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International Journal of History and Research (IJHR) ISSN (P): 2249–6963; ISSN (E): 2249–8079 Vol. 10, Issue 1, Jun 2020, 41–54 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

THE SECOND EXPEDITION OF AHMED HASSANIEN PASHA TO THE (DECEMBER 1923–AUGUST 1924)

AHMED KHALED AHMED TAHA 1, ENAS FARES YEHIA 2 & SAMAH ABDULRAHMAN MAHMOUD 3 1Ministry of Tourism, 2Associate Professor, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, ; Minia University, Egypt 3Professor, Minia University, Saudi Arabia, Egypt ABSTRACT

Ahmed Hassanien pasha is the first Egyptian who led an expedition to the western desert; he could correct some of the mistakes he had made in his previous journey, 1921. He worked to regain his consideration beyond the whole world by preparing for another journey and making it a scientific expedition. He worked on writing down and collecting any information, notices or samples that he would gather through this journey, in addition to the analysis that he would gained during movement of one place to another in the Desert. Also, compared the current such results with what the previous travelers who had stated including Gerhard Rohlfs. He managed to reach Kufara with the assistance of Mr. Original Article Idris Al-Sanusi who offered him what the caravan needs till the end. There were rumors about two unknown oases which lots of the people of the Desert did not know about except from the tales and stories of the ancient ones. That is why he decided to make another journey and exerting his best effort to discover those unknown oases. Also, he decided to go through the travelling in a dangerous route.

KEYWORDS: Hassanein Pasha, Kufara, Arkenu, Uweinat & the Rock Drawings

Received: Nov 26, 2019 ; Accepted: Dec 16, 2019 ; Published: Mar 07, 2020 ; Paper Id.: IJHRJUN20205

1. INTRODUCTION

Ahmed Hassanein, the first of the modern Egyptian Explorers made a remarkable Journey In 1923of (3,572 kilometers - 2,220 miles) from the port of Al-Sallum on the via the of Kufara past Uweinat into Fasher in . It was the first recorded crossing of the Libyan Desert in Modern Times and is one of the Greatest Desert Journeys in history. On this expedition, Hassanein fixed the True Positions of Zieghen and Kufara Oases in , discovered the existence of Gabel Arkenu, also in Libya and Gabel Uweinat in the Southwestern Corner of the country and discovered a route from Southwestern Egypt to in Sudan.

The 1923's expedition was actually his Second major Desert trek; in 1920 he went from the Mediterranean to Kufara Oasis accompanied by Rosita Forbes. Hassanein brought a duality that had been missing in Desert expedition. He was an Egyptian educated in , and he was able to combine European scholarship with Middle Eastern diplomacy and expertise. His Journey was blessed by the King of Egypt and he came as a friend to Bedouin and Sanusi. They opened the way with their hospitality and Desert knowledge. He knew the Desert, the people in the Desert, the language, the super stations and the taboos. He understood the protocol on the unknown part of his Journey. He encountered Tribesmen who became his guides, but not his enemies on the day he was taken to the rock drawings at Uweinat. His Tabu guide told him of more drawings half a day’s Journey away.

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 42 Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Enas Fares Yehia & Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud

This journey had spotted the light on the Western Egyptian Desert and to get to know the Bedouin life, beside the possibility of placing it on the tourism map, it accumulated many types of tourism. It can be included as an ecotourism, adventure tourism, safari tourism and exploration tourism, besides being a scientific exploration Trip.

2. THE DEMOGRAPHIC RESULTS

Demography is the study of manifestations that are related to population like births, deaths and migration, and the factors which influence them. This definition was used in the second half of the 19 th Century. This definition consists of Two Greek words; (Demo) which means people and (Grapho) which means writing, and means that this Science is related with the study of population or the scientific study of population. The most significant outcome of this Hassanien’s Second expedition in the Desert from Al-Sallum to Darfur was the rock drawings which he discovered in Al- Uweinat on the surface of rocks. There were drawings of a number of animals and but there were neither nor details about people in that time which suggests the probability that He saw that they pointed to the passing of a sophisticated pastoral culture. North was marked by much more rain than our present time which he placed at some time before the introduction of the to the Desert in about 500 BC. Beside the Bedouin habits and traditions which he had observed in the Desert areas which he had visited.

Al-Uweinat Drawings

In Egypt, there is an extensive belt of running from the Arabian (Eastern) Desert in the East through Kharga, Dakhla, the GilfKebir, and Al-Uweinat. The rock art of the Uweinat , unquestionably its greatest treasure, is as as pastoralist rock art has been discovered. In almost every valley of Gabel Uweinat rock art exists. 1

Themes and Style

There are two types of Rock Art: Paintings and Engravings. Paintings are in red, white, occasionally yellow paint. Engravings were incised with a sharp instrument. They both were done on the walls and ceilings of protected areas, especially over hangs and Winkler hypothesizes that the women did the paintings and the men did the engravings matter can also be divided in two; without cattle and with cattle. The depicted thus differed. There are longhorn, shorthorn, and polled cattle, longhorn cattle the oldest known in Egypt, shorthorn cattle replaced them, probably coming from during the Hyksos period. There are pastoral scenes of hunting, herding, home and hearth, and in one swimming, in addition to cattle, other animals are a common theme, especially of giraffes, , and a few camels. However, , buffalo, rhino, or crocodile were not found, This tells us something about the habitat 2.

