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Home , Bibinje, Dugi Otok, Kukljica, Lika (river), Molat, Preko

EI Problems of Water-Supply in the Coast-Insular Area of the Region

Zeljka iiljkoaiC, Martin Glamuzina, Nikola Glamuzina

Fdcult.:l of Arts in Zadar, Depttnent of Geogfttphll, Obala kralja Petra Kreimira IV, No.2, Zadqr,

Abstract

The sifuation in economic development, especiallyin toudsm and agrrculture, as well as de- mographic changes in the Zadar region are closely connected to inJras tructure development, particularly with water-supply. The intention of this arhcle ls to warn abouL the ursustainable condition in water supply of the insular area. Applyingthe statistical data, analyzing the existing condition and using the method ofcom- padson, very contradictory condition in economizjng the drinking water in coastal and in sular parl of the region has been established The coastal part has been connected to the water-supply system of the drainageba- sin i.e to the regional water-supply system of the Northern , and uses local spdngs, whrch enables economic and demographic development of the coastal seLtlements On the other hand, the islands of the belong to the group of the least developed and socially most neglected parts of the country. The quahly water supply is a very importantprecondition for the revival of the insular area Because of this reasons, the authors think that the quahty and constant supply of the islands is the basis for the development of touism alrd other economic acrivities, particularly agri- culture lntroduction Researches and Resu lts

Quality and constant water supply of a certain area lnsular Part of the Region is a precondition for demographic and economic de- velopmenl The area of the Zadar archipelago belongs to Csa Present condition of the Zadar region is marked type of climate with precipitations ranging from 800 to with discordance between coastal and insular atea. 1000 mm. The main raining period is in the colder parL ofthe year, from September to December. According to While the regional water-supply system enables the accessible data (Table 1), observir.rg monthly and constant and quality supply as well as the revival ofthe annual values within the observed area, there are sig- economic activities, the insular area still stagnates in its nificant differences in dispositlon and quantity development. of the precipitations. The average amual values rise from The lack of regular water supply is a crucial prob- outer, open-sea part of the region towards the coastal lem that provoked depopulation and stopped the de- sequence of islands. velopment of the economy. At the meteorological stahon in Sali () There are no surface flows ilr the insular area, and the annual quaniity of precipitation in the period be- brackish water springs are very rare. The presenL way tween 1961 alld 1990 was 824 mm, while on the island of water supplying by cistems, raillwater and watet of , which is a coasial jsland, the quantity ofprecipi- carders does not meet the local people's needs, let tation in the same period reached the value of 985 mm. alone the needs of the tourists in the summer. The quantity of precipitations decreases from the is- lands in the northernpart ofthe archipelago (the island

Period biol, Vol 102, Supplement 1,2000 379 'LgUXorKd* LITTORAL 2000 - Responsible Coastal Zone Management

1 1 month and annual quantities of precipitations in the insular part of the Zadar region in the period 1961-1990 Table - Average '*ts*

SILBA 93 15 70 6J 64 s7 19 69 94 86 133 92 938 58 a7 a2 71 65 60 56 36 67 97 86 132 96 934 59 t5T 86 77 70 66 56 49 37 66 95 77 118 93 889 59 79 71 6A 61 47 53 30 66 93 70 119 91 848 59 92 a3 80 71 64 51 38 67 9a 110 133 97 985 60 ZADAR 77 12 74 60 61 52 35 63 98 112 118 94 915 60 UGUAN a4 76 75 66 58 56 42 59 97 110 120 94 938 60 s4't ls BRBINJ 86 74 J2 65 55 51 39 53 92 106 120 93 906 61 r. titrd vEU rZ 7s 66 67 s8 50 42 35 58 86 98 114 88 837 61 Ib 77 90 108 90 424 62 SAL| 83 68 69 5s 48 49 30 57 nrE fF

