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Porolithon Onkodes! Having a Meancoverage of 1.7%Were Noted in the Quadratsurvey HAWAU-S-98-002 C2 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF FISH AND MACROBENTHOS AT SELECTED SITES FRONTING SAND ISLAND, O'AHU, HAWAPI, IN RELATION TO THE SAND ISLAND OCEAN OUTFALL, YEAR 8 1997 Richard E. Brock PROJECT REPORT PR-98-07 January l998 WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MANOA Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 AUTHOR: Dr. Richard E. Brock AssociateResearcher and Fisheries Specialist Sea Grant Extension Service MarineScience Building 204 Universityof Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 Tel.: 808/956-2859 FAX: 808/956-2858 $5.00/copy Please make remittancein U.S. dollars from a U,S, bank or internationalmoney order to: ResearchCorporation of the University of Hawaii Mail to: Water Resources Research Center University of Hawai'i at Mixe 2540 Dole St., Holmes Hall 283 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 ~ U.S.A. Attn: Publications Office NOTE: Pleaseindicate PR-98-07 on check or money order for our reference. COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF FISH AND MACROSENTHOS AT SELECTED SITES FRONTING SAND ISLAND, O'AHU, HAWAI'I, IN RELATION TO THE SAND ISLAND OCEAN OUTFALL, YEAR 8 1997 Richard E. Brock Project Report PR-98-07 January 1998 PREPARED FOR City and County of Honolulu Departmentof WastewaterManagement Project Report for "A Five-Year Biological and SedimentMonitoring Program on the Marine CommunitiesNear the City's OceanSewer Outfalls" Contract No.: C54997 Project Period: 1 January1997 30 September2002 Principal Investigator: JamesE,T. Moncur WATER RKSGURCKS RKSKARCH CKNTKR University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Any opinions,findings, and conclusionsor recommendationsexpressed in this publicationare those of the authorand do notnecessarily reflect the view of theWater Resources Research Center. ABSTRACT This reportprovides the resultsof theeighth year of an annualquantitative monitoring carried out in August and September1997! of shallowmarine communities inshore of the SandIsland Ocean Outfall, 0'ahu, Hawai'i. This monitoringeffort focuseson benthicand fish community structure and is designed to detect changesin these communities. Marine communitiesoffshore of Honolulu have receivedconsiderable perturbation over the last 100 years, Dumping of raw sewagein shallow water, which occurred from 1955 to 1977, was halted in 1978;however, point and nonpoint sourcesof pollution from both urban activities andindustry continue. All of thesedisturbances may serve to obscureany impacts that may be causedby treatedeffluent dischargedfrom the deep-oceanoutfall. The marine communities show a considerablerange in developmentthat is probably related to historical impacts. Stationshave been located to take advantageof thesegradients. Analysis of the eight yearsof data showedthat there hasbeen no statistically significantchange in the following biological measures:percent coral cover, numberof coral species,number of invertebratespecies, total numberof invertebratescounted, number of fish species,total number of fishescounted, and the biomassof fishes presentat each station. HurricaneIniki, which occurred in September 1992, impacted marine communities along the south shore of 0'ahu. Coral communities receivedconsiderable damage, especially at the westernmoststudy station.Recovery in these communities is evident from the five years of data collected since the storm. Thus far, this study has not detecteda quantifiablenegative impact from the operationof the Sand Island Ocean Outfall. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Purpose Strategy MATERIALS AND METHODS . RESULTS 6 7 Station A Kewalo Landfill . Station B Kalihi Entrance Channel .. 14 Station C Reef Runway 20 Physical Measurementsand Biological Parameters. 24 Green Sea Turtle Observations . 27 DISCUSSION . 27 REFERENCES CITED . 33 APPENDIX 37 Figures 1, General locations of the three permanentstations sampled in this study .... 2. Sketch depicting locations of the five photographicquadrats each on Transects T-1 and T-2, located offshore of the Kewalo Landfill adjacent to an abandoned sewer line.................... 3. Sketch depicting locations of the five photographic quadrats each on Transects T-3 and T-4, located adjacent to the Kalihi Entrance Channel .. 4. Sketch depicting locations of the five photographic quadrats each on Transects T-5 and T-6, located offshore of the Honolulu International Airport Reef Runway . 10 Tables I, Summary of biological observationsmade at TransectT-l, offshore of Kewalo Landfill on 14 August 1997. 11 2. Summary of results for the photographic quadrat survey for 1997. 12 3. Summary of biological observationsmade at TransectT-2, offshore of Kewalo Landfill on 14 August 1997. 