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Vitamin A: History, Current Uses, and Controversies M
Vitamin A: History, Current Uses, and Controversies M. Shane Chapman, MD Vitamin A is required for the proper functioning of many important metabolic and physio- logic activities, including vision, gene transcription, the immune system and skin cell differentiation. Both excessive and deficient levels of vitamin A lead to poor functioning of many human systems. The biologically active form, retinoic acid, binds to nuclear receptors that facilitate transcription that ultimately leads to it’s physiological effects. Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A that are medications used to treat acne vulgaris, psoriasis, ichthyosis (and other disorders of keratinization), skin cancer prevention as well as several bone marrow derived neoplasias. Systemic retinoids are teratogenic and have to be prescribed with caution and close oversight. Other potential adverse events are contro- versial. These include the relationship of retinoid derivatives in sunscreens, their effects on bone mineral density, depression and suicidal ideation and inflammatory bowel disease. These controversies will be discussed in detail. Semin Cutan Med Surg 31:11-16 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. KEYWORDS vitamin A, retinoids, carotenoids, sunscreens, bone metabolism, teratogenicity, depression, suicidal ideation, istotretinoin, inflammatory bowel disease. itamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is required for the molecules, retinal, for both low-light- and color vision. Ret- Vproper functioning of a diverse array of metabolic and inol is also converted to retinoic acid, which is a hormone- physiologic activities. Vision, hematopoiesis, embryonic de- like growth factor important for epithelial cell growth and velopment, skin cell differentiation, immune system func- differentiation. It is required for skin and bone health, but in tion, and gene transcription all require vitamin A. -
Effect of Cooking Loss in the Assessment of Vitamin Intake for Epidemiological Data in Japan
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011) 65, 546–552 & 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0954-3007/11 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of cooking loss in the assessment of vitamin intake for epidemiological data in Japan M Kobayashi1,2, HY Adachi2, J Ishihara2,3 and S Tsugane2 for the JPHC FFQ Validation Study Group 1Department of Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Otsuma Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan; 2Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan and 3Department of Nutrition, Junior College of Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan Background/Objectives: The effect of cooking loss on vitamin intake is an important consideration in dietary and epidemiological studies in Japanese. However, because few published food values have considered cooking effect, allowing for cooking loss in the assessment of vitamin intake in Japan has been difficult. Subjects/Methods: Seven-day dietary records and a fasting blood sample were collected from 102 men and 113 women in August of 1994 or 1995. Vitamin intake were estimated using two food databases, one composed of raw food only and the second of cooked food. Estimates were compared with blood levels. Results: Water-soluble vitamin intake using a food database including cooked food was lower than intakes estimated using a database composed of raw food only, except for pantothenic acid and vitamin B12 intake. In particular, vitamin B1 intake was 18.9% lower in men and 16.8% lower in women. However, when subjects were classified into the same and adjacent categories by joint classification by quintiles, appreciable change in ranking of a subject was not observed. -
