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THE TSADRA FOUNDATION SERIES Buton's History of Buddhism in India published by Snow Lion, an imprint ofShambhala Publications and Its Spread to Tibet Tsadra Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that contributes to the ongoing development of wisdom and compassion in Western minds by advancing the combined study and practice of Tibetan Buddhism. Taking its inspiration from the nineteenth-century nonsectarian Tibetan scholar and meditation master Jamgon Kongtriil Lodro Taye, Tsadra Foundation is named ~ Treasury ofPricele ss Scripture after his hermitage in eastern Tibet, Tsadra Rinchen Drak. The foundation's various program areas reflect his values ofexcellence in both scholarship and contemplative Buron Rinchen Drup practice, and the recognition of their mutual complementarity. Tsadra Foundation envisions a flourishing community of Western contempla­ TRANSLATED BY tives and scholar-practitioners who are fully trained in the traditions of Tibetan Lisa Stein and Ngawang Zangpo Buddhism. Ir is our conviction that, grounded in wisdom and compassion, these individuals will actively enrich the world through their openness and excellence. This publication is a part of the Tsadra Foundation's Translation Program, which aims ro make authentic and authoritative texts from the Tibetan traditions avail­ able in English. The Foundation is honored to present the work of its fellows and grantees, individuals of confirmed contemplative and intellectual integrity; how­ ever, their views do not necessarily reflect those of the Foundation. Tsadra Foundation is delighted to collaborate with Shambhala Publications in making these important texts available in the English language. SNOW LION BOST ON & LONDON 2013 Page 153 40 - BUTON'S HI S TORY O F BUDD HISM A BUDDHIST EDUCATION - 41 Further, Texts that refine every affiictive emotion-our enemies­ And protect us from the miserable existences are treatises, Present it coherently and in order. Since they have these qualities of refinement and protection. These two qualities cannot be found in other systems. Such instructions express the Buddha's authorization. Therefore, because treatises provide the ultimate commentary ,: exclusively on the speech of the Buddha and therefore possess ii. The Treatises the qualities of refining and protection, strive diligently to retain This section has three parts: (1) characteristics of a treatise, (2) etymology their meaning. of the word "treatise:' and (3) categories of treatises. c. Categories ofTreatises a. Characteristics of a Treatise This section has five parts: categories of treatises according to their (1) qual­ Authors whose minds are without distraction explain the canon's mean­ ity, (2) function, (3) subject matter, (4) what part of the canon they teach, ing consistent with the path co attaining freedom. The Highest Continuity and (s) a summary of kinds of treatises. states: aa. Treatises Classified by Quality Place on the crown of your head, as you would the Seer's canon, [The teachings of] whoever teaches referring exclusively to the The Main Stages ofAwakening: The Bodhisattvas' Stages presents [treatises] Victor's doctrine in nine categories. The first three are treatises that are meaningless or have With a mind free from distraction, the wrong meaning as opposed to those that are meaningful. The second And (whose teachings] concur with the path to the attainment three are treatises that are misleading or hollow as opposed to those that of freedom. are effective in relieving suffering. The third three are treatises that stress study or debate as opposed to those that emphasize spiritual accomplish­ ment. Among these nine, the final one in each group is sublime; the first b. Etymology ofthe Word "Treatise" two, inferior. The Sanskrit word for treatise is shastra. Shasana means"t o refine.'' [Treatises] Some· count treatises that stress study and debate as a fifth sublime cat­ refine [the reader, changing one] from (the state of an individual immersed egory, but this is incorrect, for Reaching a Definitive Conclusion: A Summary in] emotional affiictions and the three poisons co someone endowed with states that these both consist of non-Buddhist treatises. Therefore, only the the three trainings. Tayi, or tarana, means "to protect." (Treatises] protect final one in each group is sublime since they are taught in the Buddha's canon. from [undesired] results-the miserable realms and the sufferings of exis­ tence. This etymology can also be found in the canon. The Rational System bb. Treatises Classified by Function ofExposition states: In terms offunction, treatises have three categories: treatises that synthesize A treatise is proven by its characteristic, the Buddha's speech. a vast [wealth of information], treatises that reveal