This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rights reserved 10.1002/EEM2.12071 doi: thisarticle as todifferences between lead of thisversion andthe Version Record.Please cite paginationbeen throughthecopyediting, andproofreadingtypesetting, whichmay process, This article hasbeenaccepted forpublication and undergone fullpeer review buthasnot fields. of range wide a in applications of exploration the for and preparation, large-scale preparations, nanowires materials the in processes. development polymerization recent the structur crystal describe techniques, first analytical will we application-related which as in well as C of review a present we Here characterizations, nanomaterial. carbon novel this of investigations compositional and structural methods, growth the exploring to devoted been has effort Much applications. potential of range wide a properties, physical and chemical outstanding their to due decades Abstract: *Corresponding author email: UK Ireland, 5 China 430062, 4 China 3 Road, Xuzhou, 2 of BL3 Bolton, Bolton, Technologies, Environmental University 5AB, UK 1 :Review Article type ID:0000-0001- GENG (Orcid JUNFENG DR. 0000- ID: (Orcid DR. XH XIA School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 368 Youyi Road, Youyi 368 Wuhan, University, Hubei Engineering, and Science Materials of School 100081, Beijing, China, of University Minzu Sciences, Environmental and Life of College Shanghai 101 University, Normal Jiangsu Engineering, Chemical and Chemistry of School and Energy Renewable for Institute & Innovation, and Research Materials for Institute Accepted Belfast, Newtownabbey, University, Ulster Engineering, of School Article Xiao Fan, Fullerene (C characterization,and potential applications ’ growth as the mechanism research is of great importance for their size control, control, size their for importance great of is research mechanism the as growth ulrn (C Fullerene 1
Soin,Navneet 221116, China 60 0002 ) fewrs w wl dsus h mcaitc tde o the on studies mechanistic the discuss will we Afterwards,
aoie hv atatd infcn atnin n h ps two past the in attention significant attracted have nanowires 1,5
[email protected] 60 - 1332
Haitao Haitao Li, ) nanowires:the preparation - 9310) es, 6246 chemical compositions, and the investigations of of investigations the and compositions, chemical
2
Hua Li, -0342) -0342)
3
Xiaohong Xia, which render the material the render which 4
and Junfeng Geng BT37 0QB, Northern Northern 0QB, BT37 60 nanowires nanowires , 1 *
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved needle including forms crystalline different to leads lattices crystal the saturated direct and method growth solution 2 vehicles, transistors, emission includ which outlooks C application and characterization, structural growth, the on reports building effect confinement quantum potential applications potential nanostructure contro dicholobenzene solubility nanomaterials 3D and 2D 1D, units building spherical and isotropic small, structure cage a in arranged are which pentagons 12 and hexagons 20 of nodes the Å 7.1 of filters opto properties biological and chemical considerable attracted 1 Key words: fields, biological developments. and mechanical electrical, Finally . . 60
Introduction AcceptedPreparation Article
electronics, nanowires. , lled fullerelled 6 solution w wl dsus h p the discuss will we ,
hr are There forms crystalline various the Among ( Fullerene and , shows ,
18 unit n the in is C - f fullerene of 20
60 virucidal compound virucidal eie b atraig ige n dul bonds double and single alternating by defined
fullerene, fullerene, e
etc in s
solution to allow to solution
of optical limiter optical
loig o a for allowing
2 , and these
rwh may growth etc.
n hs eiw we review, this In eerh area research a nes is now possiblewithvarious
C oa cells, solar C antc and magnetic of C
currently truncated icosahedron structure. icosahedron truncated 60 , 60 15 , are of particular particular of are , is good, and good, is ), , C s cetfc n technological and scientific 16 first 60
eutn from resulting 60
n omn rai solvents organic common in
nanoprobes,
n nanowires, science nanowire applications anowires discovered discovered s two
3 4
. the
e undertaken be to , subsequent subsequent te cn be can they , tnil app otential
5 pia limiters optical The C
s
realize , htnc applications photonic photoconductors for solar energy devices, energy solar for photoconductors ways 60 7 liquid - a 9 crystal
etc potential potential large highlight 17 ih osbe plctos n areas in applications possible with ,
4
.
are alsoare in 1985 in
-
some , hi hg srae ra low area, surface high their ih rqec filters, frequency high iud nefca peiiain LI) method. (LLIP) precipitation interfacial liquid A interest sd for used 10
s industrial osrcin f higher of construction lications in several directions, including optical, optical, including directions, several in lications , C
growth. Incorporation of solvent molecules into into molecules solvent of Incorporation growth. 12 60
important aspects important
y lwy vprtn ognc solvent organic evaporating slowly by
regarded , s el as well as
molecule plctos f the of applications the 4 discussed by
,
wn to owing
products onthemarketproducts s el as well as 5
rprto of preparation
researchers of of It eet development recent
sensors, attention scale synthesis of high purity and purity high of synthesis scale consist . , , fullerenes 13
nano , as uh s toluene, as such ,
with a nuclear framework diameter framework nuclear a with in thispaper. 14 h psiiiy of possibility the the an
4 s
technology
There have been a number of of number a been have There .
10 wn to owing uiecn devices, luminescent of ir at the at 17
da zero ideal , our of nano of
11 , - 60 60 outstanding
n tree drug targeted and iesoa structure dimensional C
- aeil ol b many be could material C Since 60 eae inve related carbon atoms located at located atoms carbon University of Rice, of University pe 60 -
like
nanowires: rspectives - -
iesoaiy and dimensionality, architectonics. . its its nanowires -
n provide and
like - C iesoa (0D) dimensional and nanowire and 2 carbon
60 nqe physical, unique fuel cells, fuel
evn a 1D as serving lattice properties as molecules tgtos of stigations
ies as diverse the a 1D as , to disulfide 6 - ,
delivery
and
6 optical 11
future future
direct
field s 1
size -
in
The T like like
and ha are are i.e. the he a s - - , ,
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved applications in na t 2, nm. 30 than smaller widths had nanowires thinnest the while diameter in 100 and μm ~100 typically were nanowires 150 at h of evaporation of solution Fig needle 1 (Figure huge tens about of evaporation needle huge prepared 2 illumination conditions, method LLIP The and solvents two th of C ours .1 Accepted Article 60
ure hese C hese Direct s Direct
crystals. The volume of the unit cell has been demonstrated to increase with the increase the with increase to demonstrated been has cell unit the of volume The crystals. e molecular size of the solvent the of size molecular e
f millimetres of . rsas ultra crystals, 19 6 -
like
Wang Ogawa 1
°C months. A heat treatment heat A . (
b (a) 60
) C crystals. olution olution under )
. Th . 60 nanowires were g were nanowires A
t al. et ;
n co and non (b) SEM 27 large C ese noscale devices
60 C The size of the crystal the of size The vacuum be may - - - 60 27
g in lcrlss uestrtd solution supersaturated electrolysis ie wire fine auae m saturated ultra rprd individual prepared
rowth
needle
nanowires will grow at the liquid the at grow will nanowires - - length workers ie tutrs of structures like etc image -
fine nanowires w nanowires fine was then performed on these on performed then was
. modified by varying the solvents, solvent solvents, the varying by modified 17 condition condition m - like , - ethod 21 with ie rsas s ml a 5 nm 50 as small as crystals like rown on substrate on rown
of an ultra of an - 26 - bevd h asml of assembly the observed . xylene solution at room temperature over over temperature room at solution xylene C 28
60
. diameter
10
crysta
Different o 5 for s
- C was quite was fine ere - by obtained l 60 C 450 s
hours
60
f p to up of aoie o si on nanowires
considered t considered
nanowire
from this, a LLIP method would need to use to need would method LLIP a this, from nm crystals , which made them potential them made which , Te egh n daee o tee C these of diameter and length The .
, respectively. Most of them were 200 nm nm 200 were them of Most respectively. , diverse ranging diverse ~ of s C -
very slow evap slow very liquid interface of the two solvents. two the of interface liquid 0 μm 10 in the 60 ih ih set ratios aspect high with o have o
nanowires with nanowires C C 60
60 io ad ls sbtae by substrates glass and licon needle
n width in
(Fig n oun oe a eid of period a over toluene in
from the from ure - same like amount toluene oration of the toluene the of oration
1 ee also were As shown in Figure Figure in shown As micrometres to few to micrometres (
crystal a
structure structure a tubular furnace tubular a ) ) .
a ly Besides ratio, ouin and solution eid of period suitable sample
observed by as and the the and
in these slow .