Hassanien’s Knowledge of the Drawings

Ahmed Hassanein tells how he set out by camel from Al-Sallum on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt West of Mersa Matruh with the encouragement and financial support of King Fouad I, Hassanein Bey set out across the Libyan Desert. He headed for the Oases of Siwa and Kufara and into the unknown. His perilous eight-month Journey in 1923 took him round the Western shores of the Great Sea to El Obeid in the Sudan, and led him to the discovery of the lost Oases of Arkenu and Uweinat at the extreme Southwest corner of Egypt. At Al-Uweinat, Hassanein was amazed to find rock drawings of animals, including lions, giraffes, , gazelles and possibly also cows. He was deep in the trackless

1Cassandra Vivian, The Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, AUC Press, p 371. 2Cassandra Vivian, The Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, P 371.

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3084 NAAS Rating: 2.90 The Second Expedition of Ahmed Hassanien Pasha to the Western Desert (December 1923 - August 1924) 43

Desert, but what he had found, and photographed, was evidence of a flourishing human existence ten thousand years ago, before Desertification drove these mysterious people to the valley of the . The significance of Hassanein’s adventure and the achievements of his life amounted to a great deal more than that. 1

Yet Hassanein always understood that his greatest achievement was his discovery of the rock drawings at Al- Uweinat; they were ‘the most interesting find of my 2,200-mile Journey’ , he would write in the September 1924 issue of America’s National Geographic Magazine. He saw that they pointed to the passing of a sophisticated pastoral culture, the victim of dramatic climate change, which he placed at some time before the introduction of the camel to the Desert in about 500 BC. But how much earlier than that, he could not guess, adding that ‘here is a puzzle which must be left to the research of the archaeologists’ . In “The Lost Oases” , published in the following year, he describes how he tried to hide his excitement at the discovery, and even avoided visiting some other rock pictures half a day away for fear of arousing suspicions among the native Tebu who thought of them as the work of jinns.

In fact, Hassanein had discovered the first pre-historic rock drawings ever found in Egypt’s Deserts, the first evidence suggesting that Egyptian civilization may have started in a once Greener Libyan Desert and not, as universally supposed, in the valley of the Nile. As Michael Hoffman, the eminent pre-historian wrote in Egypt before the Pharaohs (1979), Hassanein had ‘uncovered an archaeological mystery whose solution is only now coming within our grasp’ .2

The discovery of the second lost Oasis meant that future expeditions could come direct from Egypt, avoiding the usual hostile reception at Kufara, in the knowledge they would fine a reliable water supply. They could then use it as a base for further exploration, on the rock walls of the valleys at Gabal Uweinat were crude drawings of lions, giraffes, and ostriches and men with bows and shields. and on the roof of the cave he found red and white paintings of waspwaisted figures. Since giraffes could not live in the Desert and there were no pictures of camel which had been introduced to Africa from in 500 BC- Hassanein deduced that the pictures must have been drawn by the primitive inhabitants of savannah lands before a great climatic change took place. (3)

Hassanein turned out to a black man called Herri who claimed to rule over some one hundred and fifty Tebu who lived there. King Herri spoke of mysterious rock carvings of animals and men not known in this part of the , and Hassanein was taken to see them' the animals are rudely drawn, but not, unskillfully carved. There are lions, giraffes, ostriches and all kinds of gazelles, but no camels. The carvings are from a half to quarter of an inch deep and the edges of the lines in some instances are considerably weathered. ‘Who made this?' Hassanein asked the Tebu. He expressed the belief that they were the work of the jinn (demons). For he added 'what man can do these things now ' what man among the present inhabitants, indeed here is a puzzle which must be left to the research of Archaeologists. Suffice it to say that there are no giraffes in this part of Africa now, not do they live in any similar Desert country anywhere. Perhaps even more significant is the absence of camels from the drawings. If they had been native to the region at the time that the carving were made surely this most important beast of the Desert would have been pictured, But the camel came to Africa from Aisa not later than 500 BC, can these carvings antedate that event, or has the character of this country undergone such astonishing modification to have converted into Desert a fertile region in which has the roamed and the camel was

(1 )http://www .A. M. HassaneinBey , The Lost Oases, Introduced by Michael Haag , p 31

ٍ.http://www.MichaelHaag.blogspot.com.eg /2011/08 /ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-Desert.html(2) 3Saul Kelly, The Lost Oasis the True Story behind the English Patient the Desert War and the Hunt for Zerzura, 2003, AUC, West view press.

