DOCSLIB.ORG

Afrikaans-English in the Western Cape : a Descriptive Sociolinguistic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Afrikaans-English in the Western Cape : a Descriptive Sociolinguistic AFRIKAANS-ENGLISH IN THE WESTERN CAPE: A DESCRIPTIVE SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION Susan Jean Watenneyer Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Cape Town University of Cape Town September 1993 ABSTRACT' I have attempted to give a broad description of the variety of English used by first-language (White) Afrikaans-speakers in the Western Cape. The first chapter outlines the aims of the thesis with respect to the study of English as a world phenomenon. Important work on other varieties of English, notably that of William Labov and that of Lesley Milroy, is discussed, with emphasis on variationist studies. The chapter nlso includes a description of the methods used for the collection of data. I did not usc questionnaires but rather conducted 'participation interviews'. A brief outline of the areas that the informants were selected from is given. Chapters 2 and 3 give the historical and sociolinguistic background of the Afrikaners. This is imp011ant as without an \mderstanding of their history and social circum stances one cannot apprccinte their present attitudes to language. The fonnative history of the Afrikaners includes a description of the policies of the British government at the Cape at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the subsequent emergence of national identity among the fonnerly Dutch community. The establishment of such organisations as the Afrikaner Bond, the Broederbond and the Osscwabrandwng all contributed to the identity of the Afrikaners today. The final section of chapter 3 deals with speech communities as well as the concept of social class, as applied to the White South African community. There is a brief outline of the differences between the White and Coloured Afrikaans-speaking communities of the Cape. The third section of this thesis (chapter 4) concems language: _acquisition, in particulnr theories of second language acquisition. I have outlined the development of (White) education in South Africa, with particular reference to medium of education, and have included a brief description of second language teaching in South Africa today. Bilingualism and ,communication strategies nrc discussed and r have grouped the infom1ants according to their individuaHevel of proficiency in English. The use of code-switching' and code-mixing techniques is also discussed in this chapter, with a brief look at the stmctural differences between English and Afrikaans. The last, and major, part of the thesis, chapters 5 and 6, is a detailed description of the phonology, syntax, morphology and lexis of Afrikaans-English. The features of this variety are compared to those of standard South African English. The presence or absence of features in the speech of the infonnants is discussed and indicated in the tables given; the core features, i.e. those that are found even in the speech of the most fluent speakers, are noted. It is also shown that although all the features are possible, no single speaker will have the full set of variables in hisl11er speech. The presence of the features discussed in this section in Afrikaans­ English, Coloured English and other, non-South African, varieties of English is shown; the presence of a feature in non-South African varieties of English appears to reinforce the use of that particular feature in Afrikaans-English. It is shown that Afrikaans-English overlaps phonologically with the continuum of first language South African English at either end of the spectmm: on the one hand the accent of Afrikaans­ English has features in common with Extreme South African English and at the other, Ll-fluency end, it is almost indistinguishable from Respectable South African English. Mention is also made of syntactic, morphological and lexical features that spill over into L I varieties o~ South African English. Finally I have appended a brief outline of each of the four competence groups and have given annotated extracts from the data for each. I have also included a collection of the comments regarding language made by the informants. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MAPS AND TABLES .............................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS · · · · · · · • • · · · · · · · · · · · • · · • · · • · · · · · · · · · · · · ........... VI CHAPTER 1 AIMS AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 AIMS 1.2 METHODOLOGY . 5 1.2.1 V ariationist studies . 5 1.2.2 Netv•orks . 1 1.2.3 Interviews . 9 1.2.4 Infom1ants . 12 Touws River . 14 Cape Town . 16 Control Group . 