Assessment of Bus System Service and Performance for Public Transport Improvement
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ASSESSMENT OF BUS SYSTEM SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT SUWARDO DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS AUGUST 2010 STATUS OF THESIS Assessment of Bus System Service and Performance for Public Title of thesis: Transport Improvement I __SUWARDO __________________ hereby allow my thesis to be placed at the Information Resources Center (IRC) of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) with the following conditions: 1. The thesis becomes the property of UTP 2. The IRC of UTP may make copies of the thesis for academic purposes only 3. This thesis is classified as Confidential √ Non-confidential If this thesis is confidential, please state the reason: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ The contents of the thesis will remain confidential for __________ years. Remarks on disclosure: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Endorsed by ________________________ _________________________ Signature Signature Author: Suwardo Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Madzlan Napiah Permanent address: Jl. P. Diponegoro 18, Rt.03, Rw.05, Bantul, Bantul 55711, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Date: __________________ Date: __________________ UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS ASSESSMENT OF BUS SYSTEM SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT by SUWARDO The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Postgraduate Studies Programme for acceptance this thesis for the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree stated. Signature: ____________________________________________ Main Supervisor: __Assoc. Prof. Dr. Madzlan Napiah _______________ Signature: ____________________________________________ Co-Supervisor: __Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Ibrahim Kamaruddin _________ Signature: ____________________________________________ Head of Department: __Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty _ Date ____________________________________________ ASSESSMENT OF BUS SYSTEM SERVICE AND PERFORMANCE FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT by SUWARDO A Thesis Submitted to the Postgraduate Studies Programme as a Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS BANDAR SERI ISKANDAR, PERAK AUGUST 2010 DECLARATION OF THESIS Assessment of Bus System Service and Performance for Public Title of thesis: Transport Improvement I __S U W A R D O __________________ hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UTP or other institutions. Witnessed by ________________________ _________________________ Signature Signature Author: Suwardo Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Madzlan Napiah Permanent address: Jl. P. Diponegoro 18, Rt.03, Rw.05, Bantul, Bantul 55711, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Date: __________________ Date: __________________ DEDICATION Easiness may be given to those who strive to learn and teach. Allah's blessing may be given to those who do research and write for the life. To my parents with their moral and dedication: Giman Wignyosuharjo and Sugiarsi To my parents-in-law with their support and help: Sunardi and Kardijanti To my wife with her love and patient: Ety Dwiastuti To my children with their spirit and wishes: Amalia Khoirunnisa and Abyasa Pradhipta ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the beginning, I would be grateful to thank my main supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Madzlan Napiah and co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Ibrahim Kamaruddin for their advice, ideas, guidance and long hours they spent on the dissertation. Moreover, I would also like to express my sincere thanks to many individuals who helped me through my stay and study at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS as follows: 1. members of the panel of examiners and viva voce committee for their evaluation and suggestions, 2. reviewer for their useful reviews, comments and discussions, and 3. colleagues in civil engineering for their caring, attention and friendship. This research is wholly supported by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, through the Graduate Assistantship (GA) scheme. Therefore, I would like to thank Universiti Technologi PETRONAS for providing facilities and financial support over the study. The technical assistance and kind cooperation from laboratory technician and academic executive in Department of Civil Engineering and Postgraduate Studies Programme, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, is also gratefully acknowledged. In accordance with data collection, I am grateful to acknowledge the Statistic Department of