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 44 Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Enas Fares Yehia & Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud not a familiar burden bearer, With the inspection of these rocks carving my hasty exploration of Uweinat was concluded.' (1)

Hassanein turned down an offer by Herri to show him more of these rock carvings. He felt that it was not wise to linger too long in these uncertain circumstances. Hassanein did realize, nonetheless, the great importance of his discovery, what Hassanein had discovered, although he himself never know this, was the first irrefutable evidence of a prehistoric presence of humans in this remote part of Egypt. Many decades later, scholars would begin to see in them the of the pharaohs and quite possibly indeed of civilization as we know it. (2)

It’s Location

Most of the art is in the of Gebel Uweinat with a few paintings and engraving found at Kissu, yergeddah, Arkenu, and the GilfKebir. Many sites were discovered by the Italians in Libya and by the French in the ennedi highlands, where Hassanein was at Arkenu he asked a Goran Tribesman about former residents, Hassanein found this place on May 1 st , 1923. We now know it as Karkuran over 1000 drawings and engravings have been discovered. Unfortunately, today most they are located within Sudan, which meets Egypt near the entrance to this valley. New bold was an important rock art discoverer, too, but mainly in Sudan. He saw had two expeditions, the one in 1923 from Al Ubied to BirNatrun and back, he found Rock art at Abu Sufyan, Gelti umm Tasawir, and Zolat Al Hammad. (3)

The Tibetan slave helped Hassanienin reaching the location of the drawings; he also explained how to reach this location and the location of other drawings in this area. But he wasn’t interested in understanding the nature of these drawings as much as who made them, Hssanien was driven in his expedition by his curiosity to find these drawings. But once he reached one location, he lost his interest in finding the other locations which he was informed about. He was so eager in collecting information and news about them. Bedouins thought that these drawings were made be elves and they didn’t try to find out anything about them or who made them. Hassanien gave a precise description, as usual, of the way these drawings were made and their location. He stated that there were drawings of animals and there were no language signs in there. He also said that the painter tend more to decoration at the expense of accuracy. These drawings were carved a fingertip deep in the stone. Reference can be made that these drawings can be the painter’s language and not just a drawing.

History had known many languages that used drawings and geometric shapes as letters and words. But the confusing question is who they are and why they made these drawings. And how they carved it in many locations which suggest that they were a group or more and every group had carved the message that was in their minds and they wanted to convey or publish.

After examining these drawings, we found that they were drawings of animals which people in the Desert at that time didn’t know but Hassanien did. He mentioned five animals' Only deer and cows were in Africa but lions came later in . African Desert wasn’t The Giraffe’s homeland at that time. Also the painters didn’t draw any animals that are known in Northern Africa like the camel which we used a lot and is considered one of the oldest animals in Northern Africa. Also , , and dogs were known in Africa and were used and worshiped by the ancient Egyptians. Does this mean that these drawings date back to the time before the ancient Egyptian civilization? If this is true, then the ancient

1Robert Bauval& Thomas Brophy, Black Genises the Prehistoric Origins of Ancient Egypt, PhD, Bear & Company, Toronto – Canada, 2011, P 36. 2Ibid, P 38 . 3Cassandra Vivian, The Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, p 371.

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3084 NAAS Rating: 2.90 The Second Expedition of Ahmed Hassanien Pasha to the Western Desert (December 1923 - August 1924) 45

Egyptian civilization hadn’t begun in the Nile valley as historians had said but it had begun in Uweinat which is rich with fertile meadows, plants and water springs until the present day.

He saw that they pointed to the passing of a sophisticated pastoral culture, the victim of dramatic climate change, which he placed at some time before the introduction of the camel to the Desert in about 500 BC. But how much earlier than that, he could not guess, In fact Hassanein had discovered the first prehistoric rock drawings ever found in Egypt’s Deserts, the first evidence suggesting that Egyptian civilization may have started in a once Greener Libyan Desert and not, as universally supposed, in the valley of the Nile. As Michael Hoffman, the eminent pre-historian wrote in Egypt Before the Pharaohs (1979), Hassanein had ‘uncovered an archaeological mystery whose solution is only now coming within our grasp’ . (1)

Al-Uweinat Carvings and the Ancient Egyptian Carvings

In 1923 Ahmed Hassanein encountered a colony of black skinned people at Gabel Al-Uweinat, and we can also recall the tebu man who claimed that the that was found there was his ancestors. According to the sahara historian J.I.Wright, these people that Hassanein encountered were tebu refugees from the goranTribe who originally had come from the Tibesti Mountains in Northern .Unfortunately, before anyone could determine from where these black people at Gebel Uweinat had originated, they left the region sometime after Hassanein’s visit, never to be seen again. It is probable they returned to the Oasis of Kufara, where from time immemorial some of the ancient tebu lived until the Arab conquest in the eighth century were the ancestors at the tebu, then, those people who were called temenu by the ancient Egyptians and who, as Harkhuf reported , were chased by the chief of yam to the Western corner of heaven, further, could their true place of origin have been far in the Southwest, into the highlands of Northern Chad, until recently the answer from Egyptologists and Anthropologists would have been a resounding no that is until there came another aficionado of the Desert to join the ranks of Egyptian sahraexplorers such as Rohlfs Gerhard, Ahmed Hassanein, and Count Lazlo Almasy . (2)