17 Representative sample . 18 1.2 ..5 Data analysis . 19 Other observations . 19 Transcription . 20 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 FIRST WHITE SETTLERS . 23 2.2 INTRODUCTION OF ENGLISH . 24 2.2.1 Anglicization policies . .. 25 2.2.2 1820 Settlers . 26 2.2.3 Medium of instruction in schools . 27 2.2.4 English becomes the official language of the Cape . 29 2.2.5 The Press . 30 2.2.6 Influence of the Anglicization policy . 30 2.3 THE GREAT TREK AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BO)::R REPUBLICS ...................... 33 2.4 IMMIGRATION TO NATAL . 34 2 . .5 DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . 36 2.6 THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR (THE BOER WAR) . 38 2.7 MILNER'S ANGLICIZATION POLICY . 39 2.8 BROEDERTW IS ('STRIFE BETWEEN BROTHERS') . 41 ii CHAPTER 3 SOCIOLINGUISTIC SETTING 3.1 LANGUAGE LOYALTY ........................................... 43 3.1.1 Attitudes and Opinions ...................................... 44 3.1.2 The Afrikaner Bond ........................................ 48 3.1.3 Broederbond ('Brotherhood') ................................. 51 3.1.4 Ossewabrandwag ('Oxwagon Sentinel') ......................... 55 3.1.5 Exclusivity .............................................. 56 3.2 SHIFT .................................................... 6 3.2.1 Shifts in Attitude .......................................... 56 3.2.2 Shift in Language ......................................... 58 3.3 SPEECH COMMUNITY ............................................ 61 3.3.1 Definitions of speech communities ............................. 62 3.3.2 English in South Africa ..................................... 67 3.3.3 Social class in South Africa 68 3.3.4 The District Six community .................................. 72 . CHAPTER 4 LEARNING AND USING A SECOND lANGUAGE 4.1 SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ................................... 74 4.1.1 Theories of Second language Acquisition ......................... 74 4.1.2 Education in South Africa ................................... 79 4.1.3 Method of L2 teaching in South Africa . 89 4.2 BILINGUALISM . 92 4.2.1 Communication strategies .................................... 95 4.3 CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING . 98 4.3.1 Similarities and differences between English and Afrikaans ............ 98 4.3.2 Code-switching and code-mixing .............................. 100 4.3 .3 Functional and metaphorical switching . 103 4.3.4 Code-switching and code-mixing in Afrikaans-English . 105 CHAPTER 5 PHONOLOGY 5.1 PHONOLOGY OF ENGLISH IN SOUTJI AFRICA 110 5.2 VOWELS . ~ . ' . ·. 113 5.2.1 Variation in vowel quality . 114 5.3 CONSONANTS ............................................................. 117 5.3.1 Trilled or tapped /r/ . 118 5.3 .2 Voiceless plosives . 119 iii 5.3.3 [fJ for [8] .............................................. 120 5.4 PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES ...................................... 120 5.4.1 Obstruent devoicing . 120 5.4.2 Epenthetic !hi ........................................... 121 5.4.3 Epenthesis and 'spelling' pronunciation ......................... 123 5.4.4 Assimilation and cluster reduction . 124 5.4.5 Afrikaans pronunciation of proper nouns . 125 5.5 VARIATION ................................................... 127 5.5.1 Regional variation . 127 5.5.2 Word lists .............................................. 127 5.6 CONCLUSION ................................................ 129 0-IAPTER 6 SYNTAX, MORPHOLOGY AND LEXIS .................... 132 6.1 SYNTACTIC FEATURES AND TENDENCIES . 13 8 6.1.1 Tense, aspect and modals . 13 8 6.1.2 Word order . 142 6.1.3 Relative clauses . 146 6.1.4 Double negative . 150 6.1.5 Incorrect use of the infinitive . 150 6.2 MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES . 151 6.2.1 Concord . 151 6.2.2 Prepositions . 158 6.2.3 Articles . 161 6.2.4 Deletion of :J.y . 164 6.3 LEXIS AND IDIOM . 164 6.3 .1 Idiomatic transfer ................... , . 164 6.3.2 Lexical items . 168 6.3.3 Lexical confusion . 170 6.3.4 Duplication . 174 6.3.5 Get . 174 6.3.6 No . 176 6.4 CONCLUSION . 176 IV BIBLIOGRAPHY . 181 APPENDICES 1 GROUP PROFILES 190 2 EXTRACTS FROM THE OAT A . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Freshwater Fishes
    WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE state oF BIODIVERSITY 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Methods 17 Chapter 3 Freshwater fishes 18 Chapter 4 Amphibians 36 Chapter 5 Reptiles 55 Chapter 6 Mammals 75 Chapter 7 Avifauna 89 Chapter 8 Flora & Vegetation 112 Chapter 9 Land and Protected Areas 139 Chapter 10 Status of River Health 159 Cover page photographs by Andrew Turner (CapeNature), Roger Bills (SAIAB) & Wicus Leeuwner. ISBN 978-0-620-39289-1 SCIENTIFIC SERVICES 2 Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity 2007 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Andrew Turner [email protected] 1 “We live at a historic moment, a time in which the world’s biological diversity is being rapidly destroyed. The present geological period has more species than any other, yet the current rate of extinction of species is greater now than at any time in the past. Ecosystems and communities are being degraded and destroyed, and species are being driven to extinction. The species that persist are losing genetic variation as the number of individuals in populations shrinks, unique populations and subspecies are destroyed, and remaining populations become increasingly isolated from one another. The cause of this loss of biological diversity at all levels is the range of human activity that alters and destroys natural habitats to suit human needs.” (Primack, 2002). CapeNature launched its State of Biodiversity Programme (SoBP) to assess and monitor the state of biodiversity in the Western Cape in 1999. This programme delivered its first report in 2002 and these reports are updated every five years. The current report (2007) reports on the changes to the state of vertebrate biodiversity and land under conservation usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Makhonco Msc__2019.Pdf (5.700Mb)
    Hydrogeomorphic controls on the longitudinal distribution and dynamics of reed beds in non-perennial river systems, Western Cape, South Africa. Nomanesi Makhonco A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Earth Science, University of the Western Cape Supervisors: Dr. MC Grenfell Dr. SE Grenfell January 2020 http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ i Declaration I Nomanesi Makhonco, student number 3346000 declare that the thesis entitled “Hydrogeomorphic controls on the longitudinal distribution and dynamics of reed beds in non-perennial river systems, Western Cape, South Africa.” is my own work, that it has not been submitted before for any degree examination in any other university and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signed this day 28 of January 2019 Signature: http://etd.uwc.ac.za/ ii Abstract Non-Perennial Rivers are often considered systems of low ecological and economic value due to prolonged periods of no flow. Despite the importance of non-perennial rivers in dryland environments in providing habitat to fauna and flora, non-perennial rivers remain some of the least studied freshwater ecosystems in the world. Reed beds are among the vegetation types found along these river systems. The aim of this research is to advance understanding of hydrogeomorphic controls on spatial variation in reed bed location, aerial extent, and sediment characteristics, with a view to providing insight that can be applied in the determination of environmental water requirements for non-perennial rivers. The study was conducted in four study reaches with contrasting fluvial styles in the Touws and Prins River systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Guide for the History of English
    Reference Guide for the History of English Raymond Hickey English Linguistics Institute for Anglophone Studies University of Duisburg and Essen January 2012 Some tips when using the Reference Guide: 1) To go to a certain section of the guide, press Ctrl-F and enter the name of the section. Alternatively, you can search for an author or the title of a book. 2) Remember that, for reasons of size, the reference guide only includes books. However, there are some subjects for which whole books are not readily available but only articles. In this case, you can come to me for a consultation or of course, you can search yourself. If you are looking for articles on a subject then one way to find some would be to look at a standard book on the (larger) subject area and then consult the bibliography at the back of the book., To find specific contents in a book use the table of contents and also the index at the back which always offers more detailed information. If you are looking for chapters on a subject then an edited volume is the most likely place to find what you need. This is particularly true for the history of English. 3) When you are starting a topic in linguistics the best thing to do is to consult a general introduction (usually obvious from the title) or a collection of essays on the subject, often called a ‘handbook’. There you will find articles on the subareas of the topic in question, e.g. a handbook on varieties of English will contain articles on individual varieties, a handbook on language acquisition will contain information on various aspects of this topic.
