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Filogenia De Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) / Fernando Luiz Cunha Ávila Villar De Queiroz

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Filogenia De Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) / Fernando Luiz Cunha Ávila Villar De Queiroz Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Biologia Filogenia de Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) Fernando Luiz Cunha Ávila Villar de Queiroz RIO DE JANEIRO 2020 Fernando Luiz Cunha Ávila Villar de Queiroz Filogenia de Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva). Orientador: Dr José Ricardo Miras Mermudes Rio de Janeiro Janeiro de 2020 i Queiroz, Fernando Ávila Filogenia de Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) / Fernando Luiz Cunha Ávila Villar de Queiroz. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/IB – 2020 xiii + 109 Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva), 2019. Orientador: José Ricardo Miras Mermudes Referências: f. 1. Anthribidae. 2. Filogenia. 3. Discotenini. - Tese I. Mermudes, Jośe Ricardo. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Programa de Pós- graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva). III. Filogenia de Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae). ii Filogenia de Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) Fernando Luiz Cunha Ávila Villar de Queiroz Orientador: Dr. José Ricardo Miras Mermudes Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas. Data: XX/01/2019 Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. José Ricardo Miras Mermudes (IB/UFRJ) – Membro titular Profa. Dra. Cássia Mônica Sakuragui (IB/UFRJ) – Membro titular ____________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Gabriel Luis Figueira Mejdalani (MNRJ/UFRJ) – Membro titular Prof. Dr. Sandro Marcelo Scheffler (MNRJ/UFRJ) – Membro titular Prof. Dr. Elidiomar Ribeiro da Silva (IB/UNIRIO) – Membro titular Profa. Dra. Michelle Regina Lemos Klautau (IB/UFRJ) – Membro suplente Prof. Dr. Jorge Luiz Nessimian (IB/UFRJ) – Membro suplente Rio de Janeiro Janeiro de 2020 iii À Elisa, Antônio e Alice. Vocês fazem minha vida completa. iv “All these moments will be lost, like tears in the rain” v Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, José Ricardo Mermudes pela amizade, orientação, compreensão, paciência e todos os ensinamentos durante todos os anos como meu orientador e por todo o auxílio no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. À Elisa por todo o amor, carinho e cuidado. Você trouxe alegria para minha vida. Sem você eu não teria força para finalizar esta tese ou vontade de perseguir meu sonho. À Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior pela bolsa de estudos. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva e a CAPES pelo financiamento de expedições de coletas e participação em eventos. vi RESUMO QUEIROZ, Fernando Ávila. Filogenia de Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae). Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Biológicas - Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva). Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2019. O presente trabalho utilizou análises cladísticas com o intuito de estabelecer hipóteses acerca da história evolutiva de diversas tribos de Anthribinae com ênfase nas questões taxonômicas envolvendo as tribos Discotenini e Ischnocerini. Apresentam-se a análise filogenética de Discotenini e descrição de dois novos gêneros de Anthribinae para a fauna do Chile, Gen. A sp 1. e Gen. B sp 1. Para a análise filogenética foram utliziados 45 táxons, 13 gêneros pertencentes à tribo Discotenini, sendo eles: Acanthopygus, Ancylotropis, Apinotropis, Dasyrhopala, Discotenes, Eucyclotropis, Genethila, Haplopygus, Holophloeus, Hylotribus, Meconemus, Opisolia e Xylopoemon, além de outros três gêneros das tribos Cappadocini, Stenocerini, Piesocorynini e Ptychoderini, entre eles: Systellorhynchus, Stenocerus, Piesocorynus e Ptychoderes, além do gênero Araecerus da subfamília Choraginae, utilizado para o enraizamento das árvores. Para a análise foram levantados 81 caracteres da morfologia externa e interna de machos e fêmeas que foram codificados em uma matriz de caracteres que foi posteriormente analisada através do método de análise heurística com pesagem de caracteres homoplásticos. Foram recuperadas sete árvores sendo uma o consenso estrito, e outras seis baseadas em diferentes valores de pesagem implícita que indicaram o parafiletismo da tribo Discotenini. Este estudo permitiu ainda reconhecer a tribo Ischnocerini, com base no posicionamento do gênero Meconemus, antes associado à tribo Discotenini, em adição aos gêneros Hylotribus, previamente da tribo Discotenini e Lophus, gênero incertae sedis. Adicionalmente, foram recuperados clados significativos, que sugerem a formalização de novas tribos entre os gêneros Gynarchaeus, Garyus, Kuschelothribus gen. nov., Stanleethribus gen. nov., bem como outra tribo composta por Caliobius, Xenanthribus e Dasyanthribus, gêneros ainda sem posição formal em tribo e que são distribuídos nas regiões da Nova Zelândia e Chile. vii ABSTRACT QUEIROZ, Fernando Ávila. Phylogeny of Discotenini (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae). Rio de Janeiro, 2019. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Biológicas - Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva). Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2019. The present work has perfomed cladistic analysis with the aim to establish evolutionary hypotesis among several tribes of Anthribinae, with emphasis on the taxonomical controversies between the tribes Discotenini and Ischnocerini. Herein is presented a phylogenetic analysis of Discotenini and description of two new genera of Anthribinae for the Chilean fauna, Gen. A sp. 1 and Gen B. sp 1. For the phylogenetic analysis, 45 taxa were used, 13 genera belonging to the Discotenini tribe, namely: Acanthopygus, Ancylotropis, Apinotropis, Dasyrhopala, Discotenes, Eucyclotropis, Genethila, Haplopygus, Holophloeus, Hylotribus, Meconemus and Xylopoemon in addition to three other genera from the Cappadocini, Stenocerini, Piesocorynini and Ptychoderini tribes, among them: Systellorhynchus, Stenocerus, Piesocorynus and Ptychoderes, as well as the Araecerus genus of the Choraginae subfamily, used for rooting the trees. For the analysis, 81 characters of the external and internal morphology of males and females were coded in a character matrix that was later analyzed by the heuristic analysis method with homoplastic character implied weighing method. Seven trees were recovered, one for the strict consensus, and other six based on different implicit weighing values that indicated the paraphyletism of Discotenini. This study also allowed the recogning of the tribe Ischnocerini, based on the position of the genus Meconemus, formerly associated with the tribe Discotenini, in addition to the genus Hylotribus, previously of the tribe Discotenini and genus Lophus, which was considered incertae sedis. Additionally, significant clades were recovered, suggesting the formalization of new tribes between the genera Gynarchaeus, Garyus, Kuschelothribus gen. nov., Stanleethribus gen. nov., as well as another tribe composed of Caliobius, Xenanthribus and Dasyanthribus, genres not yet formally placed in tribe and which are distributed in the regions of New Zealand and Chile. viii LISTA DE FIGURAS Introdução Figura 1: Escala de tempo biólogica para a linhagem Curculionoidea plotada a partir de um média das três estimativas de datação existentes (Hunt et al., 2007; McKenna et al., 2009; Rainford et al., 2014) e a relação com os níveis de oxigênio e de dióxido de carbono disponíveis, além da luminosidade, ao longo dos períodos geológicos. Figura gerada e modficada de http://www.timetree.org/ (Kumar et al., 2017). Figura 2: Parte de uma árvore filogenética onde mostra a família Anthribidae sendo recuperada como grupo irmão da família Nemonychidae. Esta árvore foi obtida a partir de análise por Inferência Bayesiana de oito genes nucleares. Figura adaptada de McKenna et al. (2015). Figura 3. Escala de tempo biólogica para a família Antrhibidae plotada a partir de um média das três estimativas de datação existentes (Hunt et al., 2007; McKenna et al., 2009; Rainford et al., 2014) e a relação com os níveis de oxigênio e de dióxido de carbono disponíveis, além da luminosidade ao longo dos períodos geológicos. Figura gerada e modficada de http://www.timetree.org/ (Kumar et al., 2017). Material & Métodos Figura 4. A – I. Hábito dorsal. A – Araecerus fasciculatus. B – Stenocerus longulus. C – Discotenes coelebes. D – Dasyrhopala tarsalis. E – Piesocorynus plagifer. F – Holophloeus nigellus. G – Meconemus tuberculatus. H – Hylotribus tuberculosus. I – Hylotribus asperatus. Figura 5. A – I. Hábito dorsal. A – Ancanthopygus cinctus. B – Ancylotropis waterhousi. C – Opisolia lenis. D – Xenanthribus hirsutus. E – Lophus rudis. F – Dasyanthribus purpureus. G – Caliobius litoralis. H – Hoplorhaphus spinifer. I – Stanleethribus excelsior. ix Figura 6. A – G. Hábito dorsal. A – Kuschelothribus hollowayae. B – Tribasileus noctivagus. C – Lawsonia mansoni. D – Isanthribus proximus. E – Eugonissus conulus. F – Garyus altus. G – Gynarchaeus ornatos. Resultados Figura 7. Consenso estrito
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