The Egyptologists concluded that even if yam was in the Egyptian sahra it must have been one of the habitable Oases either Kharga or Dakhla, as for as they were concerned. GilfKabir and Gabel Uweinat let alone any were beyond these were simply too far and out of reach for Harkhuf. (3)Nevertheless some open minded Egyptologists admitted that yam’s 'location remains uncertain ...only new archaeological discoveries inscribed or otherwise, could resolve the issue' this last statement that ancient inscriptions could resolve the issue was uncanny, that is precisely what did happen in late 2007 ancient inscriptions were found that finally helped locate the lost Kingdom of yam. Before we go into this, however let us reexamine the writings of Harkhuf (they are inscribed on the walls of his tomb at aswan) and see for ourselves what can be derived from them, here is the full text translated by French Egyptologist Claire Lalouette : ' His majesty Mer En Re , my master, sent me together with my father sole companion and lector – priest , iry to the land of yam to explore its ways, the Egyptologist james H. Breasted translated Harkhuf’s statement thus' i did it in only seven months '.

Bedouin Habits and Traditions

Hassanien was interested in observing the traditions and habits of the people in regions and oases which he had visited. He

ٍ.http://www.MichaelHaag.blogspot.com.eg /2011/08 /ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-Desert.html(1) (2 ) Robert Bauval& Thomas Brophy, Black Genises the Prehistoric Origins of Ancient Egypt., P 50 . (3 ) Ibid, P 43.

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 46 Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Enas Fares Yehia & Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud didn’t fail to refer to the houses and farms which were there, the design methods of the buildings, irrigation methods and transportation. His respect to the customs of dealing with the Bedouin Tribes and his interest in collecting information about every Oasis he was going to visit before the due date to set the best ways of dealing with the people of this Oasis thereby achieving maximum benefits and not to ruin his reputation or Al-sheriff Al-Edriess’s reputation who had overtaken many obstacles for him.

3. THE GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FINDINGS

The researcher mentioned before that Hassanien was very clever in observing and analyzing data and recording remarks. Dr. Paul-the Chief of the Geological survey department in Cairo-paid attribute to this. He had been studying these remarks; which Hassanien had mentioned in his drafts, for more than two months. He had also paid attribute to the astronomical observations which Hassanien had undertaken during his expedition like; setting the time of every city or region he came through, estimating distance between these cities and regions. In addition to setting longitudes of the mountains, he had come through, monitoring temperature; high and low degrees, humidity and weather conditions. Despite of the limited capacity of the equipment which Hassanien had, he could monitor precisely the nature of the he came through and he could estimate altitudes above sea level using a barometric estimation.

3.1 The Discovery of Two Oases

He could prove the fact that there are two oases; Arkenau and Al-Uweinat and he could determine their location and altitude. And that both the two oases had never been visited by any traveler before. They didn’t even appear on the British and French military maps. As Dr. Paul says; Arkenau Oasis falls within the Egyptian borders while Al-Uweinat falls within a joint short distance away from the Sudanese borders. He also could prove that the distance between Al-Kufara and Arkenau is 266 km to the Southwest and that there was neither water nor meadows on the road from Arkenau to Al- Uweinat which is 24 km to the South. He could prove that the water in Arkenau and Al-Uweinat comes from rainwater which gathers in stone ponds due to the nature of these provinces being mountain regions and not a natural low land. Especially, because there are some resources that have mountains higher than Arkenau can reserve water for longer time due to the nature of the rocks of these mountains that wouldn’t let water go through leak. Some of this water is in hidden ponds preserved by the rocks in stone shaped jars that reduce evaporation.

3.2. Petrified Forests

Hassanien had collected some samples and pieces of petrified wood from the area located between Siwa Oasis and Al- Jaghboub Oasis. This place is considered as an extension of the Egyptian petrified forests which are yet exist. However, this proves that these forests are screeching southward. An Egyptian newspaper had published an article about the discovery of a petrified forest from ancient times accidently in the Western Desert.

3.3 Validating Rholf’s Findings

In spite of the fact that the average mileage of the caravan using camels was 4 km per hour daily which he counted as the duration of the journey. Speed changes due to the nature of the terrain. These were the real means that helped him to monitor and meditate. He could define the location of some cities like Jallo Oasis and Al-Tage. He also could determine the route which he had taken in his previous journey with Forbes and he could avoid the shortcomings of the precious expedition. He could also validate the findings of Rohlfs; The German Rover, between 1869 and 1879. Hassanien emphasized what Forbes proved about the location of Jallo Oasis, Baw Al-Tefl and tezrabo Oasis in Kufara province as

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3084 NAAS Rating: 2.90 The Second Expedition of Ahmed Hassanien Pasha to the Western Desert (December 1923 - August 1924) 47

Forbes had pinpointed their location. And finally, he could determine the level of Kufara province and its width from North to South where he found some small differences in these locations.