the profound, and trea- According to its etymology, it refines (shas) and protects (tra); thus, it is a treatise. ·A note in the text identifies one of these as "Lhopa." Page 154 4l - BUT6N'S HISTORY OF BUDDHISM A BUDDHIST EDUCATION - 43 tises that rectify order. The Discourse on Monastic Discipline is an example Without diligence in the five fields of knowledge of the first; The Ornament ofManifest Realization, of the second; and The Even the noblest person cannot attain omniscience. Ornament ofthe Discourses or The Compendium a/Training, of the third. Therefore, to defeat [challenges], to care for others, And for complete understanding, persevere [in those fields]. cc. Treatises Classified by Subject Matter Grammar and logic pertain to defeating others' [challenges]; medicine and According to subject matter, there are three types of treatise: (r) treatises art pertain to caring for others; and the study ofBuddhi sm pertains to gain­ that present the multiplicity of phenomena [empirical reality], ( z.) treatises ing full understanding. that present the nature of phenomena [absolute reality], and (3) treatises that present freedom and omniscience. Treatises on Logic Treatises on logic contain examinations ofdirect and inferential logic, exclu­ I' Treatises on Empirical Reality sion, examples, and the reasoning of refutation. These were synthesized into This section has two parts: (r) treatises on ordinary topics and (l) treatises six [chapters in] A Compendium ofAll Discourses on Logic and commentar­ on special topics. ies on its intent, including the seven treatises on logic, seven analyses, eight proofs, and seven following texts. Among treatises on logic, three treatises represent the main work, like a a' Treatises on Ordinary Topics . body; four treatises grow from them, like limbs. The first three-commen­ Treatises on ordinary topics include those that address worldly matters and taries toA Drop ofReasoning- present techniques for those of the sharpest, the eighteen kinds of judgment [of humans, animals, and so forth]. Such middle, or lowest degree of acuity to easily realize correct understanding. texts include One Hundred Verses on Knowledge, A Drop ofNourishment far The Kashmiri master Jnanashri did not believe Ascertainment ofDignaga's Individuals, and A Treasury ofVerse. These works constitute the cause for "Compendium ofLogic" to be a commentary to A Compendium ofAll Dis­ states ofuplift and can possibly become the basis for freedom. One Hundred courses on Logic, yet he wrote, "I will elucidate its system." Master Dharmot­ Verses on Knowledge states: tara considered it to be a commentary to A Compendium ofAll Discourses on Logic, which is correct. Ifyou act well in human life, Among the four auxiliary treatises, none enlarge upon the chapter of . The road to the heavens will not be long. direct perception. Two works enlarge upon inferential reasoning (done for When you ascend the stairways of gods and humans, one's own benefit): Drops ofReasons, which defines logical entailments of Freedom will lie nearby. a subject's qualities in general; and Analysis ofRelations, which defines dif­ ficult logical entailments or proofs. Reasoningfar Debate enlarges upon the [Treatises for] judging human beings, horses, elephants, and so forth belong· chapter on aiding others and presents the subjects of the proponent and to this category. opponent in debate, and victory, defeat, and conclusion. Establishing Other Continuums presents that other minds can be understood from [their] speech and that this convention does not contradict the mind-only [per­ b' Treatises on Special Topics spective]. As that text states: Treatises on special topics are works that address the principal fields of knowledge. Ihe Ornament ofthe Discourses states: Seeing one's own body's acts Preceded by the mind, Page 155 44 - BUTON'S HISTORY OF BUDDHISM A BUDDHIST EDUCAT ION - 4 5 One can perceive this in others, and know their minds. The same text states: Mind-only has a similar method (of reasoning]. Who leads [others] to the teachings on the path of intellectual Tibetans who claim that these and other intellectual treatises belong to the theories collection ofobserved phenomena are incorrect since intellectual reasoning Has distanced themselves far from the Sage's doctrine and is found in treatises on logic, whereas observed phenomena are found in has been ruined. treatises on Buddhist knowledge. The Rational System ofExpos ition states: Nevertheless, should the characteristics of the Transcendent Buddha's teachings be altered, Therefore, due to conceptual analysis, It is reasonable to examine that case. Previous (lifetimes'] familiarization, not having performed [nonvircuous aces], Treatises on Sanskrit Grammar And not relying on scriptural
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