass of 400 kg of liquid deu- terium, the destructiveness should be equivalent to that of more than 10,000,000 tons of TNT [the standard military explosive].