27 the for
60 2
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved section. and quite be to found the around and wall cotton of growth plat plastic a with covered ratio aspect therefore, mm, 1.5 as long as nanowires the of some with length, (Figure C purity to C using position the that onthe substrate interlaced results the from of concentration thebychanging beadjusted can 500and than more nm 600 micrometre a and section cross s dichlorobenzene aluminium as used were diiodobenzene o m 2. Figure - -
Accepted Article on solution silicon cmxylene substrates (1 ×1cm)for (o 60 two
rtho
o may to contribute theformation of wire rtho Geng Ya 10
s 3 and 1 and or three or 60 , m ). These ). , -
30 o images SEM ) r efcet o the for efficient are
eta m , - s, while the two most dominant width distributions were within the ranges 100 ranges the within were distributions width dominant most two the while s, ol ee employed. were foil
odr 9.% i 1,2,4 in (99.9%) powder
et al. et
and p and reached reached t al. et - - ye solvents type 2 mm. The length The mm. 2 -
-
(mata nanobelt like nanowires like employed C olution from unusual ara
60 rprd og C long prepared
broad
- ot ae o the of area mouth nanowires were typically 100 typically were nanowires ~ type solvents. type -
3000 of ) ags report, Wang’s p , s
s joined along the growth direction to give a V a give to direction growth the along joined s . By comparing . , with each nanowire being compo being nanowire each with ,
C
on a silicon substrate were observed to have a hexagonal a have to observed were substrate silicon a on e on the top the on e - 60 width distribution distribution width ,
. a similar method to prepare to method similar a
10 solvents and a variety of substrates including silicon, glass and glass silicon, including substrates of variety a and solvents
which (para nanowires prep nanowires
C The solution was aged in a glass vial which was loosely loosely was which vial glass a in aged was solution The
29 with a with - 60 to
- Fullerene - aoie wie o wire no while nanowires
) 60 width aspect ratios of these these of ratios aspect width T are are - ihooezn, m dichlorobenzene,
he chemical affinity of the aromatic solvent molecules solvent aromatic the of affinity chemical he rmtybnee (1,2,4 trimethylbenzene nanowires . golden 28 With aromatic
vial
the growth C 60 . aoie otie from obtained nanowires ared by evaporating 0.1 mL of the saturated C saturated the of mL 0.1 evaporating by ared -
- like C
The the brown colour brown ranging aoie wr grown were nanowires
by slow com morphology - 50 60
using lw vprto o sltos f high of solutions of evaporation slow
crystals. 0 nm in diameter and 200 and diameter in nm 0 pounds
rm es of tens from evaporation C
( a 60 -
differentsolvent p , )
nanowires on substrates on nanowires 1 h sed of sed was found on the upper internal upper the on found was - ie crystal like
- 29 - irmbnee n m and dibromobenzene ih substituents with
TMB) and (
of these these of C the large the 60
a prism a C
of wires varied from 10 to to 10 from varied wires b 60 nanometre )
t room at solvent, an abundant abundant an solvent, the 1.5 h in solution. Differentin either - were s C
or Y or st 60 s - C , like central core central like
. length wasobserved it 28 60 aoie was nanowires
- - separately
auae m saturated shaped cross shaped -
s obtained temperature 1000
at to several several to
-
to ad 3 and 1 wherein - shaped - μm width - p ,
by or in in 60 - - - -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved however, Y The reactor the process. of wall the from collected the nanowires of diameter accelerate to vertically placed was clip crystal foldback metal a by held card paper hard A wet. reactor the of wall the keep to day a times several shaken was reactor The prevent to thus and level saturation its than lower slightly process componentsection andthetwo within nanobelts nanowireeach togethe nanowire the of end ridge. crystal the along nanobelts component two the with of evaporation Figure -
Accepted is which section cross shaped Article s hu n co and Zhou
3 grew both on the surface of the reactor and the paper card. It It card. paper the and reactor the of surface the on both grew wherein .
was (a) not E iae f the of image SEM C
60 1,3,5
observed solution - workers - M ws de diy o anan h cnetain f C of concentration the maintain to daily added was TMB
in 1,2,4 in r with the crystal ridge. (d) (d) ridge. crystal the with r in
prepared C 60
h cmo morphology common the /1,3,5 vrl mrhlg o the of morphology overall - trimethylbenzene C - M nnwrs Te diameter The nanowires. TMB 60 / 1,3,5
- TMB . (b) SEM image of a single nanowire single a of image SEM (b) .
nanowires nanowires TEM image of the V the of image TEM
its precipitation its (c) (c) varie
of . 10 SEM image of the of image SEM
C
C d 60
60
from 350 nm to 750 nm. 750 to nm 350 from via /1,2,4 aoie peae by prepared nanowires
a s wa
- slow evaporation evaporation slow TMB nanowires, nanowires, TMB f h nanowires the of in the solution. the in s
found that the the that found - shaped cross cross shaped V 60 - shaped shaped
to be be to
31
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved liquids. the between tension interfacial the by liquid the at difference pressure (i) to: due occurs pressure interfacial fullerene of polymerization of solution were system nanowires tetragonal(bct) centered model of the of image kV) (200 TEM (b) method. Figure to 4000 thickness C of quantity large a obtain to bottles glass C an with sealed was bottle then and 99.5%) and toluene agent. precipitation solvent as dimethylbenzene) precipitation interfacial 2 than thosefrom thereactor wall. card paper the from collected .2 Liquid Accepted Article60
needle
investigated. I
vros ovns uh s oun, dichloromethane toluene, as such solvents various , Several Miyazawa 4 different with a concentration of 0.3 mass% C mass% 0.3 of concentration a with were foundouttobesingle es . IPA I odr to order In . - - (a) SEM micrographs of the needle the of micrographs SEM (a)
like crystals like liquid C of about 10 nm, diameter nm, 10 about of P sse ws are ot s olw A oun slto o C of solution toluene A follow: as out carried was system IPA 60
was gently added gently was
strategies to strategies and a poor solvent poor a and
icste o the of viscosities i t al. et nterfacial n themethod, is LLIP there 11 , 22 ,
32
grew td te eedne f C of dependence the study
(LLIP) (LLIP) , 33 succeeded in preparing preparing in succeeded aluminium
modify the LLIP method were method LLIP the modify h poeue f rprn C preparing of procedure The
and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or tert or (IPA) alcohol isopropyl and p varie out C recipitation (LLIP) 60 on top of the solution solution the of top on
ehd wt tlee r m or toluene with method, . Beakers of 100 m 100 of Beakers .
C
d molecules and thus enhances the polymerization. The The polymerization. the enhances thus and molecules of
crystalline and composedof thinslabs 60
from 150 nm to 2 μm with a wider diameter distribution diameter wider a with μm 2 to nm 150 from
two
s kept and foil nanowire C
of about 250 nm and nm 250 about of 60
C
liquids 34 which provides additional energy required for the for required energy additional provides which 60
60 nanowire Th 60
- an pressure between interfacial solvent agood
needle
polymerized “2+2” cycloaddition via like erefore, was prepared and poured into a glas a into poured and prepared was
and undisturbed C m C 60 L 60 - ethod 60
s with different diameters. (c) A body A (c) diameters. different with s (ii) Laplace pressure pressure Laplace (ii) like crystals. The crystals. like
aoie rwh n h two the on growth nanowire volume volume to form a liquid a form to
nanowire nanowire increasing
60 employed ,
a length a hexane nanowire - yee (meta xylene were also used also were at room temperature room at - b uig liquid a using by s butyl alcohol (TBA) as (TBA) alcohol butyl s in a beaker by the LLIP LLIP the by beaker a in s
- - n ter combinations their and the for the synthesis of synthesis the for to liquid interface liquid by s - -
liquid interface. The interface. liquid diameter C
( difference 60 Figure Figure - LP ehd in method LLIP
xylene, nanowire eas of because
instead of instead 60
4 ratio ( ) uiy of purity
.
until the until 22 - s bottle s r 1,3 or solvent of . caused caused
- 22 s liquid of up up of
with
C C the the the 60 60 - -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved Acceptedthan of growth axial the promoted of effect the effect the the control to pathway a providing the of diameter the while water, of addition the H % of use nanowire the into water of amount toluene of ratio volume which diameter, ratio solvent the by affected enormously out. Article carried was 7:1 and 1:7 between IPA method. LLIP liquids for thepolymerization of in CS fullerene or pressure external any without tens fullerene obtained 24 for window The bath. ice using the into system carbon the prove probably solubilities 2 of that O) with a ratio of 1:1 of ratio a with O)
this assumption, this
C and contentwater onthegrowth of micrometres.
and Miyaza 60 C
of s
le the alter of . In . 60 - saturated toluene solution and solution toluene saturated
disulfide (CS disulfide in first obtained p obtained first - H
saturated CS saturated impurities of water contained in the C the in contained water of impurities D 2 24 order to confirm this catalytic effect catalytic this confirm to order O the 2
2 a n Hotta and wa
O
a abet rsue 1 t) o grow to atm) (1 pressure ambient at h
which sre o experiments of series A possibly owingtothe increase two solvents will i will solvents two to nanowires opooy n srcue f h rslig ulrn nanostructures fullerene resulting the of structure and morphology
They water on the axial growth of the of growth axial the on water 5 at stored was mixture markedly increased the liquid theincreasedmarkedly Sathish and Miyazawa prepared Miyazawa and Sathish to 2 d nanowires 2 C ) and IPA system IPA and )
observed the observed artially polymerized artially 60 with mL) (1 solution IPA showed was showed IPA . They found that the length of the of length the that found They . /toluene/IPA system was observed to promote the growth of growth the promote to observed was system /toluene/IPA
ranged also C the increase of the volume ratio of toluene to IPA to toluene of ratio volume the of increase the 60
photo
nanowire . investigated 25 length mprove between 300 nm to 1 μm and the and μm 1 to nm 300 between
deuterium effect. isotope - fullerene polymerization at the at polymerization fullerene irradiation
a mixture of mixture a , sn vros ovn vlm rto o tlee to toluene of ratios volume solvent various using C
- to and in a 50 a in s, but the effect was effect the but s, 60
instead of the commonly used toluene used commonly the of instead T
found to be to found - the interfacial pressure interfacial the
he diameter ratio diameter nano
C nanowire C n n nuao wt transparent with incubator an in °C the h efcs f h slet ratio solvent the of effects the 60 growth
60
wires of water, experiments were experiments water, of and nanowires mL glass bottle at bottle glass mL / nanowires - toluene/IPA liquid interfacial pressure liquid interfacial IPA confirmed C C
C
s remained s in andthe toluene of 60 60 1:1 60
and
nanowire nanowires.