Table 2 - The conditron of water supply on Zadar islands &r d t-.a b-. YES YES 4 WELLS Water supply network local cisterns id OLIB YES YE5 4 WELLS 5prin9 of brackish water b finl€d LOCAL YES YES 3 WELLS construction oJ supply system Th iKARDA 3 WELLS dd tsT LOCAL YE5 YES 3 WELLS construction of supply network IG MOLAT LOCAL YE5 YE5 12 WELLS Construction of new water reseNoir &E' YES YES 2 WELLS YE5 YES 11 WELLS l SPRING tz E-1 WELLS YE5 YES 2 nDEd YES l WELL *tt SESTRICA V YE5 oSUAK YE5 BABAC l WELL 4 WELLS r.f of Silba 938 mm) towards the southem insular series habitants are left to self managing. This analysis in- - and (Sali - 824 mm). cludes the northem islands (Silba, O1ib, Prernuda, Mo- (Dugi dis The islands in whose geological structure prevail lat), the area of the outer series of islands otok) (, Vir). Cretaceous Limestone and dolomites (OIib, Silba, and the coastal series of islands Premuda, Zverinac, Sestrunj, Rivanj, Skrada,Molat) to- The island of OIib is made ofCretaceous limestone gether with local appearances oI Eolic limestone (the and dolomites with smaller zones of Eocene limestone island oI Olib) and Eolic marl (Silba), don't have sur- in the northeast, while the narrow dolomite zone faceflows. Theporous surface enables a direct draining stretches ftom northwest to southeast. Such structure off of water into the undergrould The consequence of oI the ground causes the absence of surface flows and this situation is the absence of the springs with drink- enables the appearance of smaller puddles in the dolo- ing water, and the appearances of the brackish water mite zone. There are a few springs ofbrackishwater on are very rare. Such salty water has been spotted on the the island among which the one found in the Sibenska islands: Silba, Olib, Molat, IZ, Premuda, Skarda, , Bay is the largest. As a result of this situation the sup- , Sestrunj, Zverinac, Vrgada and Babac (Table 2). ply exclusively depends on the transport ofwaterby a Although a certain quantity of these waters could water carrier and individual ci'terns. be used as technological water or in the households, The majorpart of Silba is made ofCretaceous lime- the main problem is [hat there are no machines for pu- stone, except in the southern part where there are dfying or for desalinization of these watels. Eocene marls. ln wintertime, when the quantity ofpre- A detailed analysis of the condition of the maller cipitations is 58% of the total annual quantity, the in- islands of the Zadar archipelago indicates very ne- habitants supply themselves mainly by rainwaler. On glected condition of the water supply and the local in- the other hand, in the summer time the water carier

