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15 08 21 Luecke Promo Vero Erstgutachten: Prof. Dr. Elize Bisanz Leuphana Universität Lüneburg Zweitgutachten: Prof. Dr. Karl Clausberg Leuphana Universität Lüneburg Drittgutachten: Prof. Dr. Karin Harrasser Kunstuniversität Linz, Österreich Eingereicht am: 27.03.2013 Tag der Disputation: 21.08.2014 Gleichzeitig erschienen als: Elektronische Publikation Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung.........................................................................................................................................................7 1. Khatschkar..................................................................................................................................................17 1.1 Aussehen und Ursprungsthesen.........................................................................................................18 1.2 Pfeilermonumente und Steinkreuze in Georgien................................................................................21 1.3 Vorläufer und Motive der Khatschkare..............................................................................................23 1.4 Khatschkare im engeren Sinne...........................................................................................................25 1.5 Funktion und Aufstellung der Khatschkare........................................................................................26 1.6 Gestaltung der Khatschkare...............................................................................................................28 1.6.1 Bildelemente...............................................................................................................................28 1.6.2 Die untere Endungsgestaltung....................................................................................................29 1.6.3 Die Topoi Golgotha, Globus, Lebensbaum und Nabel der Erde – symbolische Deutungen.......30 1.6.4 Kreuz und Pflanzenornament – ikonographische Deutung.........................................................33 1.7 Kreuz als handelndes Subjekt – Körper + Waffe = Subjekt...............................................................37 1.7.1 Kreuz gleich Körper – Jerusalemer Ampullen............................................................................37 1.7.2 Kreuz als Waffe..........................................................................................................................40 1.7.3 Kreuz als handelndes Subjekt.....................................................................................................40 1.8 Symmetrie und Asymmetrie..............................................................................................................42 1.9 Datierungsprobleme...........................................................................................................................46 1.10 Kreuzsteine und Ausbreitungsthese.................................................................................................47 2. Ursprungsmythen und Vischap...................................................................................................................53 2.1 Vischap..............................................................................................................................................54 2.1.1 Wassertechnik, kultischer Gebrauch und Positionierung der Vischaps.......................................55 2.1.2 Vischap und Wassergöttin..........................................................................................................59 2.2 Nikolai Marr, die sowjetische Archäologie und Les Vichaps............................................................62 2.2.1 Die japhetitische Sprachtheorie..................................................................................................64 2.2.2 Les Vichaps, weibliche Gottheit und dreiteiliges Himmelskonzept............................................65 2.3 Bildwissenschaftlicher Nachweis der Vischaps.................................................................................67 2.4 Die Vischap-Theorie im Kontext der russisch-sowjetischen Archäologie.........................................70 2.5 Zusammenfassung.............................................................................................................................71 3. Gendertrouble: Babas, Skythen, Amazonen................................................................................................75 3.1 Baba...................................................................................................................................................76 3.1.1 Begriff und Märchen...................................................................................................................76 3.1.2 Polovzische Steinbabas...............................................................................................................77 3.1.3 Die Ordnung der Babas...............................................................................................................85 3.1.4 Exkurs: Epistemologie des Nicht- und Nicht-mehr-Wissens......................................................89 3.2 Unkonventionelle Darstellung von Körperteilen................................................................................90 3.2.1 Agthamar und Dreikönigsschrein...............................................................................................90 3.2.2 Steinweiber gegen phallische Krieger.........................................................................................92 3.2.3 Es kann nur eine/n geben: problematische Vergeschlechtlichungen...........................................94 3.2.4 Der Bauch der Göttin und der/die SchamanIn............................................................................96 3.2.5 Vischap und skythische Artefakte...............................................................................................97 3.3 Gefäß vor dem Bauch in Armenien...................................................................................................98 3.4 Amazonen oder bewaffnete Frauen.................................................................................................100 3.4.1 Exkurs zur archäologischen Relevanz bewaffneter Frauen.......................................................100 3.4.2 Amazonen in den Grenzräumen westeuropäischen Wissens des Mittelalters...........................104 3.4.3 Skythen als moderne Helden?...................................................................................................106 3.4.4. Blumenbachs Schädel oder: Urspungstheorie im Kaukasus.....................................................107 3.5 Babas, Skythen, Amazonen und die russischen FuturistInnen.........................................................108 3.6 Schamanismus in Deutschland: Giorgi Tschubinaschwili und Joseph Beuys..................................112 4. Politische Geschichte, Christianisierung und Bilderkämpfe.....................................................................115 4.1 Politische Geschichte.......................................................................................................................115 4.1.1 Südkaukasien............................................................................................................................115 4.1.2 Georgien (Kolchis, Lasika, Iberien)..........................................................................................117 4.2 Christianisierungslegenden und frühchristliche kaukasische Architektur........................................120 4.2.1 Christianisierunglegenden in Armenia maior und die Kathedrale in Valaršapat.......................120 4.2.2 Christianisierung vorchristlicher Heiligtümer, Armenien.........................................................122 4.2.3 Christianisierung in Iberien, Kathedrale von Mzcheta..............................................................122 4.2.4 Nino Illuminatrix von Georgien................................................................................................123 4.2.5 Baumkult und Muttersäule........................................................................................................124 4.3 Bilderkämpfe im Kaukasus..............................................................................................................128 4.3.1 Jugha.........................................................................................................................................128 4.3.2 Bilderkämpfe und Kunst als Medium sozialer Konflikte..........................................................130 4.4 Zusammenfassung...........................................................................................................................134 5. Bauchzentriert oder geschlechtsfixiert......................................................................................................136 5.1 Vesica Piscis, Omphalos und die christliche Fischsymbolik............................................................138 5.2 Matriarchale Deutungen; christlich und psychologisch...................................................................140 5.3 Khatschkar als Abbild der Gebärstellung.........................................................................................143 5.4 Exkurs zu Matriarchatstheorien.......................................................................................................145 5.4.1 Matriarchats- und Kurganthese.................................................................................................145 5.4.2 Matriarchat als
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