C
nanowires of ( . 60 Figure Figure IPA (4 mL) was slowly added slowly was mL) (4 IPA
C grew longer above a critical critical a above longer grew
H C
nanowires 60 system, they system, found 2 60
O that the high solubility of solubility high the that nanowire
nanowires
nearly the same the nearly , and consequently, consequently, and , s (no more than 2.5 mass 2.5 than more (no 5
a temperature of 5 of temperature a using LLIP method in in method LLIP using
) . The . liquid
. ir The addition of D of addition The to be to A
length w length
ddition of a small small a of ddition IPA was
s increased with increased s - imtr f the of diameter
liquid interface interface liquid a little weaker little a
also also .
was performed
system using system using To eli To
on t be to found of the two two the of . The best The .
a compared sufficient s , thereby , and several min plastic . IPA will
C ate To °C °C 2 by O 60
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved limitsupper and diameters of dependence nuclei crystal dia their and lengths reactor the with mL used. were with sizes different ratio ( growth time of24hat the Figure Acceptedbottle glass Article
C and of toluene and IPA and toluene of 60 Moreover, Miyazawa and co and Miyazawa Moreover,
5 80 mL respectively. respectively. mL 80 nanowire . SEM micrographs SEM The volumes of solutions solutions of volumes The ) with the of with the increasing
was and the volume the and
length h sz of size the size
fre a dfeet ovn vlm rto o tlee n IA o the for IPA and toluene of ratios volume solvent different at formed s estimated to be 5.02 μm in length and 387 nm in diameter diameter in nm 387 and length in μm 5.02 be to estimated inner diameter inner
meters - n tu te ouin volume solution the thus and to 20 - in the experiments the in ° width C . Toluene: IPA (v/v) = (a) 1:7, =(a) IPA(v/v) 1:3 (b) 1:5,(c) . Toluene: 1:1 and (d)
eae wider became C (left) The
60 of the solution solution the of ais o the for ratios
nanowire
average average and the relationship between length and diameter (right) of (right) diameter and length between relationship the and the solution the solution volume. s
- of 10 mm, 12.5 mm, 18.0 mm, 27.0 mm and 36.5 mm 36.5 and mm 27.0 mm, 18.0 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 of workers inside these bottles were 1.5 mL, 3.0 mL, 8.0 mL, 20.0 20.0 mL, 8.0 mL, 3.0 mL, 1.5 were bottles these inside o te ouin volume. solution the on s
lengths and diameters of diameters and lengths
( was Figure
studied
on C 60 kept the
nanowires hwvr te itiuin f oh their both of distribution the however, , 6 ) growth at . the of influence the 35 h ma sz o the of size mean The
1:1.
Five transparent glass bottles glass transparent Five
of smttcly prah their approach asymptotically C 60
C nanowires 60 The The
nanowire size average average by
C
. of the of analysing
60 T
s increased s he volume he nanowires . 24 lengths, lengths, reactor reactor
the the of
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved bottlesglass C the of those than uniformity better showed and length C using C and b) (a, inlets delivery C nanowires to these solve the slow, quite is equation is the equationis curve fitted The (x). bottle the Figure 60 60 60
Acceptedgas Article
size C nanowires in toluene were delivered were toluene in nanowires
60 - glass syringe glass liquid, gas liquid,
H
nanowires 6 of the of . owever, the glass glass the owever,
. Lee . (a) Mean lengths of the of lengths Mean (a)
y problems width ,
~ while
it
C by LLIP method for the first time first the for method LLIP by − was et al. et 60 usually
- 400 gas, and liquid and gas,
of these these of nanowires (y) plotted relative to the inner diameter of the bottle (x). The fitted The (x). bottle the of diameter inner the to relative plotted (y)
s their shapes
bevd n the in observed connected to a syringe pump syringe a to connected , microchannel reactors which have many advantages in the applications the in advantages many have which reactors microchannel ,
exp(− us ed takes
two
a bottle
C x/17.6) silicon microchannel reactor of Y of reactor microchannel silicon
for special applications cannot be controlled by controlled be cannot applications special for 60 outlets (c, d) (c, outlets
more than more in succession in
were nanowires -
liquid mixing liquid synthesis method has many drawbacks. Firstly, drawbacks. many has method synthesis
C
+ 60
almost 800 perpendicular
nanowires
one week to obtain stable obtain to week one . 35 y
is
which
~
the same 60 in illustrated −
to inlet (a) and (b) of the reactor respectively reactor the of (b) and (a) inlet to
nanowires synthesized by LLIP method using using method LLIP by synthesized nanowires have been have 12
(y) plotted relative to the inner diameter of of diameter inner the to relative plotted (y) ( at a flow rate of 2000 of rate flow a at
ee esrd o be to measured were Figure Figure exp(− ieto o te ecin interface. reaction the of direction .
in
x/18.7)
7 employed in employed Figure 7 Figure ) . 17 -
type micromixer type The reactor with two with reactor The
+
17 (a). C 60 . (b) Mean diameters of diameters Mean (b) .
the preparation of preparation the IPA and IPA nanowires
µL/h 0 µ and µm 200 t . his method. To method. his The growth of of growth The
to synthesize to a
. Secondly, . process the solution of solution reactant reactant
µm 2 curve The The C 60
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved 2 1 no. Reactor glass of lengths average and numbers 1. Table for thelaserbeam obtain 532nmto wavelength thephoto of time temperature exposure the and density power beam laser Raman the ( illumina optimum of growth the affect would light the of polarity and wavelength that and nanowires, that concluded They 1. Table in shown as conditions illumination of kinds four under operated were experiments ratio nm 250 about of diameter a with of growth the that LLIP in reported of growth the influence in only not light by method theobtained the LLIP in microchannel reactor C Figure Figure Figure
Accepted Article60
nanowires
ece ~ reached substrate method at 21 at method Kato and Miyazawa and Kato is It 7 8
. ) Four kinds of illumination conditions for the growth of growth the for conditions illumination of kinds Four . Illumination Dark Nucleation period Illumination conditions
(
a . It It . known that several )
Block diagram of the microchannel reactor. (b) Optical microscope picture of picture microscope Optical (b) reactor. microchannel the of diagram Block s synthesized at a liquid a at synthesized
.
was 26 4000.
oi bt lo in also but solid in odto cud ed to lead could condition tion
C °C literatures. found 60 illumination contributed to both the nucleation and the and nucleation the both to contributed illumination
using weak room light (fluorescent light) as a light source light a as light) (fluorescent light room weak using nanowires was promoted under illumination under promoted was nanowires o xmn te fet f ih o te rwh f C of growth the on light of effect the examine To h caatrsis of characteristics the C with a wavelength wavelength a with 60
C
that an energy dose larger than about 1520 J/mm 1520 about than larger dose energy an that molecules arechemically polymerized under irradiation withlaser
investigated 60
40 Dark Dark Growth period nanowire - 42 as
Tachibana synthesized Tachibana reached a length of length a reached
- prepared solutions. - liquid interface. (c) SEM micrograph of micrograph SEM (c) interface. liquid s. the photo the y sn a using by
of 532 nm 532 of Photo
C 26
60 the ,
36
- longer longer nanowire a - -
40 polymerization of polymerization sse plmrzto of polymerization ssisted illumination light, light, illumination
182 129 numberTotal Grown Thus
aa setoee i ar t room at air in spectrometer Raman at various at 1 mm 1
. nanowire 17 C ,
s - 60 t s xetd ht h lgt can light the that expected is it C polymerized with
60 nanowire and t and
nanowire
C in C exposure conditions exposure s
60 60 .
hus their length their hus 26 areas of areas
with
nanowire
C nanowire 10 13 Average The longest The 60 s
including
nanowire by C s atr rwh rate growth faster
60 60
a 2 0.6 mm 0.6
nanowire
aoie, the nanowires, s, and s, was necessary necessary was length growth of growth s C photo C
60 and thus and 60
and proved proved and
s nanowires nanowire a been has - intensity, by - to the 2
assisted (
s. - on the on
of width using m) 43 total
C
the the
60 s
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved betterand thus, separation besought. methods needto nanorods method LLIP by C at 17K. nanowires 200 at heated was mixture The tube quartz a in mixed were the of an nm 540 of diameters overall of absorption the the matrix of C C mass% 12.4 from ranged solutions have m using LLIP components. nanowire light fluorescent Figure 4 3
Accepted60 Article
nanowires synthesized C synthesized C T Takeya can method LLIP 46 8 60 he LLIP he , s (~7000) star showing .
.
Illumination Dark as well as some as well as
E iae of images SEM n The as The anowires and 1.8 mg of potassium of mg 1.8 and anowires Miyazawa -
than evaporation method evaporation than xylene xylene 60
et al. et
was estimated to be 13.7 mass%.was estimated 13.7 tobe - still remains a problem. Long and thin thin and Long problem. a remains still t 21 at potassium - based methods are are methods based prepared K prepared 60
- have C or pyridine as the solvent the as pyridine or
70
℃ et al. et
nanowires nanowires
C () Bund (a) . prepared e sd o te ytei o fleee aoie wt multiple with nanowires fullerene of synthesis the for used be
C 60 to (
60
inner diameter of 5 mm 5 of diameter inner - crystals with other other with crystals have Illumination Illumination doped d length d C
- nanowire like withsix shapes ° 60 C
nanowires obtained by LLIP method. LLIP by obtained nanowires
prepared C prepared using various ratios ofC various ratios using superconducting o 1 for 70 C led more
60 C mass% 73.4 to s of 4.43 of s . However, .
nanowires were nanowires gon by grown s C -
6 i a eeti oven electric an in h 36 60 suitable for quick and large and quick for suitable
nanowire
60
for C for - with a resulting a with shapes C 45 m were filtrated and dried up dried and filtrated were m the 70
-
fold symmetry. 233 115
potassium
two ) 60
LLIP method under illumination with with illumination under method LLIP
uniformity of the uniformityof (50) (b (~5000). s which was then sealed at 3 at sealed then was which -
70
C are all mixed together in the solution, in mixedtogether all are
C - . shown to display to shown 70 component fullerene nanowires fullerene component
60 The solid solubility limit of C of limit solubility solid The
mixture
70 nanowires, short and thi and short nanowires,
to C
(K)
molar ratio of K/ of ratio molar 60 - 26
doped . Cos etos of sections Cross ) and IPA. and
o ban K obtain to
232 98 The composition of the The composition of the -
scale preparation for preparation scale C
C 60 60 superconductivity C
crystals obtained crystals
60 nanowires with nanowires 44
nanowires by nanowires
in air in Konno - doped C
60 10 . 10 mg 10 . ck C60 ck
= 3.3 3.3 = - et al. et 3 70
C C Pa. Pa.