3.4 The Discovery of a new Road to Darfur

The discovery of a road in the Southwestern part of Egypt that gets through Ardy plain to Darfur. He also identified locations of wells and water along the road. He had also charted a course set a path for those who want to go through this region between and Darfur along with a precise description of the oases and the provinces which Hassanien had visited and identifying their location and population.

3.5 Set out a New Map

He had drawn a number of preliminarily maps until he decided on the most precise one which shows locations of oases that were known before along with the two new oases which Hassanien had discovered and identified their locations. This final map showed some details about the nature of the terrain. He was compelled to overlook some details about the natural environment not to make it too crowded with details.

3.6 Opening up the Road for Exploration

Hassanien had passed into history as a Rover and adventurer while he was in the bloom of youth in the prime of his youth and his name was coupled with courage both in Egypt and nations of the world once he could conquer the Desert and face death many times. He never feared death, and he used to say; " There is an appointment between me and death once it misses it and once I miss it". )1(

3.7 Attracting the Full Attention of the World Press

This expedition and its results were addressed in particular in the world press. The Geographical Journal published this expedition in November, 1924 and how Ahmed Hassanien could travel from Sallum to Kufara and from there to Darfur. He could draw out important conclusions and pictorial remarks from this expedition specially his journey from Kufara to Darfur and a number of biological findings and remarks from his journey from AL-Sallum to Darfur in Sudan in 1923. Dr. Paul had been studying these remarks, drawings and pictures together with Hum; Geologist, and Prof. Mon; scientist. (2) Le Journal published in a little space the story of Hassanien Bey’s two expeditions in the Libyan Desert titled “Le voyage adrien de Sir Hassanien bey” . (3)

Moreover, the American newspaper focused sharply on Hassanien Pasha’s expedition and gave it the names of celebrities of art and politics. These newspapers disregarded the intense attention which the discovery of the twentieth century had. That was the discovery of the tomb of the Golden King “Tut ankh Amon” . This tomb and its discoverers were so popular all over the world at that time. We found that the American newspapers earlier than a year after the great discovery, addressing another very important Egyptian issue which was Hassanien Pasha’s expedition in the Libyan- Egyptian Desert for nearly 8 months and returning back with important findings as if the story of Hassanien the young Egyptian Explorer had stolen the spotlight from the young Egyptian king ” Tut Ankh Amon”.

1) Ahmed Hassanein Pasha, Fi SahraaLybia, First edition,( , Egypt), p.399. (2)Bulletin de l’agenceGenerale de colonies, ministere des colonies, institutNationall’agronomic colonial, table des matieres continues dans les numeros de l’annee 1925, dix-huitimeannee, paris, palais-royal 1926, p 110. (3)Le Journal, 26-1-1930, P 3.

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 48 Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Enas Fares Yehia & Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud

4. THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS

The book which Hassanien Bey has written; ‘The lost oases, hassaneinBey’ , was listed among the books which the International institute and the International assembly for Intellectual cooperation; ‘La Societe des Nations et la cooperation intellectuelle; L’Institut International’ , has offered along with some other works of literature that were recommend for the Desert exploration (1).Le Monde ; a French newspaper, had published some news about some articles related to the Desert that were published lately. There were forty articles. Four of these articles were about Hassanein’s expeditions in the Libyan Desert.(2)

4.1 A poem by The Prince of Poets

The researcher mentioned previously that the Prince of the Poets wrote a poem of forty lines greeting Ahmed Hassanein while receiving him. In this poem, he praised Hassanein’s bravery and his courage. This poem was published on 28 August, 1923 in the politics newspaper after Hassanein’s honoring ceremony in San Stefano hotel in Alexandria. 3

5. THE TOURISTIC RESULTS

Egypt is a place of dreams a country whose life blood is almighty river, flowing from the heart of Africa along the fertile fringe of its banks an astonishing civilization raised spectacular monuments that our modern minds can hardly encompass for countries this past dominated traveler’s minds-yet the present and its great buildings too engaged their interest and admiration and gave them pleasure.4

5.1 Adventure Tourism

On this expedition Hassanein fixed the True Positions of Zieghen and Kufara Oases in Libya, discovered the existence of Gabel Arkenu, also in Libya and Gabel Uweinat in the Southwestern Corner of the country and discovered a route from Southwestern Egypt to Darfur in Sudan. The 1923's Expedition was actually his Second major Desert trek, Hassanein brought a duality that had been missing in Desert expedition. (5)

Hassanein tells how he first led a camel caravan from the town of Al-Sallum on the Mediterranean coast inland to the Oasis of Siwa and from there to Kufara after a short stay at Kufarahe took the caravan South ward into totally unchartered and unexplored territory. There were also vague stories of the two ' lost' Oases of Arkenu and Uweinatlying well to the cast ward of the trade route to wadai. those Oases were almost mythical, situated as they are on no route that is travelled even by badawi ( Bedouins ) or blacks . (6)

