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Redalyc.INFLUENCE of RESETTLEMENT on PASTORAL LAND USE and LOCAL LIVELIHOODS in SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA

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Redalyc.INFLUENCE of RESETTLEMENT on PASTORAL LAND USE and LOCAL LIVELIHOODS in SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems E-ISSN: 1870-0462 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México Yonas, B.; Beyene, F.; Negatu, L.; Angassa, A. INFLUENCE OF RESETTLEMENT ON PASTORAL LAND USE AND LOCAL LIVELIHOODS IN SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 16, núm. 1, 2013, pp. 103-117 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93927469001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 16 (2013): 103 - 117 INFLUENCE OF RESETTLEMENT ON PASTORAL LAND USE AND LOCAL LIVELIHOODS IN SOUTHWEST ETHIOPIA [INFLUENCIA DEL REASENTAMIENTO SOBRE EL USO DE LA TIERRA DE PASTOREO EN LOS MODOS DE VIDA LOCALES EN EL SUROESTE DE ETIOPÍA] B. Yonas1, F. Beyene2, L. Negatu2 and A. Angassa1,3* 1Hawassa University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Ethiopia e-mail: [email protected] 2Haramaya University, Ethiopia 3Botanical Institute, University of Cologne *Corresponding author SUMMARY RESUMEN This study was conducted in southwest Ethiopia Este estudio se condujó en el suroeste de Etiopía with the aim of understanding the influence of con el objetivo de entender la influencia del resettlement on pastoral land use. Data were asentamiento sobre el uso de la tierra para pastoreo. collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and Los datos fueron colectados utilizando un focus group discussion. Respondents in non- cuestionario semiestructurado y grupos de resettled kebele reported that livestock keeping was discusion. Los respondientes no reasentados the main source of their livelihoods. Our results reportaron que el mantenimiento de la ganaderia showed that resettlement accelerated crop fue su principal modo de vida. Nuestros resultados cultivation and contributed to shifts in land use due mostraron que el reasentamiento aceleró la to the expansion of crop farming. Respondents agricultura y contribuyó a cambios en la tierra mentioned that the condition of grazing resources debido a la expansión de la agricultura de granja. and livestock economy were adversely affected. Los respondientes mencionaron que la condición de The community further claimed that ownership los recursos de pastoreo y economia ganadera se right and changes in resource use were additional afectaron negativamente. La comunidad dijo que deriving forces of conflict over resources. It was derivado de los conflictos sobre los uso sobre los also indicated that the deteriorating condition of recursos generaron derechos de propiedad y rangelands linked to resettlement greatly cambios en el uso de recursos. Se indicó también undermined local livelihoods and land tenure que el deterioro de los pastizales unido al security. Recognizing the livelihood strategy of reasentamiento diminuye en gran media los modos pastoral communalities and tenure security could de vida locales y la tenencia de la tierra. improve sustainable use of natural resources and Reconociendo la estrategia en los modos de la vida conservation of biodiversity. We suggest active de las comunidades pastorales y seguridad de los participation of the local community to minimize recursos se podría mejorar el uso sustentable de los the negative impacts of resettlement on the host recursos naturales y la conservación de la community, while implementing resettlement as a biodiversidad. Sugerimos la participación activa de strategy to secure food self sufficiency. A robust la comunidad local para minimizar el impacto understanding in planning and implementation of negativo del reasentamiento sobre la comunidad resettlement is needed in consolidating concerns of hospedera también implementar el reasentamiento the host community for minimizing conflict and como una estrategia de autosuficiencia alimentaria. securing land tenure. Se necesita tener un completo entendimiento en la planeación e implementación del reasentamiento Keywords: Resettlement; Rangeland Condition; enfocado hacia la comunidad hospedera para Conflict; Land Tenure minimizar los conflictos y la seguridad de la tierra. Palabras clave: Reasentamiento; Condicion de los pastizales; conflicto; tenencia de la tierra. INTRODUCTION flood) and anthropogenic factors associated with population growth and land degradation are often Natural disasters and anthropogenic factors are implicated for the displacement of people and usually believed to induce resettlements of people reasons for resettlement. Resettlement has become to relatively safer locations (Dessalegn, 2003; a dominant development discourse in