by in in 60 60
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved Å, and of structure crystal the these that revealed directions [100] and [010], [001], the down recorded patterns SAED the and [100] and [010] of projections the on viewed images HRTEM The sensitive. beam electron w images nanowires. C patterns (FFT) by studied also was nanowires thickness t the that indicated results AFM evaporati 3 nanowires these (AFM) microscopy force atomic microscopy length 3 a handfulofreportsonthe study of composition chemical the study to employed been liquid (GC spectrometry X of structure (SEM), microscope (XRD) electron diffraction scanning powder (TEM), microscopy electron transmission way of characterization nanowires fullerene applications, 3 e aoie wt dfeet ie wr lre ta ter thicknesses their than larger were sizes different with nanowires he .1.1 Microscopy .1 Nanowire . 60
Accepted Article Characterization
nanowires were single crystalline with a face nanowires weresingle crystalline witha C of how how of - chromatography (HPLC) chromatography to c Geng Wang C a get To 60
= 25.6Å. - 60
- of on ere width aspect ratio as large as 4000. Due to the small size of size small the to Due 4000. as large as ratio aspect width nanowires was orthorhombic, with the u the with orthorhombic, was nanowires to
10 nanowires are wire are nanowires ,
-
it rto a etmtd o be to estimated was ratio width C obtained high The the t al. et 60 al. et m . Both the Both . a solution of solution a C ,
more profound more
orphology and and nanowires. nanowires.
60 properties such as morphology, structure and chemical composition of composition chemical and structure morphology, as such properties - t - selected area electron diffraction (S diffraction electron area selected
resolution echniques MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT spectroscopy infrared transform Fourier MS), C
oeue i the in molecules 60 these utilized examined
by controlling the beam brightness since the specimen was found to be be to found was specimen the since brightness beam the controlling by must
nanowires is to study their morphology, crystalline structure and the and structure crystalline morphology, their study to is nanowires
of C of high will be detailwill below discussedin
Rmn spectroscopy Raman ,
be te aayia tcnqe sc a gs chromatography gas as such techniques analytical Other C lcrn microscopic electron 60 HRTEM - - 60 resolution TEM (HRTEM) TEM resolution
like 1 like
TEM diffraction data analysed using using analysed data diffraction TEM , C understanding of understanding n
h mrhlg of morphology the
s of analyze
and thermal and in m in 60 tructure are employed to observe the morphology and structure of structure and morphology the observe to employed are anowires
the nanowires had a rectangular cross section cross rectangular a had nanowires - D structure with a length up to a few millimetres and a and millimetres few a to up length a with structure D -
xylene on silicon substrate silicon on xylene mechanical o netgt te rsaln srcue f h C the of structure crystalline the investigate to nanowires ad understood. and d
gravimetric (
Figure Figure - ~ centered cubic (fcc) centered cubic (fcc) structure. C nit cell dimensions of dimensions cell nit 0.45.
and electrical 60 ehius uh s SEM as such techniques have get
nanowires and nanowires C C 9 AED) patterns and the and patterns AED) 60 60
( h cytl tutr o the of structure crystal The
a oyeie. Optical polymerized. nanowires.
all nanowires )
a
. and FFT images showed that the that showed images FFT and and nalysis
en used been n motn apc o the of aspect important An ( b properties )
) by (TGA) method (TGA)
of the of to ( However, Figure ht were that F -
using using IR), C ast ast explore their their explore
60 a o characterize to
and ,
= 10.2 Å, 10.2 = Fourier
C nanowires, optical optical nanowires, h of C 60 igh 9 AFM. and SEM
and
, ordered lattice lattice ordered (
crystal lattices crystal 28
there are only are there c
60 the widths of widths the - )
performance prepa microscopy h average the ,
nanowires (
TEM T d have ransform potential ) b
and e by red se = 20.5 20.5 = - , mass mass
also also - and C C ray the ( e 60 60 60 . ) ,
)
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved Acceptedsame of asthat thetwo SAED Y overall an give possessed length the and µm, direction growth of characterization the orthorhombic uni the and nanowires corners) the indicate arrows The planes. (right (020) D and (002), C noise (001), B background the removing structure the of projections corresponding after images computer are corresponding (b) and (a) in insets The respectively. directions, [100] and [010] the Figure Article
on the the on n the In 9 .
. (c . a TEM image of the of image TEM
prism , d and d , ir C
60 were ae rsac, iia aayia tcnqe were techniques analytical similar research, later -
- like central core and three nanobelt three and core central like nanowires hpd rs section cross shaped - the to t cell,respectively e) SAED patterns viewed patterns SAED e)
- also - width aspect ratio was estimated as large as estimated was ratio aspect width wing nanowires. C 60 observed. The length of the ofthe length The observed.
aoie. 1D nanowires. te rsa structure crystal the , C 60
nanowires. (a nanowires. . 10 30
s hw in shown as
. The .
C 60
along d
, aorsas ih he nanobelt three with nanocrystals -
spacings are indicated by using the A (100), (100), A the using by indicated are spacings b) HRTEM images of the nanowires along nanowires the of images HRTEM b)
a determined was
the [001], [010], and [100] zone axis of axis zone [100] and [010], [001], the Figure s C
joined along the growth direction to to direction growth the along joined 60
nanowires wastypically nanowires 1 0
growth directions growth . By applying HRTEM and and HRTEM applying By .
as ~ as
o e rhrobc the orthorhombic, be to 3000. These nanowires nanowires These 3000. employed for the the for employed s
of the of ~2 ln the along - created 00
- 600 C 60
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved value structure solvent nanowires pattern XRD of which nm 1.018 = The TEM. the that a and microscope optical nanowires ordinary an using performed were in method LLIP 3 the sample(a grid Figure Accepted.1.2 X Article
of
- Minato and Miyazawa and Minato 1
C ray ray oeue i air, in molecules the pristine
0 into 60 .
reached several tens of tens several reached during the drying process. drying the during
TEM images of a thick but broken nanowire recorded with varied tilting angles of angles tilting varied with recorded nanowire broken but thick a of images TEM p nanowire owd
a
fcc er - n time on a d) toshow morphology theoverall nanobelt andthe three was
structure with a with structure d C C iffraction iffraction (XRD) s had a hexagonal structure with structure hexagonal a had s 60 60
different from different -
auae m saturated ( Figure Figure
h structure the was
characterized the structure of structure the characterized 1 also also 1 ) micrometre .
- lattice constant of constant lattice yee n IA system. IPA and xylene tde to studied
that that It was found that within 69 min 69 within that found was It
f the of of
the pristine pristine the s. Both TEM and XRD measurement XRD and TEM Both s.
C investigate investigate 60
nanowires lattice constants of constants lattice
a = 1.420 nm which was close to close was which nm 1.420 = a
C 60
(a = 1.415 = (a h change the C 33
60 transformed
opooia observations Morphological
nanowire
nm) of the evaporation of evaporation the of
n structure in a = 2.407 nm and c and nm 2.407 = a s prepared by the by prepared s -
. The dependence dependence The . like wings from a solvated solvated a from
egh f the of length s
showed of . 30
C the 60
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved forthepartialpolymerizationcause of C was were phase ± the of distortion phase C mass% nanowire method peaks indicated byopen correspondcircles the to min Figure
Acceptednm.0.005 Article ,
a and (b) and
=1.4337 ± 0.011 nm. 0.011 ± =1.4337 ee bevd n h C the in observed were Konno 1 using various ratios of C of ratios various using s (the latter was made by using by made was latter (the s 1 70 . )
R pten of patterns XRD observed in C in observed Peaks corresponding to corresponding Peaks ar 69 e shown in shown e t al. et
min fcc
, phase
for synthesized
sampling from the glass bottle. (c) XRD pattern of pristine of pattern XRD (c) bottle. glass the from sampling
Figure 1 Figure 60 and
- It was It C C 70 the calculated lattice constant lattice calculated the 60 60
70
nanowires. The nanowires.
h two the nanowire
nanowires 2 to C to suggested . Peaks corresponding to corresponding Peaks . an
fcc 60 60
. a solution a 45
-
molecules component phase and
s XRD patterns of both of patterns XRD .
made that T
he
fcc calculated the addition of C of addition the
tr of C of in
. structure of
a
phase
C C tr 60
60 60 phase as well as a rhombohedralaswell ( a as phase
/m - and C
- 70 lattice constant of the of constant lattice was of the of yeeIA system xylene/IPA an
C fullerene
70 C fcc
sue t be to assumed 60 C with a concentration of 24 of concentration a with 70 fcc
. 60 phase and a triclinic ( triclinic a and phase 33
molecules
nanowire
phase was phase nanowire s and C and s
might after
a formed by by formed by s
fcc = C
60 1.4227
a 29 (a) be 60 phase LLIP . The . -
C the the tr rh 70 ) ) This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved literature. in to believed was which in CS the to due the in molecules CS the in reported, as system in observed was the in molecules 58.3° = γ 52.3°, = β phase the with was incubation was nanowire system. prepared 1 Figure
Acceptedgrowths. Article lattice constant lattice
several that of that 2
with lattice constants lattice with
and IPA I prepared Miyazawa and Sathish 25 t
2
s showed that the diamete the that showed s using amotherwith solution acomposition of
is 2 . relatively
h fed msin cnig lcrn irsoy (FE microscopy electron scanning emission field The
XRD patterns of (a) C (a) of patterns XRD
and notedthat
Table 2 Table pristine pristine tens tens . IPA system IPA obtained
nanowires C aoie peae i a toluene a in prepared nanowires of 60 was determined to be to determined was
C there high is a summary of the crystal structures crystal the of summary a is
micrometres were 60 nanowires a range of arange
be a result from different from result a be . Peaks corresponding to corresponding Peaks
interfacial forcesinterfacial cause sn XD ih CuK with XRD using wa
also . They . of might be takin be might s a s
a
.