    [Show full text]
  • A COMPARISON ANALYSIS of AMERICAN and BRITISH IDIOMS By
    A COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN AND BRITISH IDIOMS By: NANIK FATMAWATI NIM: 206026004290 ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA 2011 ABSTRACT Nanik Fatmawati, A Comparison Analysis of American Idioms and British Idioms. A Thesis: English Letters Department. Adab and Humanities Faculty. Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, 2011 In this paper, the writer uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis by comparing and analyzing from the dictionary and short story. The dictionary that would be analyzed by the writer is English and American Idioms by Richard A. Spears and the short story is you were perfectly fine by John Millington Ward. Through this method, the writer tries to find the differences meaning between American idioms and British idioms. The collected data are analyzed by qualitative using the approach of deconstruction theory. English is a language particularly rich in idioms – those modes of expression peculiar to a language (or dialect) which frequently defy logical and grammatical rules. Without idioms English would lose much of its variety and humor both in speech and writing. The results of this thesis explain the difference meaning of American and British Idioms that is found in the dictionary and short story. i ii iii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my original work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1. Introduction
    1 Chapter 1. Introduction Once an English-speaking population was established in South Africa in the 19 th century, new unique dialects of English began to emerge in the colony, particularly in the Eastern Cape, as a result of dialect levelling and contact with indigenous groups and the L1 Dutch speaking population already present in the country (Lanham 1996). Recognition of South African English as a variety in its own right came only later in the next century. South African English, however, is not a homogenous dialect; there are many different strata present under this designation, which have been recognised and identified in terms of geographic location and social factors such as first language, ethnicity, social class and gender (Hooper 1944a; Lanham 1964, 1966, 1967b, 1978b, 1982, 1990, 1996; Bughwan 1970; Lanham & MacDonald 1979; Barnes 1986; Lass 1987b, 1995; Wood 1987; McCormick 1989; Chick 1991; Mesthrie 1992, 1993a; Branford 1994; Douglas 1994; Buthelezi 1995; Dagut 1995; Van Rooy 1995; Wade 1995, 1997; Gough 1996; Malan 1996; Smit 1996a, 1996b; Görlach 1998c; Van der Walt 2000; Van Rooy & Van Huyssteen 2000; de Klerk & Gough 2002; Van der Walt & Van Rooy 2002; Wissing 2002). English has taken different social roles throughout South Africa’s turbulent history and has presented many faces – as a language of oppression, a language of opportunity, a language of separation or exclusivity, and also as a language of unification. From any chosen theoretical perspective, the presence of English has always been a point of contention in South Africa, a combination of both threat and promise (Mawasha 1984; Alexander 1990, 2000; de Kadt 1993, 1993b; de Klerk & Bosch 1993, 1994; Mesthrie & McCormick 1993; Schmied 1995; Wade 1995, 1997; de Klerk 1996b, 2000; Granville et al.
    [Show full text]
  • MEL-Cahiers-1 1..36
    * omslag Meertens EC 1 09-11-2005 11:45 Pagina 1 MEERTENS ETHNOLOGY CAHIER 1 MEERTENS ETHNOLOGY CAHIER 1 In Towards a Social History of Early Modern Dutch, Peter Burke approaches the history of the Dutch language between 1500 and 1800 from a socio- Towards a cultural historian’s perspective. He investigates the changing relation- ship between the vernacular and Latin; the incorporation (or invasion) of new words from other languages; and the movements towards Social History of standardization and purification, discussing these trends from a comparative, pan-European point of view. Early Modern Dutch Peter Burke (1937) holds a Ph.D. from Oxford University. He is Professor Emeritus of PETER BURKE Cultural History at the University of Cambridge and Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge. He is the author of many well-known books, including: The Italian Renaissance (1972), Venice and Amsterdam (1974), Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (1978), The Fabrication of Louis XIV (1992), The Art of Conversation (1993), A Social History of Knowledge (2000), Eyewitnessing (2000), What Is Cultural History? (2004) and Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe (2004). In all of his works he shows an intelligent capacity to see connections, comparisons and contrasts. He widens the field of cultural history by his practice of building bridges between languages, periods, places, methodologies and 90-5356-861-1 ISBN disciplines, and subsequently investigating what lies beyond; this practice has again been successfully applied in Towards a Social History of Early Modern Dutch. 9 789053 568613 www.aup.nl Amsterdam University Press Amsterdam University Press Towards a Social History of Early Modern Dutch Towards a Social History of Early Modern Dutch Peter Burke The Meertens Ethnology Cahiers are revised texts of the Meertens Ethnology Lectures.