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Dexamethasone sodium phosphate ( 0.339 ) Melengestrol acetate ( 0.282 ) 17beta−Trenbolone ( 0.252 ) 17alpha−Estradiol ( 0.24 ) 17alpha−Hydroxyprogesterone ( 0.238 ) Triamcinolone ( 0.233 ) Zearalenone ( 0.216 ) CP−634384 ( 0.21 ) 17alpha−Ethinylestradiol ( 0.203 ) Raloxifene hydrochloride ( 0.203 ) Volinanserin ( 0.2 ) Tiratricol ( 0.197 ) trans−Retinoic acid ( 0.192 ) Chlorpromazine hydrochloride ( 0.191 ) PharmaGSID_47315 ( 0.185 ) Apigenin ( 0.183 ) Diethylstilbestrol ( 0.178 ) 4−Dodecylphenol ( 0.161 ) 2,2',6,6'−Tetrachlorobisphenol A ( 0.156 ) o,p'−DDD ( 0.155 ) Progesterone ( 0.152 ) 4−Hydroxytamoxifen ( 0.151 ) SSR150106 ( 0.149 ) Equilin ( 0.3 ) 3,5,3'−Triiodothyronine ( 0.256 ) 17−Methyltestosterone ( 0.242 ) 17beta−Estradiol ( 0.24 ) 5alpha−Dihydrotestosterone ( 0.235 ) Mifepristone ( 0.218 ) Norethindrone ( 0.214 ) Spironolactone ( 0.204 ) Farglitazar ( 0.203 ) Testosterone propionate ( 0.202 ) meso−Hexestrol ( 0.199 ) Mestranol ( 0.196 ) Estriol ( 0.191 ) 2,2',4,4'−Tetrahydroxybenzophenone ( 0.185 ) 3,3,5,5−Tetraiodothyroacetic acid ( 0.183 ) Norgestrel ( 0.181 ) Cyproterone acetate ( 0.164 ) GSK232420A ( 0.161 ) N−Dodecanoyl−N−methylglycine ( 0.155 ) Pentachloroanisole ( 0.154 ) HPTE ( 0.151 ) Biochanin A ( 0.15 ) Dehydroepiandrosterone ( 0.149 ) PharmaCode_333941 ( 0.148 ) Prednisone ( 0.146 ) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid ( 0.145 ) p,p'−DDD ( 0.144 ) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride ( 0.142 ) Forskolin ( 0.141 ) Perfluorooctanoic acid ( 0.14 ) Oleyl sarcosine ( 0.139 ) Cyclohexylphenylketone ( 0.138 ) Pirinixic acid ( 0.137 ) -
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0202780 A1 Gavin Et Al
US 20120202780A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0202780 A1 Gavin et al. (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 9, 2012 (54) CARRIER COMPOSITION Publication Classification (76) Inventors: Paul David Gavin, Chadstone (51) Int. Cl. (AU); Mahmoud El-Tamimy, A6II 47/24 (2006.01) Meadow Heights (AU); Jeremy A6II 3/196 (2006.01) James Cottrell, Caulfield South A6IP5/00 (2006.01) (AU); Giacinto Gaetano, South A 6LX 3/573 (2006.01) Melbourne (AU); Nicholas John A6IP 23/00 (2006.01) Kennedy, Boronia (AU) A6IP 29/00 (2006.01) A6II 3/167 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/501,494 A63L/407 (2006.01) (22) PCT Fled: Dec. 22, 2010 (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 514/180: 514/785: 514/788: 514/772: 514/626; 514/567; 514/413: 514/179 (86) PCT NO.: S371 (c)(1), (57) ABSTRACT (2), (4) Date: Apr. 12, 2012 A carrier composition of the present invention comprises a phosphate compound of an electron transfer agent and a rela Related U.S. Application Data tively high concentration of a polar protic solvent. A biologi (60) Provisional application No. 61/289,507, filed on Dec. cally active compound may be formulated with a carrier com 23, 2009. position of the present invention to provide a formulation. Patent Application Publication Aug. 9, 2012 Sheet 1 of 5 US 2012/0202780 A1 - - if solvent E. -ie-20% solvent 3. ". S. .t E FGURE 1 Patent Application Publication Aug. 9, 2012 Sheet 2 of 5 US 2012/0202780 A1 -H 10 LC2 s -C- 20 ulcm2 . - a 30 ulcm2 t E re FIGURE 2A HO licm2 80i -o- 20 ul/cm2 'i -A-30 ul/cm2 140 EO 10 8 8 4) O O FIGURE 2B Patent Application Publication Aug. -
Vitamins a and E and Carotenoids
Fat-Soluble Vitamins & Micronutrients: Vitamins A and E and Carotenoids Vitamins A (retinol) and E (tocopherol) and the carotenoids are fat-soluble micronutrients that are found in many foods, including some vegetables, fruits, meats, and animal products. Fish-liver oils, liver, egg yolks, butter, and cream are known for their higher content of vitamin A. Nuts and seeds are particularly rich sources of vitamin E (Thomas 2006). At least 700 carotenoids—fat-soluble red and yellow pigments—are found in nature (Britton 2004). Americans consume 40–50 of these carotenoids, primarily in fruits and vegetables (Khachik 1992), and smaller amounts in poultry products, including egg yolks, and in seafoods (Boylston 2007). Six major carotenoids are found in human serum: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, trans-lycopene, and zeaxanthin. Major carotene sources are orange-colored fruits and vegetables such as carrots, pumpkins, and mangos. Lutein and zeaxanthin are also found in dark green leafy