Perak, Police Department of Perak, Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) of Perak Tengah District, Road Transport Department (JPJ) of Perak, Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri (UPEN) Perak and Perak Roadways Sdn. Bhd. Finally, I would like to thank my parents Giman Wignyosuharjo and Sugiarsi, my parents in-law Sunardi and Kardijanti, my wife Ety Dwiastuti, my daughter Amalia Khoirunnisa and my son Abyasa Pradhipta for their warm love, patient, passion, moral help, support and prayer. ABSTRACT This study, entitled “Assessment of Bus System Service and Performance for Public Transport Improvement” was based on a case study of bus service at the Ipoh- Lumut corridor in Perak, Malaysia. This corridor is serviced by stage buses in mixed traffic. The problems faced are low quality of buses, inconvenience, long waiting time, limited facilities, low reliability and low passengers loading which have caused the system to be unattractive to passengers. The purposes of the study were to analyze bus service characteristics and performance of the bus system, to assess bus service reliability and to formulate strategies for the improvement of bus service performance. A fieldwork investigation was conducted covering preliminary survey, primary data survey and secondary data collection. The primary data consisted of bus service operation and passenger boarding and alighting. The approaches of study included description of study area, analysis of bus service characteristics, performance, improvement strategies, evaluation of ridership factors elasticity and sensitivity of bus service demand. Bus service characteristics were analyzed based on fundamental theory, World Bank Standard and TCQSM Standard. In addition, statistical methods such as ANOVA, MARE, MAPPE, ARIMA, MLR and SNN model were applied. The proposed performance indicators to evaluate bus service quality and reliability comprised of on-time performance, regularity, punctuality and waiting time. The concept of elasticity and sensitivity were explored to evaluate bus service demand with respect to ridership factors changes. Finally, gravity model was calibrated to estimate passenger trip distribution by using data of passenger boarding and alighting. From this study, it was concluded that the improvement of bus service quality and performance can be done by changing of frequency, the capacity of passenger and improving the bus service reliability. Based on the elasticity analysis, in the service characteristics category, travel time was an elastic factor, whereas ticket fare, fuel price, per capita income, frequency and headway were inelastic factors in the bus vii service demand. Meanwhile, in the service reliability category, the punctuality, waiting time, regularity and on-time performance were categorized as elastic factors. Moreover, the bus service demand increased by changes of factors such as the increase in punctuality, decrease in waiting time, increase in level of service and increase in regularity. viii ABSTRAK Kajian ini bertajuk "Sistem Penilaian Perkhidmatan Bas dan Prestasinya untuk Meningkatkan Kemudahan Pengangkutan Awam" yang berasaskan pada kajian kes perkhidmatan bas di koridor Ipoh-Lumut di Perak, Malaysia. Koridor ini mempunyai perkhidmatan bas berhenti-henti dalam lalu lintas yang pelbagai. Masalah yang dihadapi yang menyebabkan sistem menjadi tidak menarik bagi penumpang adalah kualiti bas yang rendah, keadaan bas yang tidak selesa, masa menunggu bas yang lama, kemudahan yang terhad, kebolehpercayaan perkhidmatan yang rendah dan bilangan penumpang yang rendah. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisa ciri- ciri perkhidmatan dan prestasi perkhidmatan bas, menentukan kebolehpercayaan perkhidmatan dan merumuskan strategi bagi meningkatkan prestasi perkhidmatan bas. Penyelidikan lapangan dilakukan yang meliputi kajian awal, kajian data utama dan pengumpulan data tambahan. Data utama terdiri daripada operasi perkhidmatan bas dan bilangan penumpang naik dan turun. Pendekatan kajian merangkumi keterangan daerah kajian, analisis ciri-ciri perkhidmatan bas, prestasi, strategi pembaikan, penilaian elastisiti daripada faktor-faktor permintaan penumpang dan sensitiviti permintaan perkhidmatan bas. Ciri-ciri perkhidmatan bas yang dianalisa adalah berasaskan kepada teori, rujukan Bank Dunia dan manual TCQSM. Selain itu, kaedah statistik seperti ANOVA, MARE, MAPPE, ARIMA, MLR dan SNN telah digunapakai. Penunjuk-penunjuk prestasi yang dicadangkan untuk menilai kualiti perkhidmatan bas dan kebolehpercayaan perkhidmatan bas terdiri daripada prestasi ketepatan masa perkhidmatan, keteraturan perkhidmatan, ketepatan masa perjalanan dan waktu menunggu bas. Konsep elastisiti dan sensitiviti dieksplorasi untuk menilai permintaan perkhidmatan bas berhubung dengan perubahan faktor permintaan