observed more obvious more = 1.033(2) nm, 1.033(2) =
different 60 W The . r of the C the of r
drew a conclusion a drew nanowire hile
XRD only a slightly polymerized phase of phase polymerized slightly a only
C , which indicated the partial polymerization of polymerization partial the indicated which , a crystal g place at the at place g 60
= 1.416 ± 0.003 nm 0.003 ± 1.416 =
60 s nanowire ,
pattern
nanowire polymerized phase polymerized and (b) the C the (b) and b d by the large differencein the d large by an
growth method growth structures
= 0.971(1) nm, 0.971(1) =
radiation
fcc and
of s that that phase C
s was 300 nm to 1 μm and the length the and μm 1 to nm 300 was s
by C P sse o a benzene a or system IPA 60 the
60 -
of fullerene of
w 24mass% C the partial partial the
LLIP - 60
se ( saturated CS saturated as were observed in observed were iue 1 Figure - C
C found in fullerenenanowires, in found . Peaks . s 70
60 c
or use of different solvents solvents different of use or
ehd in method in two
= 1.127(3) nm, α = 53.7°, = α nm, 1.127(3) = nanowire C
- 3 -
E) mg o C of image SEM) polymerization of polymerization 60
nanowires reported in reported nanowires component ) corresponding to corresponding 70
nanowires prepared prepared nanowires n te compared then and . 2 45
and IPA interface IPA and solubilitiesof
atr 4 h 24 after s a C C CS 60 60
2 nanowires, nanowires, nanowire molecule
and and
IPA IPA IPA IPA a C C C
of 60 60 tr 60 60 s s ,
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved to corresponding spectroscopy in bonding intermolecular C of polymerization and substances 3 method theC in 1 Figure C C C C C C C C Main Table 2. .1.3 Raman 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Accepted Articleomposition
and C aa setocp i a sfl ehiu fr dniiain f wd rne of range wide a of identification for technique useful a is spectroscopy Raman 3
70 structu Crystal .
XRD patterns of (a) of patterns XRD
s
t 9 K n air in K 294 at pectroscopy 60 /CS pwru to to tool powerful a A g Evaporation Method Growth LLIP LLIP LLIP LLIP Evaporation Evaporation (2) 2 /IPA system. 60
mode reduced significantly while that of that while significantly reduced mode res offullereneres nanowires
oeue in molecules
C A son in shown As . 60
pristine C pristine
25 nanowire
CS2 and IPA toluene and IPA toluene and IPA IPA m 1,2,5 1,2,4 m Solvent - -
yee and xylene xylene analyze C
60 - - 60 TMB TMB
powder
peae by prepared s
aoie. Tachibana nanowires.
iue 1 Figure
C
made methods. bydifferentgrowth 60 ,
and (b) and
, 28 , F R f f H O O (fcc) Face Structure
cc cc 4 cc hombohedral (rh) hombohedral exagonal rthorhombic rthorhombic 39 ,
, tr, , triclinic(tr) , , tr the
- C 47 centred
60 LLIP -
50 ek nest a 16 cm 1468 at intensity peak
nanowire
, fcc of studies including 1458 cm 1458
method
t al et
cubic s obtained by LLIP by obtained s
- . examined the the examined . 1
increased using 25 45 45 33 30 10 2 Reference
8
Raman Raman
with with
the the - 1
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved was microstructure carbon disordered new a and formed, was which lost was structure crystalline original nanowires these Following cm 1458 to pristine observed. of number powder section cross shaped mW/mm K 294 at mode pinch 1 Figure Waals der only weakvan forces. C no while irradiation, laser the under occurred increasing
Accepted Article 60
nanowire . Geng C As shown in shown As 2 4
). Theirradiationtime indicatedtotheleftin is 60
. It was It
a heat treatment heat a raito time irradiation
The time evolution of Raman spectra spectra Raman of evolution time The peak molecule - 1 s
t al. et . They concluded They . hc i te signature the is which
were s concluded that no polymerization occurred and C and occurred polymerization no that concluded
orsodn t H to corresponding in accordance within accordance netgtd h isolated the investigated s b Figure 1 Figure
transformed y in air, in as comparing the wih niae that indicated which , in argon in
polymerization would cause a cause would polymerization irradiated by irradiated 5 ,
that 26 peaks at 494 and 1467 cm 1467 and 494 at peaks
in the laser Raman spectr Raman laser the C to carbon nanofibers. Laser Raman test showed that the that showed test Raman Laser nanofibers. carbon to to 900°C to
60 the HRTEM of g
molecules in the pristine the in molecules mode C
a 532 nm laser nm 532 a 60
C
n the in under a under photochemical polymer photochemical 60 t 7, 7, 12 12, 59 cm 1569 1420, 1122, 773, 273, at
of C of oeue wti te aoie with nanowires the within molecules the result.
photo 60 oyeiain of polymerization
temperature increase temperature
nanowires nanowires figure. 10 -
1
-
a with a low power density power low a with
shift of the of shift transformed
corresponding to corresponding of 26
C
nanowire 60 near the A the near
60 nanowires
in the nanowires were nanowires the in
was found was peak from peak
C r oyei state polymeric or 60 s were bonded by by bonded were s
rate nanowires only only nanowires
g A (2) pentagonal (2) with g
of 5°C/min of mode and mode
in pristine pristine in 1468 cm 1468
raw - 1
( ~ were V a 100 C 60 - a 1 - , .
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved Accepted C in the 1 Figure used for the to due the polymerize liquid the at generated forces was which synthesized Article ofC solutions 1 Figure Sathish Sathish 60
Raman measurements. spectroscopic 6 5 /CS
. .
interfacial forces interfacial Laser Raman Laser Laser Raman Laser osset ih h XD bevto a mnind above mentioned as observation XRD the with consistent by 2 60 /IPA system the C and(b) pristine
C LLIP t al. et powder in1,2,4 60
molecules, a partial polymerization occurred during the preparation itself itself preparation the during occurred polymerization partial a molecules,
method ofre te oyeiain of polymerization the confirmed spectroscopy spectroscopy , a ,
in nd the polymerization was further enhanced further was polymerization the nd - - iud interface liquid TMB a
CS 2 )
of and and the rawand the C of the C the of
(a) IPA system by system IPA
the C the 25
60 60
a not may
powder nanowires nanowires 60
nano 60
powder.
C . wire
60 25 e tog nuh o completely to enough strong be Raman spectroscopy Raman
oeue i the in molecules ( s obtained by the evaporation of evaporation the by obtained
10 obtained by the by obtained
Sne h interfacial the Since .
by the laser light laser the by C LLIP method LLIP
60 ( Figure 1 Figure
nanowire 6 ) s , This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved aremolecules welldissolved innon more IPA, than nanowires was molecules toluene of amount The molecules. IPA molec toluene Figure 17 system the to introduced is min 0.925 at peak the minutes, 5 for vacuum in treatment drying toluene analyze sample. test a within substances different identify to spectrometry mass and 3 calculate the composition in ratio of composition chemical GC may molecules solvent of 3 indicated that at peak sharp A found. of peaks spectrophotometer Raman microscopic a using measured were C N in dissolved base emeraldine polyaniline .2.1 .2 Chemical 60
Accepted Article (b) and (b)
- MS, nanowire
Gas 17 / GC Polymerized C the d IPA a FT
PA c lamba (a) 17 - hromatography S s n nltcl ehd ht obns h faue o gas of features the combines that method analytical an is MS - solvent solvent
NI R HL, aa setocp and spectroscopy Raman HPLC, IR,
respectively s (c) are the mass spectra corresponding to the peak of 2.33 min and 1.067 min1.067 and min of 2.33 peak the to corresponding the are massspectra (c) residual ules C c
omposition 60 using
n ein o 1150 of regions in et al. et
molecules in the FW/PA , while the while , C system by GC by system with a quantity of residual toluene of about 7%mass, t 7%mass, about of toluene residual of quantity a with
direct 60 prepared a hybrid material material hybrid a prepared ovn molecules solvent 1467
nanowires are composed are nanowires due to sample to due C . T
and 60
xs i te aoie structure. nanowire the in exist - he peak
iig technique mixing
cm peak nanowires. HPLC and Raman and HPLC nanowires. m - 1 ass
the s corresponding to A to corresponding
- - of s MS. Figure Figure MS. polar solvents in solvents butpoorly dissolved polar - s
two 20 cm 1250 at pectrometry 43 and 43 injection 91 and -
component in NI - methyl
C 45 Da 45 hybrid were hybrid . -
60 1 51 92 Da in Figure DainFigure 92 1350 ,
17
or absorbed on the nanowire surface. Figure Figure surface. nanowire the on absorbed or
aoie otie b LI method LLIP by obtained nanowires h vbainl rqece o te hybrid the of frequencies vibrational The named (GC almost entirely of carbon. A carbon. of entirely almost
-
is the GC the is TGA have been employed to study the the study to employed been have TGA in Figure in 2 g C -
pyrrolidone ( pyrrolidone - - mode of mode 60 MS) 40 cm 1450
- FW/ C bonded Waals by vander forces 70
spectroscopy can also be used to used be also can spectroscopy Analytical techniques including including techniques Analytical
nanowires. PANI 17 spectra spectra
17 C bnaty otie in contained abundantly
- (c) 1 . 60
(b) (b)
A n 1550 and
P was also observed, also was
hybrid by hybrid show
ANI eis f characteristic of series proved for of
/NMP) on fullerene on /NMP) C ed CO 60 his is because is his -
the fragments of of fragments the -
chromatography
Watanabe 2 the existence of of the existence 60 cm 1650 nanowires with nanowires , N , the
small 2 addition of addition
and water and number - which 1 . et al. et
52 in was was C C .