380 Penod biol, vol 102,supplement l, 2000 i i -(ovrc et at.: Water-5upply in Coast-lnsu ar Area of Zadar Region

]e period 1961-t 990 ] 23 -- - - .q .a strLrcture causes + on ihe slands prevails + the sLrpply is limited to rain- + the condition do€s not me€t -:::.< oi surface flows brack sh w.ter water and/or water carrier th€ ne€ds of ihe loca inhabitants ]n,.,"r % tI11.9;t =-__.\ '58 59 59 HE UNsOLVING OF THE PROELEMS OF WATER SLJPPLY CAUsES DEMOGRAPH C EMPT|NG 59 oF THE SLANDs AND THE STAGNATION OF THF FCONOMIa DFVFIOPMFNT Graph 1 Based on the a ready estabLished, it Ir possible to paft t'(l-^ - dlfferent ate several cruc al characteristics of ihe coastal of the regloni 60 60 -r:rorts the supply. The island has a water supply net- the only mean of water supply is also the waier stored 6l . -.1( that is connected to the local cisierns in the cisterns either as the rainwater or water trans- ported by ships. (Graph 1) 62 The island of Premuda has a similar strucLure; .:r.el\; it is made of Cretaceous linestone, and on the As ithasbeen stated earlier, depopulation of the is- r--iiheastern and souLhwestern side of the island the lar-rds additionally conlributes to the problem of water :r. .oYes end with slrall overflowed bays In the bay supply, especially on those, traffic isolated islands with :: Lazi there are springs of brackish water Premuda almost none or very weak cconomrc activities. There cistelns .:s a local water supply system that includes two local fore, ri is no surprise that the most neglected islancis are ::i several private cisLerns. The supply in the summer both those affected by depopulation and those h,iih a - . 'ipd to ihc re8u la r : r.rr r I of rn arcr i.r rrier negative population growth, with a domination of the old people and/or singles (Table 3). Only Ugljan and The island of Molat rs made of l-ower Creiaceous Dugi otok can be treated as potential development ar- rrk :... Eocene limestone, which indicates the lack of sur, eas - the island of Ugljan because of its nearness Lo the -:ie floils and the springs of drinking rl'ater. The three regional center (i.e. Zadar) and because of the potential ::E rtells have a capacity ihat is insufficient for a safer ndustrialization (ship repairing yard Lamjana) and .el:-supply (less than 0,1 l/sec). Local cisterns (2 x 400 mariculture (tuna fishery) and Dugi otok because o{ its ::-:r and several iadividual ones (114 x 20-30 cm3) are fish madnating facLory and iourism, parircLrlarly nauti :: led \{'ith rainlvater and transpotted water. The water cal touiism in ihe Telasiica Bay. .:r.p\,system on the island is exclusively of a local :iaracter Ilorvever, even the most distant islands have a real chance of becoming innovative focuses based on sev- The island ofDugr otok in ils southeasiern part has eral basic assumptions: ::! o\!.n ln''ater springs with a capacity of 5 1/sec, but the the inhoduction of ihe ecologtcal agriculture qilalitv does not meet the standards for dtinking water - and ihe production of healthy food on famLly The water from Lhe rireil in the Zman field isbroughtby farms based on the olive cullivation, \'ineyards, lLater conduit to the artificial accumulation Velika breedlng of goats/sheep, the produclion of ualysis in- Dumbovica near Zaglav rncluding settlements of Luka healing and aromahc herbs and esstential oils, muda, Mo_ and Sali The northwestern part of the rsland is out of breedrng of bees Dugi otok) ihis \a aier supply system. - remaking in tile srnall production plants on the The island of Ugljan also does have natural not Ievel of the vilLage-local comnuniLy or on the limestone conclifions for accumulatmg Iarger quantiiies of drink- family Ievel limestone ing $'ater. The hospital on the island uses the waier concentrating tolrrist acttvity on the specihc nile zone fron the \a'e11 Duboko, but its waier often gets salted, - qualities of the local rural environment Struchrre n'hich makes lhis water unsurtable for drinking. The 1oq'5 416 smaller wells are located in lhe area and rn the In order to revitalize the life on the islands it is nec- the doio_ SutomiScica Bay, but they are also insufficient for satis- c,5,rri to fu lfill severrlprerondirion:: lvatet on fving needs during the summertime The island of - to strenglhen the traffic lines with the torvns on libenska Ugljan represenls the first step ln connecting the ihe coasi the coastal area of the region lvith the islands by a water sLrp- - to build of the local insular road infrastlucture r ter by supply network. A submarine water conduil trans a to link all inhabited islands to the regional \cater poris water from the land to . supply system of the Norihern Dalmatia -ts lime- In impermeable flish layer on the island of Vrr ere at.e there ar€ a few wells of brackish lvater for local needs ofpre- and numerous individual wells by the weekend cot Coastal Part of the Region the lages. in- The analysis of the condition of the water supply er. L)r1 On the rest of fhe islands of the Zadar archipelago ir the coastal part of the region shows a completely dif- :ar-rier - Ist, IZ, Rivanj, Sestrunj, Skarda, Tun and Zverinac - ferent situation, although up to ihe 1980s the Zadar re-

1, 20aa Perod biol, Vol 102, Supp€ment l, 2000 381 LITToRAL 2000 - Responsible Coastal Zone Management Z. 5tL