vegetables, where any orange coloring is overshadowed by chlorophyll. Trans-Lycopene is obtained primarily from tomato and tomato products. For information on the carotenoid content of U.S. foods, see the 1998 carotenoid database created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Nutrition Coordinating Center at the University of Minnesota (http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html). Vitamin A, found in foods that come from animal sources, is called preformed vitamin A. Some carotenoids found in colorful fruits and vegetables are called provitamin A; they are metabolized in the body to vitamin A. Among the carotenoids, beta-carotene, a retinol dimer, has the most significant provitamin A activity. -
Manual for Sugar Fortification with Vitamin a Part 3
Manual for Sugar Fortification with Vitamin A Part 3 Analytical Methods for the Control and Evaluation of Sugar Fortification with Vitamin A Omar Dary, Ph.D. Guillermo Arroyave, Ph.D. with Hernando Flores, Ph.D., Florisbela A. C. S. Campos, and Maria Helena C. B. Lins Dr. Omar Dary is a research biochemist at the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala. Dr. Guillermo Arroyave is an international consultant in micronutrients residing in San Diego, California. Dr. Hernando Flores, Ms. Campos, and Ms. Lins are biochemists at the Universidad de Pernambuco, Brazil. MANUAL FOR SUGAR FORTIFICATION PART 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................... v FOREWORD ...................................................................vii I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 II. PROPERTIES OF RETINOL AND RETINOL COMPOUNDS USED IN SUGAR FORTIFICATION .......................................................... 3 III. PRINCIPLES FOR DETERMINING RETINOL IN VITAMIN A PREMIX AND FORTIFIED SUGAR .................................................................. 5 A. Spectrophotometric method ............................................. 5 B. Colorimetric method .................................................. 6 IV. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF RETINOL IN PREMIX ........... 7 A. References .......................................................... 7 B. Principle ............................................................ 7 C. Critical -
Biological and Biochemical Studies on the Effect of Vitamin a And
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(4): 102-110, 2011 ISSN 1991-8178 Effect of Vitamin A and Iodine Status on Thyroid Gland Functions in Rats Zakia Mostafa Abdel-kader, Heba Barakat, Rasha Hamed Mahmoud and Nehad Naem Shosha Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Women's College, Ain Shams University Abstract: Vitamin A (VA) deficiency (VAD) and iodine deficiency (ID) disorders (IDD) are major global public health problems, mostly affecting women of reproductive age and young children. The present study aims to investigate the effect of iodine and VA (deficient, sufficient or supplement) alone and in combination on of thyroid gland functions in hypothyroid rat model. 60 weaning male albino rats were fed on VA and iodine deficient diet for 4 weeks to induce hypothyroidism. Then they were divided into six groups, 10 rats per group. Each group received different diet which differs in their content of iodine and VA for a consecutive 2 weeks. These groups were compared with 20 control rats. Serum TSH, TT4, FT4, TT3, and FT3 were measured to estimate the efficiency of each diet on treatment of hypothyroidism. Also, serum retinol was measured to determine the influence of VA in replenishing VA deficiency status. Moreover, hepatic and serum lipid profiles, serum glucose, and hepatic glycogen were estimated to detect the effect of thyroid gland functions on cardiovascular disease and carbohydrate metabolism. The results showed that, however VA alone was effective in improvement TSH level; it had no effect on thyroid gland function. Whereas, when VA was in combination with iodine in the sufficient diet, they significantly promoted the normalization of thyroid gland functions than iodine alone. -
Conversion Factors for Vitamin a and Carotenoids