15 4. Summary of physical measurementsmade at each of three locations in the vicinity of the transectpairs on 6 December1991, 22 December 1992, 9 September 1993, 14 October 1994, 26 September1995, 21 November 1996, and 15 August 1997 17 5. Summary of biological observations made at Transect T-3, east of the Kalihi Entrance Channel on 14 August 1997 18 6. Summary of biological observationsmade at TransectT-4, east of the Kalihi EntranceChannel on 14 August 1997 .. 7. Summary of biological observationsmade at TransectT-5, approximately760 m offshoreof the HonoluluInternational Airport Reef Runway on 18 August 1997 .. 8. Summary of biological observations made at Transect T-6, approximately840 m offshoreof the HonoluluInternational Airport Reef Runway on 18 August 1997, . 9. Summary of biological parametersmeasured at the six transectlocations in the eight annual surveys .. INTRODUCTION Purpose In recentyears controversy has arisen regarding the impact that sewageeffluent from the SandIsland WastewaterTreatment Plant may haveon inshorecoral reef species,Much of the geographicalarea of concernin this studywas impacted by the releaseof 62 mgd m /s! of raw sewagein 10 m of wateroff SandIsland from 1955to 1977.Starting in 1978sewage received advanced primary treatment and was released farther offshore of Sand Island from a deepocean outfall 7 to 73 m depth!.Despite studies that demonstratedthe recoveryof inshorebenthic communities once the shallow sewage stress was removed e.g., Dollar 1979!, concerncontinues over the possible impact that the release of sewageeffluent from thedeep- oceanoutfall may be havingon the shallow <20 m depth!marine communities fronting Honolulu and SandIsland. Accordingly, beginningin 1990,this study was undertakenin an attemptto quantitativelyascertain the impactsthat may be occurring.This documentpresents the resultsof the eighthannual survey carried out in Augustand September1997. Strategy Marine environmentalsurveys are usually performedto evaluatethe feasibility of and ecosystemresponse to specific proposedactivities. Appropriate survey methodologies reflect the natureof the proposedaction s!.An actionthat may havean acuteimpact such aschannel dredging!requires a surveydesigned to determinethe routeof leastharm and the projectedrate and degree of ecosystemrecovery. Impacts that are more chronic or progressiverequire different strategiesfor measurement.Management of chronic stressto a marine ecosystem requiresidentification of systemperturbations that exceedboundaries of natural fluctuations. Thus a thorough understandingof normal ecosystemvariability is required to separatethe impact signal from background"noise." Infrequentnatural events may addconsiderably to the variability or background noise measuredin a marine community. In September 1992 Hurricane Iniki struck the Hawaiian islands and impactedsome marine communitiesalong 0'ahu's south shore. This rare event has provided this study with information on the magnitudeof suchnatural impacts. Rare storm events not withstanding, the potential impacts occurring to the marine ecosystemoffshore of Sand Island and Honolulu are most probably those associatedwith chronic or progressive stresses.Because of the proximity of the population center and industry, marine communitiesfronting Honolulu are subjectedto a wide array of impactsnot usually occurring in other Hawai'i coral communities.Thus a samplingstrategy must attempt to separateimpacts due to wastewatertreatment plant effluent on coral reef communities located at somedistance shoreward from a hostof other perturbationsoccurring in the watersfronting Honolulu. Honolulu Harbor has been the primary commercialport for the Stateof Hawai'i since before the turn of the century Scott 1968!. The harbor is the result of dredging what was originally the drainagebasin of Nu'uanu Stream.Dredging beganbefore 1900,and periodic maintenancedredging still occurs. Until about 1960spoils were droppedjust outside of the harbor,generally to the eastof the SandIsland OceanOutfall. Besidesshipping, the harbor is ringed with industry; pineapplecanneries, gas andoil storage,and numerousother businesses have operatedor are still operating here. Storm drainageinto the harbor and nearby Ke'ehi Lagoon carries runoff from Honolulu's streetsand suburbsinto the ocean.Pollution is well known in the harbor;conditions are describedas early as 1920in referencescited by Cox and Gordon 970!. Sewage has been pumped into the ocean offshore of Kewalo and Sand Island sincethe 1930s.The early inputs were all raw sewagereleased in waternot exceeding20 m in depth.The actualpoint of releasevaried throughtime as different pipes were constructedand used. The multitude of perturbations that occurred in shallow water <20 m! until the constructionof the presentdeep-water outfall in 1978may serveto obscurethe impactsfrom the present discharge. The watersfronting SandIsland, into which the deep-oceanoutfall discharges,may
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