Table 3 - The population of the Zadar islands 1981-1991 Dis

DUGIOTOK 2099 2473 136,87 lem 8oZAVA 119 155 119,42 wor BRBINJ 104 168 161,54 watr DMGOVE 18 139 178,20 Koztros, Petraare, and Sukodar supply them- Zad TUKE 135 164 121,48 selves with water from Bokanjac. The Jezerce rrell has first SALI 9jJ 1r90 135,69 i.e. t SAVAR 93 85 91,40 setd soLrNE 145 124 85,52 conl VELI RAT 167 140 83,83 beb ZAGLAV 237 369 155.70 ard ZMAN 27s 324 'r9,27 IST 299 237 79,26 norl tz t68 567 73,83 i,av MALI IZ 212 189 89,15 Zve vELr of siphon flows at dep*u while tz s56 468 44,17 treater the rgater flow line is stronger. MOLAT 3Oi 222 73,15 mid BRGULJE 76 56 85,53 In the northem coastal part' bv tl€ \i:lebit canal lanr MOLAT 135 114 44,44 mer ZAPUNTEL 90 52 57,78 OLIB 226 168 74,37 witl PREMUDA 98 74,49 alsc RAVA 147 120 81,6f RIVANI Pon 30 20 66,67 flor SESTRUNJ 96 128,12 srLBA the 198 221 116,62 still UGUAN 6801 7583 1 1 1,50 red KALI 1AZ9 2245 122,7 4 KUKUICA ten 716 868 121,23 wel LUKOMN 6J5 687 101,78 nih oiUAK 65 chl had been stopping their economt POUANA 44A 448 100,00 der-doparant. ger 1559 1759 112,83 The most impo.tant role fr tlE| drinking water ent SUTOMtSalcA 438 441 100.68 supply of the whole Zadar area ha an irttcn ention on acl UGUAN 1136 1070 94,19 pon'e of the hor VELE 5RAKANE 16 9 s6,25 drairuge basin vtR 866 860 99,31 exI"q VRGADA 311 236 7 5,AA - the first drainage courprises Er springs on the ' an( zvERtNAC 96 59 61,46 right bank of the Zrrrunp Rivq in tlre area of tea , northwest of Graiac ard Ee slopes of ciq gionbelonged to those parts of Croatiawith significant mourtain up bo Mu5ko\-ci isr lack of water. hal - t}re ryring of Water supply of the coastal part is based on the H: the Zrmanja anr Zrmanja Rive Riv hal ants, than it is - the upper flow of the Zrmania Rir.er has the Po Although the least important role for tlre rvater supphl as it supply, along the coastline there are sevetal larger and d es out in snEErertime tlx smaller interventions whose capacities are not suffi- The re ' thr cient for the existin& let alone the for future development Zadar tri activities. atea c to Aiyhow, they had a very important role dur_ mi ing Maslenica, the war when the intetventions on the Zrmanja Br River were - Maslenice - Starigrad Seline disabled. Out of local springs the most im- - ci: portant Maslenica Karin Novigrad is pumping site Bokanjac Mud, funchoning - - - su - Maslenica - Poseda4e -Zadar rh