NEW! CONVERSION FACTORS FOR VITAMIN A AND CAROTENOIDS Vitamin A and carotenoids can be quanti- fied in several different units, but it is preferable to use the International System of Units (SI) such as µmol: SI Units Commonly Used Units 1µmol retinol (vitamin A) = 286 µg retinol (vitamin A) 1µmol β-carotene = 537 µg β-carotene Supplements, food, and animal feed: 0.00349 µmol retinol (vitamin A) = 1µg retinol (vitamin A) 1.15 µg retinyl acetate 1.83 µg retinyl palmitate 3.33 IU (1 IU = 0.3 µg) For example, vitamin A in an oil supplement: 209 µmol retinol (vitamin A) = 200,000 IU 60,000 µg retinol (vitamin A) Retinol concentrations in: Serum: 1 µmol/L = 28.6 µg/dL Liver: 1 µmol/g = 286 µg/g Milk: 1 µmol/L = 28.6 µg/dL Fat: 1 µmol/g = 286 µg/g Unit conversion for commonly used cutoff values for serum retinol (vitamin A) concentration: 0.35 µmol/L = 10 µg/dL 0.70 µmol/L = 20 µg/dL 1.05 µmol/L = 30 µg/dL INTERNATIONAL VITAMIN A CONSULTATIVE GROUP (IVACG) RETINOL ACTIVITY EQUIVALENT The term “retinol activity equivalent” (RAE) was introduced by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM)1 to replace “retinol equivalent” (RE) used by FAO/ WHO2 to take into account new research on the vitamin A activity (bioefficacy) of carotenoids. The IOM deemed carotenoid bioefficacy in mixed foods eaten by healthy people in developed countries to be half the required amount set by FAO/WHO. Bioefficacy may, in fact, be even lower in popula- tions in developing countries.3 References: 1. -
Risk Assessment of Vitamin a (Retinol and Retinyl Esters) in Cosmetics
Risk assessment of vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) in cosmetics Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials in Contact with Food and Cosmetics of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Date: 22.08.12 Doc. no.: 10-405-3 final ISBN: 978-82-8259-059-4 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 10/405-3 final Risk assessment of vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters) in cosmetics Ragna Bogen Hetland (Chair) Berit Granum Claus Lützow-Holm Jan Ludvig Lyche Jan Erik Paulsen Vibeke Thrane 2 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 10/405-3 final Contributors Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as ad hoc experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. Acknowledgements The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has appointed a working group consisting of both VKM members and external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. The members of the working group are acknowledged for their valuable work on this opinion. The members of the working group are: VKM members Ragna Bogen Hetland, Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials in Contact with Food and Cosmetics (Chair) Berit Granum, Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials in Contact with Food and Cosmetics Jan Ludvig -
Skinceuticals Retinol 0.3 “As an Expert in Facial Rejuvenation, Retinol Would Definitely Be at the Top of My List,” Says Dr
here are many different voices to turn to when seeking advice regarding anti-aging skincare, but some are undeniably more qualified than others. While we do love a good Reddit thread or Twitter chain for discovering new recommendations, they don’t carry quite the same weight as a medical professional’s informed input. To help sort through the clutter, we reached out to two plastic surgeons working closely with anti- aging for their top tips on which home products help most. Dr. Melissa Doft, M.D. and Konstantin Vasyukevich, M.D. shared their picks for which ingredients—and which products containing them—are most effective, even outside of the clinic. 1 Retinol: SkinCeuticals Retinol 0.3 “As an expert in facial rejuvenation, Retinol would definitely be at the top of my list,” says Dr. Vasyukevich, known to his patients as Dr. K. “It is one of the most effective ingredients for a sustainable skin rejuvenating effect. The only caveat being that it has to be applied on a regular basis for an extended period of time, otherwise it becomes ineffective.” He recommends SkinCeuticals Retinol 0.3 (seen above) for nighttime use, and MZ Skin’s Hydrate & Nourish Age Defence Retinol Day Moisturizer SPF30 ($149; net-a-porter.com) for use during the day. To buy: $67; dermstore.com. 2 Vitamin C: Timeless Skin Care 20% Vitamin C Serum + Vitamin E + Ferulic Acid Dr. Doft agrees that retinol is a critical ingredient in home care, but also recommends another popular antioxidant. “For anti-aging my two top ingredients are retinol and vitamin C. -
