BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
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A Comprehensive Study of Routing Protocols Performance with Topological Changes in the Networks Mohsin Masood Mohamed Abuhelala Prof
A comprehensive study of Routing Protocols Performance with Topological Changes in the Networks Mohsin Masood Mohamed Abuhelala Prof. Ivan Glesk Electronics & Electrical Electronics & Electrical Electronics & Electrical Engineering Department Engineering Department Engineering Department University of Strathclyde University of Strathclyde University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland, UK Glasgow, Scotland, UK Glasgow, Scotland, UK mohsin.masood mohamed.abuhelala ivan.glesk @strath.ac.uk @strath.ac.uk @strath.ac.uk ABSTRACT different topologies and compare routing protocols, but no In the modern communication networks, where increasing work has been considered about the changing user demands and advance applications become a functionality of these routing protocols with the topology challenging task for handling user traffic. Routing with real-time network limitations. such as topological protocols have got a significant role not only to route user change, network congestions, and so on. Hence without data across the network but also to reduce congestion with considering the topology with different network scenarios less complexity. Dynamic routing protocols such as one cannot fully understand and make right comparison OSPF, RIP and EIGRP were introduced to handle among any routing protocols. different networks with various traffic environments. Each This paper will give a comprehensive literature review of of these protocols has its own routing process which each routing protocol. Such as how each protocol (OSPF, makes it different and versatile from the other. The paper RIP or EIGRP) does convergence activity with any change will focus on presenting the routing process of each in the network. Two experiments are conducted that are protocol and will compare its performance with the other. -
What Is Routing?
What is routing? • forwarding – moving packets between ports - Look up destination address in forwarding table - Find out-port or hout-port, MAC addri pair • Routing is process of populat- ing forwarding table - Routers exchange messages about nets they can reach - Goal: Find optimal route for ev- ery destination - . or maybe good route, or just any route (depending on scale) Routing algorithm properties • Static vs. dynamic - Static: routes change slowly over time - Dynamic: automatically adjust to quickly changing network conditions • Global vs. decentralized - Global: All routers have complete topology - Decentralized: Only know neighbors & what they tell you • Intra-domain vs. Inter-domain routing - Intra-: All routers under same administrative control - Intra-: Scale to ∼100 networks (e.g., campus like Stanford) - Inter-: Decentralized, scale to Internet Optimality A 6 1 3 2 F 1 E B 4 1 9 C D • View network as a graph • Assign cost to each edge - Can be based on latency, b/w, utilization, queue length, . • Problem: Find lowest cost path between two nodes - Must be computed in distributed way Distance Vector • Local routing algorithm • Each node maintains a set of triples - (Destination, Cost, NextHop) • Exchange updates w. directly connected neighbors - periodically (on the order of several seconds to minutes) - whenever table changes (called triggered update) • Each update is a list of pairs: - (Destination, Cost) • Update local table if receive a “better” route - smaller cost - from newly connected/available neighbor • Refresh existing -
Chapter 6: Chapter 6: Implementing a Border Gateway Protocol Solution Y
Chapter 6: Implementing a Border Gateway Protocol Solution for ISP Connectivity CCNP ROUTE: Implementing IP Routing ROUTE v6 Chapter 6 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 Chapter 6 Objectives . Describe basic BGP terminology and operation, including EBGP and IBGP. ( 3) . Configure basic BGP. (87) . Typical Issues with IBGP and EBGP (104) . Verify and troubleshoot basic BGP. (131) . Describe and configure various methods for manipulating path selection. (145) . Describe and configure various methods of filtering BGP routing updates. (191) Chapter 6 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2 BGP Terminology, Concepts, and Operation Chapter 6 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3 IGP versus EGP . Interior gateway protocol (IGP) • A routing protocol operating within an Autonomous System (AS). • RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP are IGPs. Exterior gateway protocol (EGP) • A routing protocol operating between different AS. • BGP is an interdomain routing protocol (IDRP) and is an EGP. Chapter 6 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4 Autonomous Systems (AS) . An AS is a group of routers that share similar routing policies and operate within a single administrative domain. An AS typically belongs to one organization. • A singgpgyp()yle or multiple interior gateway protocols (IGP) may be used within the AS. • In either case, the outside world views the entire AS as a single entity. If an AS connects to the public Internet using an exterior gateway protocol such as BGP, then it must be assigned a unique AS number which is managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). -