in 60 60 a
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved consistent that min) 3.28 and 2.99 at peaks CCl ( was forminspectra thepeakof1.067 (a). in min 5 for vacuum in drying after in method LLIP F Figure Figure Accepted Articleigure 4 h nnwrs contain nanowires the
approved from the injection the from sn GC Using 17 18
. with theanalysis structural electron byHRTEMdiffraction andthe patterns. )
They . GC
o e h 1,2,4 the be to - MS analysis of the chemical composition of the C the of composition chemical the of analysis MS the - MS, successfully identified three components including the remnants of the the of remnants the including components three identified successfully C 60
Geng (the peak at 2.06 min) 2.06 at peak (the / oun/P system toluene/IPA ed . The mass spectra of the components isolated by GC indicated indicated GC by isolated components the of spectra mass The .
t al. et 1,2,4 - TMB . (b) - M mlclswti hi cytlltie, which lattices, crystal their within molecules TMB dniid the identified
oeue epoe a slet o te rsa growth crystal the for solvent as employed molecules
Mass spectra for the peak of 2.33 min in (a). (c) Mass (c) (a). in min 2.33 of peak the for spectra Mass 52
.
a G spectra GC (a) and two isomer two and
us seis n the in species guest
s of s of as 1,2,4 60 - prepared
nanowires obtained by obtained nanowires - C TMB 60 nanowires
C molecular 60
nanowires 10
which ,
53
was (the
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved structureremained of inthe C rings) spectra IR dichlorobenzene, m gas. or liquid 3 peaks 2.99and3.28in(a),respectively. CCl in sample of evaporation by obtained Figure Accepted.2.2 Article
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier spectroscopy transform(FT infrared
n diin o the to addition in FT 18
- . (Figure 19) (Figure IR GC
4 can be used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, a of emission or absorption of spectrum infrared an obtain to used be can . (b and c) and (b . Yao - MS analysis analysis MS - dibromobenzene, and m and dibromobenzene, t al. et
showed the existence of signals from the solvents used solvents the from signals of existence the showed
M unpolymerized
ass spectra of the components isolated by GC and GC by isolated components the of spectra ass C are ot R nlss on analysis IR out carried 60 60
eut for result crystals
solution 10
and the
C h ceia cmoiin f h C the of composition chemical the n 1,2,4 in 60 - d
iiodobenzene solutions by solutionsby evaporation iiodobenzene method. signals,
C - 60 IR) -
TMB. (a) GC result from the dissolved dissolved the from result GC (a) TMB. molecules werepristine
hc idctd ht m that indicated which
C 60
aoie gon rm m from grown nanowires
. 29
labelled -
type solvents solvents type (marked with (marked 60
nanowires
by the by - This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved 1 indicat spectra their m saturated /IPA system Figure phase tetragonal the of molecules. pristine IPA and toluene crystal marked withrings m (c) dichlorobenzene, 19. Figure
Accepted theprove existence ofm Article s e C Minato Minato co and Miyazawa 20
C that the that omd hog LI mto uig n nefc of interface an using method LLIP through formed 60 60 .
T -
FT oye wt apoiaey 50 approximately with polymer IR spectra of (a) original (a) of spectra IR .
xylene and IPA system, and m IPAand system, and xylene at 527, 577, 1182, 1428 cm 1428 1182, 577, 527, at 22 he absorption peaks at 556, 604, 725, 1073, and 1636 cm 1636 and 1073, 725, 604, 556, at peaks absorption he obtained - IR spectrum of the C the of spectrum IR t al. et
nanowire prepared bycompressing . 22 . 29
n the In
. xmnd the examined P eaks at eaks - irmbnee ad d m (d) and dibromobenzene, - s were composed of composed were s - xylene molecules in thexylene workers FT - R spectrum IR 527, 575, 527, performed 60 pristine
nanowire C 60 - 1
, (b) (b) , 1182, 1428 1182, C conf -
xylene respectively xylene 60
hw in shown otohmi pae apoiaey 50 approximately + phase orthorhombic % C
powder under 1.1 GPa600°C. at C
i 60 C FT rm that the nanowires were composed of composed were nanowires the that rm s obtained by LLIP method in the C the in method LLIP by obtained s 60
60
odr the powder,
- molecules
crystal IR nanowires cm measurement Figure Figure -
diiodobenzene. Solvent bands are are bands Solvent diiodobenzene. -
1 structure
in Figure Figure in , while peaks at peaks while , 20 obtained nanowire by concentrated ,
the using FTusing . 33
21 n ie needle fine on
−
hrceitc ek of peaks characteristic 1
from solutions in solutions from (a) and Figure 2 Figure and (a) were gon n the in grown s - IR
690 and 767 cm 767 and 690 C similar 22
and compared 60 ,
54 ouin in solution
60 - like /toluene to
those 1 C
C C
(b) m 60 % 60 60 - - -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved mass% C of C mass% crystals C the C mass% 12.4 C of solubility indicate HPLC by determined were precipitates the and solutions C prepared 3 the C Figure .2.3 Accepted70 70 70 Article . - 45 auae sltos n oun. T toluene. in solutions saturated uentn sltos o cmoiin rnig rm 12.4 from ranging compositions for solutions supernatant and C and 70 60 High
hy also They /m
n h mti pae f C of phase matrix the in n n frmnind eerh y on ad co and Konno by research aforementioned an In . C s 2
1 t a found was It 70 70 - the solid solubility of solubility solid the a using . xylene/IPA system,m and(c) 60 -
, while the mother solution contained 45.4 contained solution mother the while , performance in FT
26.6 mass%of 26.6 were unsaturated in the supernatant solutions for compositions compositions for solutions supernatant the in unsaturated were Fig - 70 IR spectra of (a) pristine (a) of spectra IR
and 73.4 and ure ure C performed 60 2 - C 2 ht these that
70 (a). l iquid iquid
- two 100 mass% C mass% 100
C 60 HPLC - c component
in the matrix phase of C phasematrix the in hromatography (HPLC) 12.4 mass% 12.4 60
rsas contain crystals
wa
measurements 1. mass% 13.7 s e chemical he - xylene. 70 C
, respectively , 60 ouin ne dfeet iig ais of ratios mixing different under solution , (b) C (b) , of
33 C
70 ed 60
in the matrix phase of phase matrix the in
n individual on
wih was which , opstos f oh h supernatant the both of compositions nanowire 11.1
70 .
4.1 mass% C mass% 4.1 Both C Both . As shown in Figure Figure in shown As .
( - Figure okr, C workers,
2.2 s obtained by LLIP method in in method LLIP by obtained s
60 mass% as C mass% 2
ls to close
and hc needle thick 2 ,
a and b and a 60 70
C -
. C C 70 The
70 70
70 the C were
60 nanowire
) o 34 mass% 73.4 to and at ranges of ranges at solid solubility solid . , 2
result result Figure 2 Figure - and the solid the and 2 like
saturated in saturated (a) and (b), (a) and p o 13.7 to up C C of 12.4 12.4 of s 60 60 were 2
- and
C
(a) 0 70 -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved C molecul C the in that C C the and C mass% 9 is solution mother the in fullerene 2 (Figure spectroscopy Raman by determined C the of composition chemical with relationship linear a have which spectroscopy Raman 3 determined byHPLC. Figure .2.4 Raman Accepted70 70 Article C (mass% fullerene of composition the , in the matrixin the of phase C Konno es when the composition in the mother solutions exceeded the solid solubility limit of of limit solubility solid the exceeded solutions mother the in composition the when es 2 2 60 . - Chemical composition of (a) the supernatant solutions and (b) the precipitates precipitates the (b) and solutions supernatant the (a) of composition Chemical C 60 s 70 pectroscopy - C t al. et
nanowi 70
nanowires. They concluded that the granular precipitates abounded in C in abounded precipitates granular the that concluded They nanowires.
45 and esrd the measured
res were nearly the same, but when it came to more than 18 mass% 18 than more to came it when but same, the nearly were res
determined 60 . 45
60 -
C opsto of composition 70 hi cmoiin by composition their
h cmoiin ms% C (mass% composition the aoie t ta o te rnlr rcptts as precipitates granular the of that to nanowires 70 70
) in the granular crystals is much higher than higher much is crystals granular the in ) , the compositions in the granular precipitates granular the in compositions the , 3 ad on ta we te opsto of composition the when that found and )
C 60
- C 70 calculating
two - component 70 ) .
h pa ae ratios area peak the hy oprd the compared They
nanowire by s
70
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved 99.9%. inset The argon. in 5°C/min Figure % of percentage weight the sublimate also result TGA of temperature the below Figure in shown As atmosphere argon 1,2,4 a the in contained molecules solvent nanowire of removal the indicated temperature increasing with 550 than higher temperature a at decompose to driedwere nanowires system IPA and 3 .2.5 Thermal Figure 2 Accepted, respectively Article - 10 Geng on TGA performed Miyazawa TMB 2
4 d structure . 3
but . TGA analysis analysis TGA
Chemical compositionofand thegranularcrystals et al. solution g . A simply remained as remained simply ravimetric
n aum t a at vacuum in showed that that showed ccordingly,
( . determined of theratio the1,2,4 55 Figure
2
up nanowires through 4 ,
at room at 1,2,4
1,2 2 a 644°C, 4 nalysis (TGA) result result ) ,4
. the molar ratio of shows - - TGA TMB direct t M mlcls ee gradually were molecules TMB ee a a osdrbe amount considerable a was here
determined byRaman spectroscopy temperature in air. They found that the that found They air. in temperature
and and
ae f eprtr increase temperature of rate f h C the of residue at temperatures up to 900°C. 900°C. to up temperatures at residue
were also performed on raw raw on performed also were and the evaporation method evaporation C above that temperature, that above 60
eut rm a C raw from result
C
nanowires prepared by LLIP method in the toluene the in method LLIP by prepared nanowires 60 60
in the in
° nanowires C in vacuum. The decrease in the TGA curve curve TGA the in decrease The vacuum. in C 1,2,4 - TMB to nanowires was nanowires - TMB
.
by The
60 C to
TGA
60 odr ih hg prt of purity high a with powder C
in C eprtr increas temperature
60 f 10 of C eoe fo te material the from removed 60
C
was ~1:1. 60 f C of
C ~14.7 wt % wt ~14.7 that was that 60 ea t subl to began .
