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Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Not to Be Confused with Daytime Protocol Or Time Protocol

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Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Not to Be Confused with Daytime Protocol Or Time Protocol From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with Daytime Protocol or Time Protocol. Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. In operation since before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. NTP was originally designed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware, who still oversees its development. NTP is intended to synchronize all participating computers to within a few milliseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).[1]:3 It uses a modified version of Marzullo's algorithm to select accurate time servers and is designed to mitigate the effects of variable network latency. NTP can usually maintain time to within tens of milliseconds over the public Internet, and can achieve better than one millisecond accuracy in local area networks under ideal conditions. Asymmetric routes and network congestion can cause errors of 100 ms or more.[2][3] The protocol is usually described in terms of a client-server model, but can as easily be used in peer-to-peer relationships where both peers consider the other to be a potential time source.[1]:20 Implementations send and receive timestamps using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 123.[4][5] They can also use broadcasting or multicasting, where clients passively listen to time updates after an initial round-trip calibrating exchange.[3] NTP supplies a warning of any impending leap second adjustment, but no information about local time zones or daylight saving time is transmitted.[2][3] The current protocol is version 4 (NTPv4), which is a proposed standard as documented in RFC 5905. It is backward compatible with version 3, specified in RFC 1305. 1History 2 Clock strata 3 Timestamps 4 Clock synchronization algorithm 5 Software implementations 5.1 Reference implementation 5.2 SNTP 5.3 Windows Time service 5.4 Ntimed 6 Leap seconds 7 Security concerns 8 See also 9Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links In 1979, network time synchronization technology was used in what was possibly the first public demonstration of Internet services running over a trans-Atlantic satellite network, at the National Computer Conference in New York. The technology was later described in the 1981 Internet Engineering Note (IEN) 173 and a public protocol was developed from it that was documented in RFC 778. The technology was first deployed in a local network as part of the Hello routing protocol and implemented in the Fuzzball, an experimental operating system used in network prototyping, where it ran for many years. Other related network tools were available both then and now. They include the Daytime and Time protocols for recording the time of events, as well as the ICMP Timestamp and IP Timestamp option (RFC 781). More complete synchronization systems, although lacking NTP's data analysis and clock disciplining algorithms, include the Unix daemon timed, which uses an election algorithm to appoint a server for all the clients; and the Digital Time Synchronization Service (DTSS), which uses a hierarchy of servers similar to the NTP stratum model. In 1985, NTPv0 was implemented in both Fuzzball and Unix, and the NTP packet header and round-trip delay and offset calculations, which have persisted into NTPv4, were documented in RFC 958. Despite the relatively slow computers and networks available at the time, accuracy of better than 100 milliseconds was usually obtained on Atlantic spanning links, with accuracy of 10s of milliseconds on Ethernet networks. In 1988, a much more complete specification of the NTPv1 protocol, with associated algorithms, was published in RFC 1059. It drew on the experimental results and clock filter algorithm documented in RFC 956 and was the first version to describe the client-server and peer-to-peer modes. In 1991, the NTPv1 architecture, protocol and algorithms were brought to the attention of a wider engineering audience with the publication of an article by David L. Mills in the IEEE Transactions on Communications. In 1989, RFC 1119 was published defining NTPv2 by means of a state machine, with pseudocode to describe its operation. It introduced a management protocol and cryptographic authentication scheme which have both survived into NTPv4. The design of NTP was criticized for lacking formal correctness principles by the DTSS community. Their alternative design included Marzullo's algorithm, a modified version of which was promptly added to NTP. The bulk of the algorithms from this NTP was originally designed by era have also largely survived into NTPv4. David L. Mills who still oversees its development. In 1992, RFC 1305 defined NTPv3. The RFC included an analysis of all sources of error, from the reference clock down to the final client, which enabled the calculation of a metric that helps choose the best server where several candidates appear to disagree. Broadcast mode was introduced. In subsequent years, as new features were added and algorithm improvements were made, it became apparent that a new protocol version was required.[6] In 2010, RFC 5905 was published containing a proposed specification for NTPv4, but the protocol has significantly moved on since then, and as of 2014, an updated RFC has yet to be published.[7] Following the retirement of Mills from the University of Delaware, the reference implementation is currently maintained as an open source project led by Harlan Stenn.[8][9] NTP uses a hierarchical, semi-layered system of time sources. Each level of this hierarchy is termed a The U.S. Naval Observatory "stratum" Alternate Master Clock at Schriever and is AFB (Colorado) is a stratum 0 source assigned a for NTP number starting with zero at the top. A server synchronized to a stratum n server will be running at stratum n + 1. The number represents the distance from the reference clock and is used to prevent cyclical dependencies in the Yellow arrows indicate a direct connection; red arrows hierarchy. Stratum is not always an indication of indicate a network connection. quality or reliability; it is common to find stratum 3 time sources that are higher quality than other stratum 2 time sources. Telecommunication systems use a different definition for clock strata. A brief description of strata 0, 1, 2 and 3 is provided below. Stratum 0 These are high-precision timekeeping devices such as atomic (cesium, rubidium) clocks, GPS clocks or other radio clocks. They generate a very accurate pulse per second signal that triggers an interrupt and timestamp on a connected computer. Stratum 0 devices are also known as reference clocks. Stratum 1 These are computers whose system clocks are synchronized to within a few microseconds of their attached stratum 0 devices. Stratum 1 servers may peer with other stratum 1 servers for sanity checking and backup.[10] They are also referred to as primary time servers.[2][3] Stratum 2 These are computers that are synchronized over a network to stratum 1 servers. Often a stratum 2 computer will query several stratum 1 servers. Stratum 2 computers may also peer with other stratum 2 computers to provide more stable and robust time for all devices in the peer group. Stratum 3 These are computers that are synchronized to stratum 2 servers. They employ exactly the same algorithms for peering and data sampling as stratum 2, and can themselves act as servers for stratum 4 computers, and so on. The upper limit for stratum is 15; stratum 16 is used to indicate that a device is unsynchronized. The NTP algorithms on each computer interact to construct a Bellman-Ford shortest-path spanning tree, to minimize the accumulated round-trip delay to the stratum 1 servers for all the clients.[1]:20 The 64-bit timestamps used by NTP consist of a 32-bit part for seconds and a 32-bit part for fractional second, giving a time scale that rolls over every 232 seconds (136 years) and a theoretical resolution of 2−32 seconds (233 picoseconds). NTP uses an epoch of January 1, 1900 so the first roll over will be in 2036.[11] Future versions of NTP may extend the time representation to 128 bits: 64 bits for the second and 64 bits for the fractional-second. The current NTPv4 format has support for Era Number and Era Offset, that when used properly should aid fixing date rollover issues. According to Mills, "the 64 bit value for the fraction is enough to resolve the amount of time it takes a photon to pass an electron at the speed of light. The 64 bit second value is enough to provide unambiguous time representation until the universe goes dim."[12][note 1] A typical NTP client will regularly poll three or more servers on diverse networks. To synchronize its clock with a remote server, the client must compute the round-trip delay time and the offset. The round-trip delay δ is computed as where Round trip delay time δ t0 is the client's timestamp of the request packet transmission, t1 is the server's timestamp of the request packet reception, t2 is the server's timestamp of the response packet transmission and t3 is the client's timestamp of the response packet reception. Therefore, t3 − t0 is the time elapsed on the client side between the emission of the request packet and the reception of the response packet and t2 − t1 is the time the server waited before sending the answer. The offset θ is given by[13] The calculated δ and θ are passed through filters and subjected to statistical analysis. Outliers are discarded and an estimate of time offset is derived from the best three remaining candidates.
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