The Routing Table V1.12 – Aaron Balchunas 1
The Routing Table v1.12 – Aaron Balchunas 1 - The Routing Table - Routing Table Basics Routing is the process of sending a packet of information from one network to another network. Thus, routes are usually based on the destination network, and not the destination host (host routes can exist, but are used only in rare circumstances). To route, routers build Routing Tables that contain the following: • The destination network and subnet mask • The “next hop” router to get to the destination network • Routing metrics and Administrative Distance The routing table is concerned with two types of protocols: • A routed protocol is a layer 3 protocol that applies logical addresses to devices and routes data between networks. Examples would be IP and IPX. • A routing protocol dynamically builds the network, topology, and next hop information in routing tables. Examples would be RIP, IGRP, OSPF, etc. To determine the best route to a destination, a router considers three elements (in this order): • Prefix-Length • Metric (within a routing protocol) • Administrative Distance (between separate routing protocols) Prefix-length is the number of bits used to identify the network, and is used to determine the most specific route. A longer prefix-length indicates a more specific route. For example, assume we are trying to reach a host address of 10.1.5.2/24. If we had routes to the following networks in the routing table: 10.1.5.0/24 10.0.0.0/8 The router will do a bit-by-bit comparison to find the most specific route (i.e., longest matching prefix). -
Oracle® Solaris 11.4 Network Administration Cheatsheet
Oracle Solaris 11.4 Network Administration Cheatsheet This cheatsheet includes examples of commonly used network administration commands. See the dladm(8), ipadm(8), and route(8) man pages for further details. For more information about configuring the network in Oracle Solaris 11.4, see Configuring and Managing Network Components in Oracle Solaris 11.4. Commonly Used Network Administration Commands Note - Some of following commands include parameters and values that are provided as examples only. Action Command Administering Datalinks Display all of the datalinks (physical and virtual) on a system. # dladm show-link Display all of the physical datalinks on a system. # dladm show-phys Display all of the properties for all of the datalinks on a system. # dladm show-linkprop Display all of the properties for a specific datalink on a system. # dladm show-linkprop net0 Display a specific property for a specific datalink on a system. # dladm show-linkprop -p mtu net0 Administering IP Interfaces and Addresses Display general information about a system's IP interfaces. # ipadm Display a system's IP interfaces and addresses. # ipadm show-addr Create an IP interface and then configure a static IPv4 address for that interface. # ipadm create-ip net0 # ipadm create-addr -a 203.0.113.0/24 net0/addr Obtain an IP address from a DHCP server. # ipadm create-ip net0 # ipadm create-addr -T dhcp net0/addr Create an auto-generated IPv6 address. # ipadm create-ip net0 # ipadm create-addr -T addrconf net0/addr Change the netmask property for an IP address object name (net3/v4) to 8. # ipadm set-addrprop -p prefixlen=8 net3/v4 Configure a persistent default route on a system. -
Understanding Linux Internetworking
White Paper by David Davis, ActualTech Media Understanding Linux Internetworking In this Paper Introduction Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 Internetworking................ 2 The Internet: the largest internetwork ever created. In fact, the Layer 2 Internetworking on term Internet (with a capital I) is just a shortened version of the Linux Systems ............................................... 3 term internetwork, which means multiple networks connected Bridging ......................................................... 3 together. Most companies create some form of internetwork when they connect their local-area network (LAN) to a wide area Spanning Tree ............................................... 4 network (WAN). For IP packets to be delivered from one Layer 3 Internetworking View on network to another network, IP routing is used — typically in Linux Systems ............................................... 5 conjunction with dynamic routing protocols such as OSPF or BGP. You c an e as i l y use Linux as an internetworking device and Neighbor Table .............................................. 5 connect hosts together on local networks and connect local IP Routing ..................................................... 6 networks together and to the Internet. Virtual LANs (VLANs) ..................................... 7 Here’s what you’ll learn in this paper: Overlay Networks with VXLAN ....................... 9 • The differences between layer 2 and layer 3 internetworking In Summary ................................................. 10 • How to configure IP routing and bridging in Linux Appendix A: The Basics of TCP/IP Addresses ....................................... 11 • How to configure advanced Linux internetworking, such as VLANs, VXLAN, and network packet filtering Appendix B: The OSI Model......................... 12 To create an internetwork, you need to understand layer 2 and layer 3 internetworking, MAC addresses, bridging, routing, ACLs, VLANs, and VXLAN. We’ve got a lot to cover, so let’s get started! Understanding Linux Internetworking 1 Layer 2 vs. -