382 Period biol, Vol 102, Supplement t, 2000 Water-supply in Coast-lnsular Area of Zadar Region 2. Sturovtc et al.,

with salt. With the thawing of ihe salt, the liquid from nding Discussion the roads pouis toward the edges of the and lar by PavemenL water supply prob- penelrates into the underground and underground out of The complete solution of the net- watels. Thus, it is necessary to ensure sevelal imPor- ng ihe lem lies in linking the insular area to the regional of the preconditions for quality water suPPly so that the rat the work of the Zrmanja River The third drrection lant to rmderground waters and pump sites nents, watei conduit coming from Obrovac - Maslenica pollution of the The reduced to a minimum: il-rem- Zadar should be expanded to the insular series springs could be Ugljan, 3ll has firsi destination in that network is the lsland of other [jacent i e the settlement of Lukoran, artd from where ali ar1dPaiman canbe A. Bokanjac )n and settlements on the islands of Ugljan to the network The settlement of Preko can sbeen connected to build a sewage system and to recover the seP- all oihel islands ofthe - age of be treated as the node {or linling lic tanks of lhe whole area archipelago g near - to recover the criy dumP by installing clay or oblem The first direction connects the islands oI lhe PVC pad, introduce the drainate system, com- le salt- northem part: RivaniSeslruniTun-Tst-Olib-Si1ba-Bo- press the waste and to relocate the dumP t ls 2,5 The second direction from Seskunj leads to Zava. - to remove and recover the wild dumps vation Zverinac and northweslern Part of Dugi otok (So- :r flow line-Bozava). The third direction connects IZ-Rava and middle and eastern part of Dugi otok. The coastal is- B. Zrmanja the settle- i canal lands, Vir and Pat, link themselves through the drainage system on the roads simul- :pends ment of Nin. - to build taneously with buildng of ihe speedway, i e lre not Ho\,\'evet wafer suPply of lhe whole area is faced hrghwaY, on VPC area :rhme. with possible Pollutions, not only ol the local we11s but illages also of ihe whole Zrmanja drainage basin. The greaiest or and potenhal danger is linked to the BokanjacMud and the Conclusion ,upply how of the Zrmania River In the area of Bokanjac and tlovac, the nearby military base the issue of sewage system is The water supply in Zadar region reveals two ing the stiLl not soived. The waste fecal waters Penetrate di- compleieLy opposite situations: the coastal Part is con- he wa- rectly into the Karst underground and thus become la- nected to the regionalwaier suPPly sysiem ofNorthern lso in- tent danter for underground waters that flow into the Dalmatia, with main sPdngs on the Zrmania River, ese vil- wells. The wastewaters from the settlements contain smaller interventions al Bokanjac and local sPrings in ai ihey niLrogenous comPounds (ammonia, nitrates, nitrites), the coastal area; on the oLher hand, the irtsular area is 'rshich chloride, sulphates and PhosPhates as well as Patho- still one of lhe least developed and the most neglected genic microorganisms (atents of tyPhus, cholera, dys- parts of Dalmatia. Watet as the basis for life, is the main rvater entery), and viruses which cause intestinal and stom- factor for the develoPment of every area. Urban devei- tion on ach drseases, paralysis, jaundice. The intensive opment, industry, agriculture and can only be of the housing construction in the area of Bokanjac addition- developed if there are enough quantities of water to r basin satisfythebasic needs ofeach activity The city as a con- centration centet does not only require enough water on the for the needs of the households and economy, but also area of quality urban development, which supposes srgnifi- area, it )Pes or city dump and fecal waters on the surounding cant quantities of water for municiPal activities (foun- the in- is necessary to analyze the medicai condition of tai.ns, parks, horticuLture) ie. for ennobling lhe sur- habitants of Bokanjac and surrounding settlemenLs imPorlant in tourist towns ring of rounding which rs sPecially and compate it wiih the medical condition of the in- and Nin rman]a like Zadar, , Novigrad habitants from othel areas that are not affected by the the islands ir is to out sev- pollution. Studying Possible Point las ihe eral imporlant characterislics: the Zrmania drainage basin are not l.'. as it The waters of water self-supply cannot solve the problem of the industrial or urban since - tlueatened by Pollution the economic develoPment the whole area is notvery populated and poorly indus- ies the the Iack ofeconomic initiative, which isPartiaLly trialized. Howevet very intensive road traffic on the - ovac to caused by the lack of water, is a reason for de- main tra lfic direction Zagreb-SPlit on the roule n5i population and emPtying of the insular area Bruvno-Graiac represents lhe greatest danger, espe- >ECOLOGICALEMI- ciaily because of the sedimentation oI heavy metals - the islands are the area of the commu- such as lead, cadmium, and particles of soot Dunng GRATIONu caused by rnactivity of general the wintertime the roads are intensively being covered nity and the society in

383 nt 1, 2000 Period biol, Vol 102, Strpplement 1, 2000 LITTORAL 2000 - Responsible Coastal Zone Management

- WATER is the critical factor on which two possi- 2. CERES D 1998 Economizing the water on the Islands ble ways of future heading of the islands de- and the Water Supply, Proceedings of "Waters on the , 1998: 45-52 pend: Croatian Islands<, HHD, - connection of the islands to the regional net- 3 :ivICIC D BIONDIC B 1998 Dalmahan Islands -Natu- work - and the begin-rir-rg of the renewal of life ral Condilions, Situation and the Possibility of Water on ihe Croatian ls- on the islands Suppl, Proceedings of "Waters ]ands", HHD, Hvar 1998:119 134 - the islands are not important economic zones P1998 Waters onthe Islands and TheirSignifi- ihat should be developed and they should be let 4. MALES for the Agncultural Production, Proceedings of to self-survival cance ,WaLers on the Croatian Islands; HHD, Hvar, 1998r \44rich road to take and which solution lo choose 179-184 primarily depends on the interest of the local and re- 5. PAVICIC A, RENIC A 1995The Possibilities of water gional community, and than on the state in general. Supply From the Lika Part of the Zrmanja Drainage However, it should also be emphasized lhat the is- Basin,I Croatian Geological Congress, Book 1, Opatija, lards are very important and very quality economic 18-21 X 1995: 435-438 potential in both touist and agricultural way. 8. Census 1991, RZS RH Documenlation 881, Data from Water Company, Zadar, 1998 Bibliography

1. BONACCI O 1998 Wa ters on the lslands and the Possi b ity of lts Exploilation, Proceedings of "Waters on the Croatian lslands", HHD, Hvar, 1998: 13-24

384 P€riod biol, Vol '102, 5!pplement 1, 2000