    [Show full text]
  • Breede River Basin Study. Groundwater Assessment
    DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY BREEDE RIVER BASIN STUDY GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT Final MAY 2003 Groundwater Consulting Services P O Box 2597 Rivonia 2128 Tel : +27 11 803 5726 Fax : +27 11 803 5745 e-mail : [email protected] This report is to be referred to in bibliographies as : Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa. 2003. Groundwater Assessment. Prepared by G Papini of Groundwater Consulting Services as part of the Breede River Basin Study. DWAF Report No. PH 00/00/2502. BREEDE RIVER BASIN STUDY GROUNDWATER ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to assess the significance and distribution of groundwater resources in the Breede River catchment, estimate the amount of abstraction and degree of stress it may be causing and to indicate the scope for further development of groundwater resources. This was achieved by a review of all available literature and obtaining yields and quantities from all significant schemes. The characterisation of important aquifers and assessment of the groundwater balance (recharge versus consumption) allowed for identification of further groundwater potential. The geohydrology of the Breede River catchment is controlled by the occurrence of the rocks of the Table Mountain Group (which form the mountainous areas), the occurrence of high levels of faulting and folding in the syntaxis area of the upper catchment and the variable rainfall, being highest in the mountainous areas in the west. These factors result in a catchment with highest groundwater potential in the west, where recharge, yields and abstraction potential are greatest and the quality is the best. As a result of these factors, the western half of the catchment is also the area with the greatest groundwater use.
    [Show full text]
  • Authentic Language
    ! " " #$% " $&'( ')*&& + + ,'-* # . / 0 1 *# $& " * # " " " * 2 *3 " 4 *# 4 55 5 * " " * *6 " " 77 .'%%)8'9:&0 * 7 4 "; 7 * *6 *# 2 .* * 0* " *6 1 " " *6 *# " *3 " *# " " *# 2 " " *! "; 4* $&'( <==* "* = >?<"< <<'-:@-$ 6 A9(%9'(@-99-@( 6 A9(%9'(@-99-(- 6A'-&&:9$' ! '&@9' Authentic Language Övdalsk, metapragmatic exchange and the margins of Sweden’s linguistic market David Karlander Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Doctoral dissertation, 2017 Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University Copyright © David Budyński Karlander Printed and bound by Universitetsservice AB, Stockholm Correspondence: SE 106 91 Stockholm www.biling.su.se ISBN 978-91-7649-946-7 ISSN 1400-5921 Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this work without the support and encouragement from a number of people. I owe them all my humble thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the History of the English Language
    INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Written by László Kristó 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 NOTES ON PHONETIC SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK ................................................. 5 1 Language change and historical linguistics ............................................................................. 6 1.1 Language history and its study ......................................................................................... 6 1.2 Internal and external history ............................................................................................. 6 1.3 The periodization of the history of languages .................................................................. 7 1.4 The chief types of linguistic change at various levels ...................................................... 8 1.4.1 Lexical change ........................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Semantic change ...................................................................................................... 11 1.4.3 Morphological change ............................................................................................. 11 1.4.4 Syntactic change ...................................................................................................... 12 1.4.5 Phonological change ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Nationality of Men-At-Arms Serving in English Armies In