P2P Resource Sharing in Wired/Wireless Mixed Networks 1
INT J COMPUT COMMUN, ISSN 1841-9836 Vol.7 (2012), No. 4 (November), pp. 696-708 P2P Resource Sharing in Wired/Wireless Mixed Networks J. Liao Jianwei Liao College of Computer and Information Science Southwest University of China 400715, Beibei, Chongqing, China E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents a new routing protocol called Manager-based Routing Protocol (MBRP) for sharing resources in wired/wireless mixed networks. MBRP specifies a manager node for a designated sub-network (called as a group), in which all nodes have the similar connection properties; then all manager nodes are employed to construct the backbone overlay network with ring topology. The manager nodes act as the proxies between the internal nodes in the group and the external world, that is not only for centralized management of all nodes to a certain extent, but also for avoiding the messages flooding in the whole network. The experimental results show that compared with Gnutella2, which uses super-peers to perform similar management work, the proposed MBRP has less lookup overhead including lookup latency and lookup hop count in the most of cases. Besides, the experiments also indicate that MBRP has well configurability and good scaling properties. In a word, MBRP has less transmission cost of the shared file data, and the latency for locating the sharing resources can be reduced to a great extent in the wired/wireless mixed networks. Keywords: wired/wireless mixed network, resource sharing, manager-based routing protocol, backbone overlay network, peer-to-peer. 1 Introduction Peer-to-Peer technology (P2P) is a widely used network technology, the typical P2P network relies on the computing power and bandwidth of all participant nodes, rather than a few gathered and dedicated servers for central coordination [1, 2]. -
Well-Known TCP Port Numbers Page 1 of 2
Webopedia: Well-Known TCP Port Numbers Page 1 of 2 You are in the: Small Business Channel Jump to Website Enter a keyword... ...or choose a category. Go! choose one... Go! Home Term of the Day Well-Known TCP Port New Terms New Links Quick Reference Numbers Did You Know? Search Tool Tech Support In TCP/IP and UDP networks, a port is an endpoint to a logical connection and the way Webopedia Jobs a client program specifies a specific server program on a computer in a network. Some About Us ports have numbers that are preassigned to them by the IANA, and these are known as Link to Us well-known ports (specified in RFC 1700). Port numbers range from 0 to 65536, but Advertising only ports numbers 0 to 1024 are reserved for privileged services and designated as well-known ports. This list of well-known port numbers specifies the port used by the Compare Prices server process as its contact port. Port Number Description Submit a URL 1 TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX) Request a Term Report an Error 5 Remote Job Entry (RJE) 7 ECHO 18 Message Send Protocol (MSP) 20 FTP -- Data 21 FTP -- Control Internet News 22 SSH Remote Login Protocol Internet Investing IT 23 Telnet Windows Technology Linux/Open Source 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Developer Interactive Marketing 29 MSG ICP xSP Resources Small Business 37 Time Wireless Internet Downloads 42 Host Name Server (Nameserv) Internet Resources Internet Lists 43 WhoIs International EarthWeb 49 Login Host Protocol (Login) Career Resources 53 Domain Name System (DNS) Search internet.com Advertising -
Manual Update Configuring a Default Gateway
S3290 Manual Update Configuring a Default Gateway The following information is to be included with the S3290 Web User Guide. IP Configuration Configure the S3290-managed IPv4 information from Configuration > System > IP as one of the first steps. The S3290 supports an IPv4 / IPv6 dual stack. The S3290 can be assigned IP address statically or dynamically using DHCP. Here you can configure IP basic settings, IP interfaces and IP routes. Up to 8 interfaces and up to 32 routes are supported. IP Routes Click the Add Route button to display the editable fields: Delete Select this option to delete an existing IP route. Network The destination IP network or host address of this route. Valid format is dotted decimal notation or a valid IPv6 notation. A default route can use the value 0.0.0.0 or IPv6 :: notation. Mask Length The destination IP network or host mask, in number of bits (prefix length). It defines how much of a network address that must match, in order to qualify for this route. Valid values are 0 - 32 bits for IPv4 routes or 0 - 128 for IPv6 routes. Only a default route will have a mask length of 0 (as it will match anything). Gateway The IP address of the IP gateway. Valid format is dotted decimal notation or a valid IPv6 notation. The Gateway and Network must be of the same type. It may be necessary to add a static route if a default gateway is required or if the device does not reside within the same network. Routing can then be enabled at System > IP > IP Configuration. -
NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0
NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Release Notes for NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 1 CHAPTER 2 BGP 3 BITTORRENT 6 CITRIX 7 DHCP 8 DIRECTCONNECT 9 DNS 10 EDONKEY 11 EGP 12 EIGRP 13 EXCHANGE 14 FASTTRACK 15 FINGER 16 FTP 17 GNUTELLA 18 GOPHER 19 GRE 20 H323 21 HTTP 22 ICMP 23 IMAP 24 IPINIP 25 IPV6-ICMP 26 IRC 27 KAZAA2 28 KERBEROS 29 L2TP 30 NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 iii Contents LDAP 31 MGCP 32 NETBIOS 33 NETSHOW 34 NFS 35 NNTP 36 NOTES 37 NTP 38 OSPF 39 POP3 40 PPTP 41 PRINTER 42 RIP 43 RTCP 44 RTP 45 RTSP 46 SAP 47 SECURE-FTP 48 SECURE-HTTP 49 SECURE-IMAP 50 SECURE-IRC 51 SECURE-LDAP 52 SECURE-NNTP 53 SECURE-POP3 54 SECURE-TELNET 55 SIP 56 SKINNY 57 SKYPE 58 SMTP 59 SNMP 60 SOCKS 61 SQLNET 62 SQLSERVER 63 SSH 64 STREAMWORK 65 NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 iv Contents SUNRPC 66 SYSLOG 67 TELNET 68 TFTP 69 VDOLIVE 70 WINMX 71 NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 v Contents NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 vi CHAPTER 1 Release Notes for NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 NBAR2 Standard Protocol Pack Overview The Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR2) Standard Protocol Pack 1.0 is provided as the base protocol pack with an unlicensed Cisco image on a device. -
Secure Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP) — Real World Performance and Deployment Issues
Secure Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP) — Real World Performance and Deployment Issues Stephen Kent, Charles Lynn, Joanne Mikkelson, and Karen Seo BBN Technologies Abstract configuration information, or routing databases may be The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is used to modified or replaced illicitly via unauthorized access to distribute routing information between autonomous a router, or to a server from which router software is systems, is an important component of the Internet's downloaded, or via a spoofed distribution channel, etc. routing infrastructure. Secure BGP (S-BGP) addresses Such attacks could result in transmission of fictitious critical BGP vulnerabilities by providing a scalable BGP messages, modification or replay of valid means of verifying the authenticity and authorization of messages, or suppression of valid messages. If BGP control traffic. To facilitate widespread adoption, cryptographic keying material is used to secure BGP S-BGP must avoid introducing undue overhead control traffic, that too may be compromised. We have (processing, bandwidth, storage) and must be developed security enhancements to BGP that address incrementally deployable, i.e., interoperable with BGP. most of these vulnerabilities by providing a secure, To provide a proof of concept demonstration, we scalable system: Secure-BGP (S-BGP) [1,3]. Better developed a prototype implementation of S-BGP and physical, procedural and basic communication security deployed it in DARPA’s CAIRN testbed. Real Internet for BGP routers could address some of these attacks. BGP traffic was fed to the testbed routers via replay of a However, such measures would not counter any of the recorded BGP peering session with an ISP’s BGP many forms of attacks that compromise routers router. -
Performance Evaluation of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol in Ipv6 Network
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 70– No.5, May 2013 Performance Evaluation of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol in IPv6 Network Kuwar Pratap Singh P. K. Gupta G. Singh Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Electronics and and Engineering and Engineering Communication Engineering Jaypee University of Information Jaypee University of Information Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan Technology, Waknaghat, Solan Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173 234 INDIA 173 234 INDIA 173 234 INDIA ABSTRACT packets is transmitted after every 5 seconds to see whether With the explosive growth in communication and network neighbour router is up or not. These packets are sent for technologies, there is a great demand of IPv6 addressing various different reasons like: scheme. However, the modern operating systems has option a) For discovering neighbour, for this and with the development of IPv6 which removes the limitations imposed by IPv4 and provides the large number of b) For forming relation with neighbour, address space. In this paper, authors have considered the c) For maintaining relation with neighbour. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and presented a scenario for its performance evaluation in IPv6 networks and DUAL algorithm used, includes Successor(S), Feasible obtained results are highly considerable for the short distance Successor (FS), Feasibility Condition (FC), Feasible Distance of communication and don’t represent any problem of (FD), and reported distance (RD) [4]. performance degradation while sending or receiving the data. 2. RELATED WORK Keywords Narisetty and Balsu [5] have introduced the combination of EIGRP, IPv6, Routing, OSPF, Local Area Network, Wide IS-IS/RIP and EIGRP protocol.