LC-MS-MS Quantitative Analysis of 12 Retinoids, Derivatives And
LC-MS-MS quantitative analysis of 12 Retinoids, derivatives and metabolites in serum for clinical research use Rory M Doyle, Joshua Kline, Thermo Scientific Inc., 265 Davidson Avenue, Somerset, NJ 08873 ABSTRACT Reagents Table 1- Scan Parameters- SRM table Figure 1: Chromatograms and Retention time The following Fisher Scientific™ acids, reagents and solvents were used- Compound Rt Polarity Precursor Product Collision Rf Introduction: Liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry is suited for rapid analysis (min) (m/z) (m/z) Energies Lens F:\ASMS-STD\100ngml-STD 05/25/17 19:11:02 100ngml-STD of multiple analytes of similar and different structures and physicochemical properties. Retinoids are HPLC grade Water Formic Acid (V) (V) a diverse group of three different generations of biologically active compounds that physiologically RT: 0.00 - 5.29 RT: 0.00 - 5.29 Methanol Acetonitile RT: 0.86 RT: 3.16 impact the bodies’ functions and include- retinol, retinal, tretinoin, isotretinoin, etretinate, acitretin, Tazarotenic Acid 0.86 Positive 324.2 294/308 34.3/36.4 191 AA: 17396997 AA: 116868 Methyl-Tert-Butyl-Ether (MTBE) 100 Tazarotenic Acid 100 Bexarotene adapalene, bexarotene, tazarotene and metabolites. A sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS analytical Tazarotene 1.67 Positive 352.2 324.01294 26.4/40.1 206 research method was developed and optimized for the quantitation of retinoids and metabolites in 0 0 RT: 1.67 RT: 3.27 serum. Simple sample preparation techniques were used that included a protein crash and liquid- The standards and internal standards were made up in Methanol. Acitretin 2.51 Positive 327.2 176.9/159 10.3/17.4 101 AA: 88457528 AA: 527912 100 Tazarotene 100 Retinoic Acid liquid extraction. -
Retinol, Retinoids and Tretinoin: What's the Difference?
What You Need to Know About Retinol Products Retinol, Retinoids and Tretinoin: What's the Difference? Retinol (the entire vitamin A molecule) can be broken down into more potent compounds, which are referred to as retinoids. Although the terms vitamin A, retinol, and retinoid often are used interchangeably, each has its own distinctive actions and regulations. For example, some forms of retinol can be used freely in cosmetics, while others (retinoids) can be obtained only by prescription. A few points to help clarify it for you: Retinol is a cosmetic ingredient that any cosmetics company can include in its products. It does not require a prescription. Other effective forms of cosmetic-grade vitamin A that you'll see in cosmetics include retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, and retinaldehyde, among others. Retinol is effective because when absorbed into your skin, it is broken down and converted into retinoic acid. Retinoic acid is the compound that actually can affect skin cells and their behavior. Both the cosmetic forms and the prescription forms of vitamin A can cause irritation, but, as you would expect, the highest risk of irritation is with the prescription forms (retinoids). Prescription retinoids include retinoic acid also called Tretinoin, the active ingredient in Renova and Retin-A. Is Retinol the Best Anti-Aging Ingredient? Despite retinol's many benefits, it is important to remember that no single ingredient can take care of all of the skin's complex needs. For example, despite retinol's superstar status, it does not eliminate the need for a well-formulated sunscreen, for an alpha hydroxy (glycolic, malic, citric or lactic) acid or beta hydroxy (salicylic) acid product for exfoliation, for a gentle cleanser, or for a serum or moisturizer loaded with antioxidants.