5.2 Exploration Tourism

This entire expedition falls under or classified an exploration tourism pattern in spite that this term was unknown at the time of the expedition. However Hassanein himself at the beginning of his book, he described his wandering during his wandering in the Desert during his expedition as tourism. Also Prof. Ahmed Lotfy Al-Sayed, in his introduction to

(1) Le Phoenix, Revue de la Renaissance Orientaie Direction, V.de Saint-Point, P 38. (2) Le Monde Colonialillustre, No 14, Novembre 1924, P 334. 3Ahmed Hassanein Pasha, Fi SahraaLybia, First edition, (Alexandria, Egypt), p.400 (4) Deborah Manley &Sahar Abdel Hakim, Traveling through Egypt from 450 B.C to the Twentieth Century, 2008, AUC Press, P X. (5) Cassandra Vivian, The Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, p 46. (6 ) Robert Bauval & Thomas Brophy, OP. Cit, P 34 .

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3084 NAAS Rating: 2.90 The Second Expedition of Ahmed Hassanien Pasha to the Western Desert (December 1923 - August 1924) 49 hassanein’s book, he described the traveler and what he has done as tourism. Then Dr. Paul mentioned while he was analyzing this expedition that this travel was tourism in more than one place.

5.3 Ecotourism

Also, it can fall under the ecotourism pattern and so it is not peculiar that Dr. Mahmoud Al-Kayson- The counselor of the Minister of Tourism and the member of the international ecotourism council- that there are many of the world celebrities who wish to organize and expedition to the Western Desert and to follow the same itinerary and the same route of Ahmed pasha’s expedition. Egypt’s Western Desert has the most beautiful celestial dome. Moreover, The Queen of Norway, he family and Prince Charles have visited SiwaOasis and stayed there for ten days and then it became an annual visit. Also in 2009, about 2 million tourists visited the Western Desert and this number is increasing. He also added that many Hollywood cinema producers and directors wanted to make movies and filming in the Western Desert but because of the bureaucracy they went to the kingdom of Morocco. )1(

6. THE POLITICAL RESULTS

Through that journey, Hassanein could start the exploration of the Southern part of the border line between Egypt and Lybia, he also shed light on an important part. That part has a military and strategic importance, especially Al- Uwaeina’t, so there has been a conflict among the invading countries on that part. had Colonized Libya in 1923, In June of 1940 the Italians marched per the Border Town of Al-Sallum and halted at SayedBarrani it was September 16, 1940 (2), While in 1931 the Italian army occupied the Oasis of Kufara, and many of inhabitants fled and tried to reach Dakhla or the Nile farther West. Hundreds perished in the Desert but many were saved by the British and the Mamur of Dakhla who mobilized all available motorcars to search for the Wandering Refugees. In the Treaty of Rome, signed on 20 July 1934, Britain ceded the Sarra Triangle (formerly considered a part of Sudan) to Italy, making the larger part of Uweinat mountain a part of Libya (then Italian ).marker caims along the Northern Two Hundred Miles Section of the Italian – Egyptian Border had been set up in 1927, but the Actual and Present Border from BirRamla on the Mediterranean down to pillar 187 was only officially defined in 1938 by a joint boundary commission. South beyond this point, on the edge of the great sand sea, survey work was made much easier for all by simply agreeing on the 25 th degree of longitude as the International Border. (3)

6.1 Medal of the Royal Geographical Society

Hassanein was a diplomat who had asked the Egyptian Foreign Office for a leave of absence in order to undertake his expedition in search of the lost oases. Now that he was back, he was posted to the Egyptian embassy in Washington, where as First Secretary and still only thirty-three, he held the number two position after the ambassador himself. Next, he was sent to London, the plum overseas posting, where again he was number two, and where also he was awarded the Founder’s Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. The work of earlier explorer such as Ahmed Hassanein Bey called the greatest Desert explorer of all time, and Rosita Forbes, Gerahrd Rohlfs demonstrated that the black people of Southern Egypt, Libya, and Sudan were the creators of the earliest cultures in the Sahara and along the Nile. Indeed in 1921 Hassanein and

1 Al AhramNews paper, issue 7029, 24 July 2010. 2 Cassandra Vivian, The Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, p 370. 3 David Sims, Egypt’s Desert dreams, AUC press, 2015, p 18.