45 60 powder for comparison. comparison. for powder
nanowires grown from nanowires grownfrom °
- C C 60 C It was estimated that that estimated was It 70 .
60 ht c that
eoe TGA, Before two
nanowires began nanowires 10 performed in an an in performed
- and component ud not ould imate
e ~85.3 wt wt ~85.3
ae is rate . The .
C be be 60
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved the anvilandplatform thisdevice of between forces Waal’s der van high the to due nm thin of characterization the for suitable not is of diameter the and modulus Young’s the between diameter thin of those than smaller much was value The a with obtained is GPa ~2 only of microscope. optical an under observed and tester bend the of anvils the a using method LLIP by prepared properties mechanical 4 electrothermal (MEMS) system microelectromechanical probe scanning Figure onvarioustheir applications components flexible of C be to of modulus Young’s nanowire by measured a with Fig the of tip the to force applied to used was holder specimen another system. a for holder specimen a on mounted deformation. using method 3.3 Mechanical
Accepted Article60 ure bulk crystals. bulk 32 ± 6 GPa and 54 ± 3 GPa respectively, which respectively, GPa 3 ± 54 and GPa 6 ± 32
25 aso ad co and Larsson A ie eouin of resolution time 25 A microcantilever with a with microcantilever A saka . The def The . n rvos report, previous in ih a with . Compressive deformation of C of deformation Compressive 56
pia lvr ehd uig the during method lever optical
et al. et
The micro C p
60
diameter roperties The high value of Young’s modulus of the of modulus Young’s of value high The ormation -
auae prdn ad P sse and system IPA and pyridine saturated prepared prepared upnin of suspension
the nanowires with a diameter of 130 nm and 160 nm were nm 160 and nm 130 of diameter a with nanowires the s
copy. of -
thick thick okr eeoe a eprmna bsoe s bespoke experimental an developed worker
f 6 nm 160 of 7 ms. 17 56 of the of C
56 60
C nanowires with a high length high a with nanowires hc sgetd n nes pootoaiy relationship proportionality inverse an suggested which nanometre 60 C C
C C . aitos n oc apid o the to applied force in Variations
60 60
60 60 TEM wire
-
nanowires
saturated toluene and IPA system IPA and toluene saturated nanowires was dropped was nanowires nanowire fractured fractured s
equipped with an optical lever force measurement force lever optical an with equipped 60 f μ i diameter in μm 4 of -
sized silicon tip coated with a with coated tip silicon sized nanowire C
60 eomto process deformation
of was observed in situ using a TV rate system rate TV a using situ in observed was n h middle the in nanowires with a diameter of less than 500 500 than less of diameter a with nanowires C
C 60 through parameter extraction techniques extraction parameter through nanometre the 60
were aoie o 10 m n 10 nm 160 and nm 130 of nanowires s by s
1D crystals. crystals. 1D
nanowires and the and nanowires
- TEM 60 on bn tse to tester bend point
- - %
C to sized composites. onto observed t sri o 0.08 of strain a at 60
- . - equipped with functions of functions with equipped 57 width asp width
C 550 nanowires
.
60 However, this technique this However, n individual An
a microgrid which was was which microgrid a
hy on ta a that found They
nanowire, as shown in in shown as nanowire,
% C A was placed between placed was 60
higher than higher their their gold film fixed on on fixed film gold Young’s modulus modulus Young’s silicon surface silicon
ect ratio by LLIP LLIP by ratio ect nanowire
might promise promise might compressive 56 ilicon analyze determined
, C
n the and
60 were s that of that - based
wire
C the
of in in 60 .
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved conductivity nano C conductivity ofelectrical C con the in molecules) of because conductivity electrical could they cases, gap power organic Ωcm. 3 be to nano measured was nm 650 of metal substrates µm. 1.3 to thin and wires 10 C than conductivity solvent the as xylene than resistivity the of conductivity electrical the increase de rapidly unit. source/monitor channel m the in method 3.4 60
Accepted Article8 - im hs iw n t epoe h ue f h mtra i eetia fed s well. as field electrical in material the of use the explore to and view this firm s Conductivity 10 nanowire
ie wt daees f sub of diameters with wires crystal structure crystal between C between
using a beam of Ga ions Ga of beam a using 10 Generally speaking, C speaking, Generally Larsson Miyazawa crease n the and 58 cm) .
44
h C The , structure electronic applications the without inertneed foraprotective atmosphere. , C 59 21 et al. et 60 C d 60 ,
-
60 which wasprobably 60 crystal molecules in molecules yee n IA ytm sn a irmnpltr qipd ih two a with equipped micromanipulator a using system IPA and xylene
with the with
et al. et raised nm 650 range the in diameters with method LLIP by prepared nanowires
60 e semi be
60 wires s lead to lead s
( reported four reported n
with a resistivity range of 10 range resistivity witha anowires prepared using toluene as solvent as toluene using prepared anowires ie wr atce t te pre the to attached were wires .
measured the resistivity of resistivity the measured S
structure, but more research work needs to be done in the future to future the in done be to needs work research more but structure,
electrodes otr C horter 60 10~100 about of factor a by reduction in the in reduction -
odco. oyeie C Polymerized conductor. nanowires is caused bythe iscaused nanowires 44 greater 60
(Figure 2 (Figure
crystalline form crystalline nanowires are poor in electrical conductivity because of the of because conductivity electrical in poor are nanowires It was found that that found was It micrometre the - 60 point probe point
throu overlap of overlap intermolecular
due to the due tothe difference in theircrystalstructures. linkage of C of linkage 6 ) se gh .
diameter The resistivity of a of resistivity The
Th crystals oue in em (FIB) beam ion focused -
cl cn id oeta apiain in applications potential find can scale
lw au of value low e . So the nanowires are insulat are nanowires the So . (4 π electrons in C in electrons π - 3 PP) 60 - C the 10
.
and distances 60 molecules by guest molecules (solvent molecules guest by molecules C
7
measurements on measurements -
70 and C and patterned
60 conducting conducting resistivity .
heat treatment in vacuum helped to helped vacuum in treatment heat
wires C cm) aoie cud ae increased have could nanowires 60 70
44 aoie peae uig m using prepared nanowires
and
C
60
nanowires prepared by LLIP by prepared nanowires were found to found were were observed to have observed betterwere resistivity implied that that implied resistivity 60
nanowire
hral oxidised thermally (with a resistivity range of range resistivity a (with
f C of nanowire with a diameter a with nanowire overlap more - sitd eoiin of deposition assisted 60 individual
lsd akd C packed closed wire s, and thus higher higher thus and s, ped or and in some some in and or
exhibit π electrons - ie crystals like thick
silicon
lower lower 58 low T
C C
he he in 60 60 60 - - -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved 1D the filmliquid diameter. growsin growth crystal further to outwards. end continues, film liquid the in part the of growth the while growing crystal the so the thus and solution, of evaporation the by maintained is and of film thin A a using method chemicaldetermined bythe reaction nanowire onthe supersaturation of rate growth method periodstarts the disappearancea growth after ofthe the called is stage this diffusion, of because disappear gradually nanowires direction (Figure C C between bonding strong the indicating thus crystals, close the in shorter was nanowires polymerized. dimensionally order reach can pressure the where interface, liquid method to bestudiedinmore details post application to importance 4 platformsilicon with 4 2 Figure . 60
Accepted Article s Mechanistic
film - nanowires were polymeriz were nanowires growth polymerization growth - liquid interface. The C The interface. liquid
wih points which , Zhou Hotta Tachibana Miyazawa good A C s agr hn h tikes f h lqi film. liquid the of thickness the than larger is . in Crystal seed Crystal 60 6
.
s using aiu conditions various nanowires and nanowires
Microscope image of a single single a of image Microscope
in a wide range wide a in et al. et t al. et Individual their C bt crey by scarcely but , C C
60 nesadn o t of understanding 4( LP method. LLIP 60 60
t et al. et
t al. et solution is formed as formed is solution he concentration of concentration he studied the growth rate and rate growth the studied
c
tudies solution in solution nanowires size ) rpsd ht h got of growth the that proposed ). of the of
- 22 that PP FIB proposed a proposed
. control, ugse ta tee r to tgs uig h frain of formation the during stages two are there that suggested crystalline crystalline n h mawie the meanwhile the In the reason the
on h cytl growth crystal the C for materials have 22
60
of 60 This mechanism can explain the driving forceThis mechanism can explain thedriving forthe growth of
- to know the know to
ed through “2 + 2” cycloaddition in the close the in cycloaddition 2” + “2 through ed
1,3,5 deposited electrode.deposited g s influenced is /1,3,5 They
molecules C
fields. The mechanism The fields. rowth
large been 60 the
mechanism of of mechanism
- he nanowire oeue ncet a te liquid the at nucleate molecules - TMB - why the diameter the why akd ieto cmae wt ta i pitn C pristine in that with compared direction packed TMB crystal forms and forms crystal TMB on ta te nemlclr itne n h C the in distance intermolecular the that found - diffusion
C scale discussed in a few a in discussed growth 60 the solution climbs up climbs solution the
prepared underdifferent experimental conditions
themselves ir increases and becomes saturated at the top area of area top the at saturated becomes and increases follows a thin liquid film mechanism (Figure (Figure mechanism film liquid thin a follows C
pr rwh mechanism growth remarkably s 60 s
the length of length the
eparation
stand
is driven by the high pressure between the the between pressure high the by driven is fG,ad hs h C the thus and GP, of nanowire with a diameter of 400 nm on a a on nm 400 of diameter a with nanowire f solutions of mechanism hemispherical vn ad the and lvent the growth of growth the 58
C interface
surface 60 vertically to the surfac the to vertically are confined into a very thin space of space thin very a into confined are
of most of the as the of most of 60 s
nanowires ,
hn h pr epsd o i stops air to exposed part the Then
of C of and y eprtr and temperature by molecules and suggesting that the that suggesting and molecules reports.