    The Nationality Of Men-at-Arms se rving in English Armies in Normandy and the pays de conquete, 1415-1450: A Preliminary Survey Anne Curry University of Reading This article is based on a computer.-assisted study of muster rolls of the armies with which Henry V and Henry VI invaded and occupied Northern France in the first half of the fifteenth century. At the time of writing, the database contains 50,000 entries derived from almost all the rolls known to survive, but is restricted to those described therein as either mounted or foot men-at-arms. I Men-at-arms constituted about 25% of the total number of military effectives. with archers making up the remainder. Evidence from the contrerol/es of English garrisons in Normandy suggests that there was very little interchange of personnel between the archers and the men-at-arms. Even so, the conclusions reached in this article must be regarded as limited (in that they are specific to the men-at-arms) and tentative (in that the database and research is not yet complete). It is hoped, however, that they will provide some useful preliminary observations re lating to the nationality of those serving in English royal armies in this period. The surviving documentation facilitates investigation of three aspects. First, we can identify government policy towards the service of soldiers of non-English origin, and the consequent attempts to record nationality on the muster rolls. Secondly, we can note the nat.ionalities so recorded, and comment on the patterns of military service of foreign troops in English pay.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Plan
    Garden Route National Park Park Management Plan For the period 2020 - 2029 1 Acknowledgement This plan was prepared by Mr Len du Plessis and Mr André Spies, with significant input and help from Me Maretha Alant, Mr Clement Arendse, Mr Johan Baard, Me Marie Baard, Me Elzette Bester, Mr Nicholas Cole, Me Melanie de Morney, Mr Graham Durrheim, Dr Stef Freitag-Ronaldson, Me Jessica Hayes, Me Nobulumko Gantsho, Mr Derec Giles, Me Jayshree Govender, Mr Paddy Gordon, Mr Thabo Kgomommu, Me Nondumiso Mgwenya, Dr Mohlamatsane Mokhatla, Me Lizette Moolman, Mr Andile Namntu, Me Phumla Nyathikazi, Mr André Riley, Dr Dirk Roux, Dr Ian Russell, Me Thabang Sibiya, Mr Kyle Smith, Dr Sandra Taljaard, Me Megan Taplin and various stakeholders. Suggested citation: SANParks, 2020. Garden Route National Park Management Plan. SANParks. Pretoria. Photo by: Knysna Tourism Garden Route National Park Management Plan 2020 – 2029 2 Section 1: Authorisation This management plan is hereby internally accepted and authorised as required for managing the Garden Route National Park and World Heritage Site in terms of Sections 39, 40 and 41 of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act [(Act No. 57 of 2003) (NEM: PAA)] and chapter 4 of the World Heritage Convention Act (Act No. 49 of 1999). Mr P. Gordon Park Manager: Garden Route National Park Date: 01 June 2019 T PLAN N Mr A.H. Engelbrecht General Manager: Frontier Region Date: 01 June 2019 MANAGEME – Mr. P.S. Mokoena Managing Executive: Parks Date: 01 June 2019 NATIONAL PARK NATIONAL Mr F.G. Mketeni Chief Executive: SANParks Date: 20 November 2019 GARDEN ROUTE Ms J.
    [Show full text]
  • They Were South Africans.Pdf
    1 05 028 THEY WERE SOUTH AFRICANS By John Bond CAPE TOWN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON NEW YORK 4 Oxford University Press, Amen House, London, E.G. GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI CAPE TOWN IBADAN NAIROBI ACCRA SINGAPORE First published November 1956 Second impression May 1957 Third impression November 1957 $ PRINTED IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY THE RUSTICA PRESS, PTY., LTD., WYNBERG, CAPE To the friends and companions of my youth at Grey High School, Port Elizabeth, and Rhodes University, Grahams- town, ivho taught me what I know and cherish about the English-speaking South Africans, this book is affectionately dedicated. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book would not have been possible without the help and kindness of many people, 'who may not entirely agree with the views it expresses. I am greatly indebted to Mr D. H. Ollemans and the Argus Printing and Publishing Company, of which he is managing director, for granting me the generous allocation of leave without which it could never have been completed. At a critical moment Mr John Fotheringham's intervention proved decisive. And how can I forget the kindness with which Dr Killie Campbell gave me the freedom of her rich library of Africana at Durban for three months, and the helpfulness of her staff, especially Miss Mignon Herring. The Johannesburg Public Library gave me unstinted help, for which I am particularly indebted to Miss J. Ogilvie of the Africana section and her assistants. Professor A. Keppel Jones and Dr Edgar Brookes of Pietermaritzburg, Mr F. R. Paver of Hill- crest, and Mr T.
    [Show full text]