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 50 Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Enas Fares Yehia & Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud

Forbes made a journey deep into the Southwest Desert it to be the source of ancient Egyptian civilization. (1)

When Hassanien had undertaken his second expedition alone and without Mrs. Forbes and discovering the two Oases; he and his discoveries were commended all over the world. He received the Golden Medal by the Geographical Assembly in London for these discoveries. He had also received Medals by America and which no other Eastern man had ever received. In one of the honoring ceremonies; Mrs. Forbes was among the attendants, she got up to congratulate Hassanien. He got up, shook her hand and said; "You'll accompany me on my third journey, because there is no joy in my lonely journeys". All the English newspapers that were published the next morning paid attribute to the Egyptian-Eastern knight. )2( However, expeditions rolled into the Libyan-Egyptian Desert. Hassanien was considered as the first to allow access to discoveries in the Southwest part of the Egyptian borders; which no one had ever reached, not even the military patrols due to the lack of information about water.

6.2 First Chamberlain to King Fouad I

He was recalled to Cairo in 1925 to serve as First Chamberlain to King Fouad I, and for the rest of his life Hassanein remained close to the throne of Egypt, an influential and indispensable advisor, not least during the tumultuous years of the Second World War. Yet as a friend of Hassanein’s observed, ‘he would have preferred to have left behind the ceremonies, the trappings and the splendor to live in a tent in the Desert. He loved the Desert. It was like a garden of contentment for him’ . (3)

6.3 The Title “KCVO”

As he played a role in improving the Egyptian-British relationship as a diplomat between the two countries, along with his great role in the negotiations with the Sinusians to secure the Egyptian-Libyan border during , all this made Britain honor him and give him the title KCVO-Knight Commander of the Victorian Order - That honoring was in 1927 and he was given the title “Sir”. (4)

6.4 The Head of the Egyptian Delegation of Geographers

As a result of the above, Hassanein was assigned to be the head the Egyptian delegation at the meeting of the World Federation of Geographers, which was held from 18 to 25 July 1928. The newspapers described him as a noble delegation headed by the explorer Hassanein Bey. That meeting was attended by a lot of delegations from different countries all over the world. (5)

6.5 The Title of Pasha

Upon his return to Cairo several months later , Hassanein was received with honors and given the title of pasha (akin to ' lord' ) by the King Fouad I , as well as being hailed as a hero by the world press, the Royal Geographical Society of gave him the highly coveted medal and he also received a knighthood, Hassanein deserved this admiration and honor He was known also fully vindicated and any doubts and misconceptions about his ability as a deep Desert

1MolefiKete Asante, the African American People a Global History, 2012, 1st published, London, P5. (2)Ibid, P 35. ٍ.http://www.MichaelHaag.blogspot.com.eg /2011/08 /ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-Desert.html(3) (4 )Saul Kelly, OP.Cit.- Also the Magazine of Al- Shohdaa addressed in its issue that date on 2 August 1940 thanking Hassanein pasha and his role during the negotiations between Egypt and England. (5)Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie et d’etudesColoniales de ,1929, p 84 .

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3084 NAAS Rating: 2.90 The Second Expedition of Ahmed Hassanien Pasha to the Western Desert (December 1923 - August 1924) 51 explorer were now removed. Rosita, however was unrepentant, she still managed to cause further embarrassment at the Royal Geographical Society, where she claimed that she had been the second European, after Gerhard Rohlfs, to reach the Oasis of Kufara– implying, of courses that Hassanein being an Egyptian, did not really count. Many of the members of the Society took offense. and the usually restrained and friendly Gertrude bell could not help remarking of Rosita : ” in matters of trumper – blowing she is unique .... I am sick of Rosita Forbes and the thing that makes me sickest is that she scarcely ever alludes to that capital boy, Hassanein who was with her an Egyptian without whom she couldn't have done anything ” . (1)

6.6 Fouad First Necklace

On July 31 st , 1944 the king had granted Hassanein Pasha the Necklace of King Fouad I, which gives its holder the title of "the owner of the high place" , which was never granted to the Prime Minister. This was during the visit of His Majesty to the main office of Bank Misr in Cairo. )2(

7. CONCLUSIONS

Ahmed Hassanein Pasha is the first Arab person to make exploratory trips to the desert, and that his second trip has collected many tourist patterns that can be included as a pattern (environmental tourism, adventure tourism, safari tourism, exploration tourism) other than being a scientific exploration trip. This trip sheds light on the (Egyptian - Libyan) desert and the possibility of its inclusion on the tourist map, as it was the first to shed light on the Bedouin life in this region, as well as its commentary and depiction of Al-Owain inscriptions that may be the cause of change in the history of Egyptian civilization. The most important results of these trips are the inscriptions that were found in the Owaynat oasis on the surface of granite rocks, which include drawings of a number of animals and birds, not including camels, as they did not include detailed pictures of humans, so it is possible that they are due to ancient times at a time when this part of had enjoyed more prolific rains from the current time, and this is in addition to what he observed from the customs and traditions of the Bedouins who lived in the desert areas he visited. Hassanein gave us an accurate description. Hassanein was considered the first to open the field of exploration for the southwestern parts of the Egyptian border, which no one has reached, not even the military patrols, due to the lack of any information, not only this but also that he shed light on a very important area From the military point of view, the strategic importance of this region in general, and the Aweinat triangle in particular.