many parts of Kassa, 2004). Natural disasters (e.g. drought and a developing world (Kassa et al., 2005; Asrat, 2006). With increased frequency of drought and 103 Yonas et al., 2013 famine, resettlement program is witnessed as a common property rights, local livelihood and major development agenda in Ethiopia during the resource management based on local perception. last few decades. Due to recurrent droughts and Focusing on the impact of state-sponsored increased population growth, most rural parts of the resettlement program in pastoral areas of country have remained relatively deprived with southwestern parts of Ethiopia, the objectives of successive poverty and food insecurity. In this study were: (1) Understanding human- addressing these critical problems, the Ethiopian environmental impacts of resettlement; (2) Government has been launched and exercising Assessing the role of traditional institutions in the various strategies as part of its rural development process of resettlement, adaptations and interactions policy. Recently, resettlement of rural communities among different ethnic groups; and (3) to various inhabitable areas is one of the many Understanding local strategies in terms of strategies as a key component of rural development coexistence of the host community with (Asrat, 2006). In general, implementation of newcomers, their livelihood conditions and resettlement schemes has been focused on pastoral resource management. lands where population densities are assumed to be low with more underutilized lands. In contrast, arid MATERIALS AND METHODS and semi-arid regions with the uncertainty of rainfall are more suitable for extensive livestock Study área production with frequent mobility to cope with the scarcity of resources than sedentary life. In dryland The study was conducted in Meinit-Shasha district ecosystems, pastoralism represents an important of Bench-Maji zone, Southern Nation Nationalities way of life in supporting millions of inhabitants and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), Southwest with no vacant land; where in reality pastoralists’ Ethiopia. It is located approximately 617 km way of life considerably endangered by southwest of Addis Ababa (the capital city of the resettlement of people. country) and covers an area of approximately 2770 km2. The altitude of the study district lies between The current study area is one of the typical 800 and 1500 m.a.s.l. with diverse landscapes examples of focal point for resettlement program of ranging from rolling plains to occasional hills and the country. The region is inhabited by pastoralists mountains (Yonas, 2010). The area receives a and agro-pastoralists, whose livelihoods have bimodal type of rainfall with an average annual largely dependent on livestock resources with no precipitation of 850 mm. The mean annual other alternatives. Furthermore, these inhabitants temperature varies from 20ºC to 40ºC (Yonas, are among the most marginalized and 2010). The natural vegetation of the area commonly disadvantaged of minority groups in southwestern consists of shrubs and grasses mix together with part of the country. For example, massive state numerous large trees (Entada abyssinica and sponsored resettlement programs have been taking Acacia species). The vegetation varies with rainfall place in Bench-Maji zone since the 1980s and from tropical montane rainforest to savanna expanded to the present study area as of early 2004 grasslands. However, the forest exists in very small (Yonas, 2010). According to Wolde-Selassie pockets with wild coffee to the west of the district. (2003), a vast resettlement program was being The total population of the area is estimated to implemented throughout Bench-Maji zone with a 44766 (FDRE, Population Census Commission, financial support from the regional Government. 2008). Earlier evidences (e.g. Elizabeth, 2003; Asrat, 2006) have also shown that in most parts of Survey design Ethiopia the socio-economic status of the rural community and environmental conditions have Two adjacent kebeles, with a total number of 686 suffered considerably as a result of resettlement (335 in Eara and 351 in Bass) households, were programs. Although much has been done on impact selected purposely for this particular study among of resettlement programs in terms of livelihood, 27 kebeles in Meinit-Shasha district. The first education, health, disintegration of settlers and their kebele (i.e., Bass) was selected because it was a adaptation to a new environment, nevertheless, focal point for the resettlement schemes of the information is scarcely available regarding impacts Ethiopian Government. The second kebele (Eara) of resettlement on the host community. It is also was adjacent to Bass, with a relatively similar
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