REFERENCES

1. Cassandra Vivian, the Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, AUC Press, p 371.

2. Cassandra Vivian, the Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, P 371.

3. Sindhu, Devender, and Dalbir Singh. "Ecotourism and Local Perception about its Impacts a Study of Village Sam, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan."International Journal of Environment, , Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS) 4.6 (2014): 1-6.

4. http://www.A. M. HassaneinBey, The Lost Oases, Introduced by Michael Haag , p 31

5. http://www.MichaelHaag.blogspot.com.eg/2011/08/ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-Desert.html

(1)RobertBauval& Thomas Brophy, OP.Cit, P 38 . 2Hussein Hosny, Snawat mac Al malek Farouk. ShehadaLlhaqeqawa Al Tarekh, first edition,( cairo, Dar Alshrook, 2001 )p.187

www.tjprc.org [email protected] 52 Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Enas Fares Yehia & Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud

6. Saul Kelly , The Lost Oasis the True Story behind the English Patient the Desert War and the Hunt for Zerzura, 2003, AUC, West view press .

7. Robert Bauval& Thomas Brophy, Black Genises the Prehistoric Origins of Ancient Egypt , PhD , Bear & Company , Toronto – Canada , 2011, P 36 .

8. Ibid, P 38.

9. Cassandra Vivian, the Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, p 371.

10. http://www.MichaelHaag.blogspot.com.eg/2011/08/ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-Desert.html.

11. Robert Bauval & Thomas Brophy, Black Genises the Prehistoric Origins of Ancient Egypt. P 50.

12. Ibid, P 43.

13. Ahmed Hassanein Pasha, Fi SahraaLybia, First edition,( Alexandria, Egypt), p.399.

14. Bulletin de l’agenceGenerale de colonies, ministere des colonies, institutNationall’agronomic colonial, table des matieres continues dans les numeros de l’annee 1925 , dix-huitimeannee, paris , palais-royal 1926 , p 110.

15. Soharwardi, Mariam Abbas, Jamal Abdul Nasir, and Muhammad Arshad. "Comparison of income and expenditures of nomad’s pastoralists in irrigated areas and desert areas of Cholistan under varying environmental conditions." Int. J. Soci. Sci. Edu 2.1 (2012): 492-499.

16. Le Journal, 26-1-1930, P 3.

17. Le Phoenix, Revue de la Renaissance Orientaie Direction, V.de Saint-Point, P 38.

18. Le Monde Colonialillustre, No 14, Novembre 1924, P 334.

19. Ahmed Hassanein Pasha, Fi SahraaLybia, First edition, (Alexandria, Egypt), p 400.

20. Deborah Manley & Sahar Abdel Hakim, Traveling through Egypt from 450 B.C to the Twentieth Century, 2008, AUC Press, P X

21. Cassandra Vivian, The Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, p 46.

22. Robert Bauval & Thomas Brophy, OP.Cit, P 34.

23. Al Ahram News paper, issue 7029, 24 July 2010.

24. Cassandra Vivian, the Western Desert of Egypt an Explorer’s Handbook, p 370.

25. David Sims, Egypt’s Desert dreams, AUC press, 2015, p 18.

26. Pandya, Digvijay and Aarti Mahajan. "Jean Sasson: an Existential Perspective of ."

27. MolefiKete Asante, the African American People a Global History, 2012, 1st published, London, P5.

28. Ibid, P 35.

29. http://www.MichaelHaag.blogspot.com.eg/2011/08/ahmed-hassanein-diplomat-and-Desert.html.

30. Saul Kelly, OP.Cit.- Also the Magazine of Al- Shohdaa addressed in its issue that date on 2 August 1940 thanking Hassanein pasha and his role during the negotiations between Egypt and England.

31. Dave, Maitry S., and Jatin V. Raval. "The Behaviour of Indian Gray Wolf (Canius Lupus Pallipes) In Captivity at Sakkarbaug Zoo Junagadh, Gujarat, India."

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.3084 NAAS Rating: 2.90 The Second Expedition of Ahmed Hassanien Pasha to the Western Desert (December 1923 - August 1924) 53

32. Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie et d’etudesColoniales de Marseille, 1929, p 84.

33. RobertBauval & Thomas Brophy, OP.Cit, P 38.

34. Hussein Hosny, Snawat mac Al malek Farouk.ShehadaLlhaqeqawa Al Tarekh, first edition,(cairo, Dar Alshrook, 2001) p. 187

AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Ahmed Khaled Ahmed Taha, Ph.D student works at travel companies sector at the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism, former presidential leadership program. Interested in modern and contemporary history

Enas Fares Yehia , Associate professor, leader of Hospitality and Hotels Department, Community College, Princess NourahBintAbdulrahman University; Tourism and Hotels Faculty, Minia University. Interested in, Modern and Contemporary History, art, International relations, and Heritage.

Samah Abdulrahman Mahmoud, Professor Tourist Guidance department, Minia University; Dean of tourism and Hotels faculty, interested in Islamic Art and Architecture.

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