. . C 61 idctn ta te rwh is growth the that indicating , 26
of
grows until the diameter the until grows 60 60 the exploration the ,
62
n o h cytlisd the inside crystal the of end the inner wall of the reactor, the of wall inner the C nanowires . They summarized that the that summarized They . continuous nucleation period nucleation nanowire
C which 60
60 However, prepared by evaporation evaporation by prepared
nanowires through LLIP through nanowires - nanowire liquid interface which which interface liquid 60
pushes the protruded the pushes
- prepared nanowires prepared molecules are two are molecules s
prepared
growth and growth e climb
- the of the film due due film the of
packed [110]c packed of s h degree the
se s f great of is their future their ; And then then And ; - up of the the of up still
by LLIP by
of the the of need their their 27 C
.
of 60 60 60 ). ). -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved or difficult most the was direction the along energy the inside directions growth that found principal t molecules the along solvent the process precipitation t at of phenomenon the with together important role perpendicular directions s in developed wings side while crystals the of growth overall the led virtually core than nanowires the of centre short V with nanowires Figure to bequitesmall liquidfilm ofthevery thin because highgrowth rate. andthe another. to end one from varied e adhesion he uggested
Acceptedb Article C depending tip 60 he bottom he
To The G 27
oeue bfr te rsas grow crystals the before molecules extruded theend at of eng growth
.
to crystal unit unit crystal get ht the that the total energy of the unit cell and the relative adhesion energy adhesion relative the and cell unit the of energy total the The growthof authors also present also authors
n
that all nanowires were nanowires all that nry f ui cell unit a of energy its high solubility to solubility high its t al. et
ucleate in the growth of a more in more a on the different isomeric state. H state. isomeric different the on
, indicating that that indicating , directions c
-
agl dpn o te oain n oinain of orientation and location the on depend largely
direction was direction
and Y and rai solvent organic
rpsd cnrl rwh ehns t epan h got of growth the explain to mechanism growth central a proposed from a from inner wall of the container, container, the of wall inner .
cell - depth understanding of the growth mechanism, Geng mechanism, growth the of understanding depth - C shaped cross sections cross shaped
,
60 u ltl on little but a, b a, supersaturated solution supersaturated that that
nanowire due to dueto filmnanowire the thin evaporation mechanism. a nanowire, which a nanowire, indicatedthat , while t while , C
ed
However, the variation in diameter of the nanowires is found is nanowires the of diameter in variation the However, and 60 found to be to found of the of the
a view that t that view a C nanowires
o evaluate to
60
c found growth s get species guest a as
,
(
he most favourable growth direction could be either be could direction growth favourable most he 33.5 × 10 × 33.5 Figure Figure wing h oinain f the of orientation the
on the on
Ti view This . the highest, highest, the s . of .
28(b) he high boiling point of point boiling high he They concluded that concluded They . C h rela the 10 owever where the solvent vaporized solvent the where - 4 60
, upper M at 298 K 298 at M 30 . In .
) nanowires
in differ in As shown i shown As ln the along stead,
, the adhesion energy difference was difference energy adhesion the , ie ae f h growth the of ease tive
indicating that indicating wall of the growth container growth the of wall
is in the crystal structure structure crystal the in
in o h got axis. growth the to
the ent
, agree
C was the growth results in results preferential one dimension, dimension, one preferential C 60 n isomeric structure isomeric 60
Figure Figure
molecules the growth the
not ment molecules diffused with diffused molecules
1,2,4
1,2,4 the growth along growth the from
a prior a ih the with 28(a) was quicker at the at the was quicker - - TMB
31
TMB, and . along different along a
The of the central central the of et al. et , t , conventional
solvation to solvation
along
left here They molecules molecules
s 31 ~ observed ly an plays adhesion . 30
168 studied the instead
wa
They three also
this C C °C s 60 60 a a ,
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved crystals. of interaction diameter the thus and site nucleation of size the Figure in 2 as (marked site direction growth preferable the continued. growth the of though growth the even that suggested close They didn’t which nanowire the in holes two left and phenomenon. a neglected in the dynamical growth. t above the with 1,2,3 benzene, in formed were nanowires 1,2,4 and TMB the comparing vibration thermal to calculated was fullerene single a of the energy possible adhesion the between and occurring anisotropy growth reactions the on polymerization polarization electron of influence the studied s Figure directiontoformalong one a1 large considerably Accepted Articlechematic diagram showing C 60
Yao understand To 28
ouin in solution
. of the aromatic solvent molecules solvent aromatic the of et al. et (a) 29 -
TMB and toluene did not resul did not toluene and TMB
C - As shown in Figure Figure in shown As E iae f a of image TEM M) n non and TMB)
ertcl aclto, so calculation, heoretical 60
carried out detailed SEM studies on studies SEM detailed out carried be
nry which energy ewe te axis the between nano ~
1,3 10 the − crystals crystals - 4 d C
ichlorobenzene eV
29 60 three principal both
, which is negligible since th since negligible is which , ) nanowire growth mechanism growth nanowire - s (2 s . D shape. D shape. - They oa slet (ezn, 1,3,5 (benzene, solvents polar
rw b using by grown s prxmtl 2 approximately is
1,2,4 hr tp xrdd t h ed f a of end the at extruded tip short
C 1 and 2 and 1 29 60 a found that that found molecule
, t , - nanowires follows a follows nanowires and M ad 1,3,5 and TMB
wo thin nanowires inserted into a bigger nanowi bigger a into inserted nanowires thin wo
growth directions cnlso ta te oaiain fet a be can effect polarization the that conclusion a n substrate a on b t in wire in t with ,
3 in Figure in 3 therefore, due to the polarization forces in the system system the in forces polarization the to due
the
sre o plr ovns tlee 1,2,3 (toluene, solvents polar of series a C 60 C
solubility of solubility - C . 60
C 6 like structure, which was in agreement agreement in whichwas structure, like molecules 60
60 ×
-
n te solvent the and 10
the crystal would preferably grow grow preferably would crystal the M wie h cytliain in crystallization the while TMB nanowires prepared by evapor by prepared nanowires nanowires 29 is
− in more detail more in
2 ) energy energy of nucleation
are n osre sm curious some observed and eV
- a M) te fud that found they TMB),
drives C
parallel C t om temperature room at 60 60 , is much smaller than the than smaller much is
nanowire
and in solvents determined solvents in
-
C the formation of formation the growth pathway growth
60
with the nucleation the with
s suggest
, molecules. nanowire Solov’
crystal. ed yov
ht the that () A (b) . 63 30
et al. et
ating
.
1 The and C By
- re D 60 -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved exothermic and (d). and T energetically preferable ∆ The 30 possib two are There methylene (ii) three bridges; two (i) scenarios: polymerization ex the both on out carried was adjacent to bonded covalently were molecules that months ~10 by prepared F 53.64 igure Acceptedlow of structures possible two he E Article 2 (
a reaction enthalp reaction ) and ) and (b) the =
.8 The second The second pathway polymerization, nanowire the for As 29
The reaction enthalpies reaction The 17 cl mol kcal 11.7 p . cl mol kcal olymerization SEM imageof a . the 48 :
perimental observation and theoretical calculation, t calculation, theoretical and observation perimental
They likely inboth to occur cases. to evaporation method transformed into 1 into transformed method evaporation 퐶 try to try 퐶 - 60 1
ies of the two reactions were calculated to be to calculated were reactions two the of ies 60
ilities tde te mechanism the studied and +
+ 퐶 (Figure 30 (Figure (a), (b)) get 푇푀퐵 - 60 1 푇푀퐵 curd following occurred ,
∆ of + C can as bewritten an respectively, C E
60 3 60 푇푀퐵 the first the +
in + wire growing along two opposite directions2 growingalong twoopposite wire
= molecules and a 1,2,4 for the two isomers (c) and (d) and (c) isomers two the for 퐶 -
퐶 depth understanding of the polymerization pathway. polymerization the of understanding depth 60 - C 60 energy isomers of 3C of isomers energy + 55.11 60 → → 퐶
pathway oeue ad 1,2,4 a and molecules 60 퐶 퐻퐶
60
+ . niaig ht ecin 2 is (2) reaction that indicating
cl mol kcal
− 60
Geng
퐶 below f h plmrzto progress, polymerization the of
60 푇푀퐵
−
h nnwr got utl l 1,2,4 all until growth nanowire the C with two possible products shown in Figure in shown products possible two with → 푇푀퐵 60 et al. et
: − 3
molecules - 2 1 퐶 퐻 - , − 60
TMB molecule to TMB molecule to form linkages. three -
2 −
hc ipid that implied which D wire D observed 푇푀퐵 퐻 60 퐶 − TMB are shown in Figure in shown are TMB 60 퐶 + 60 + . - - TMB molecule to form two two form to molecule TMB like D 퐻 were calculated to be to calculated were 퐻 ∆
etailed hey that pristine that 퐸 2 ∆ + 3 + E polymer after after polymer ∆
1
presented ∆
퐸 = 퐸 2
1 59.8 kcal mol kcal 59.8 theoretical
xtemc and exothermic reaction (3) (3) reaction
and C 1 and2
60 two possible two
ageing nanowires suggested
analysis
- Based 30 ∆ - TMB 1 E
3.
and ( ( ( 3 for for (c) 3 2 1
29 is = ) ) )
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved amount ofhydrogen biological membranes cells, devices energy of response optical nonlinear optical limiters C that expected therefore is It effect confinement low area, surface high the with associated properties of that to applications potential between bonding photo state, triplet excited the in properties nonlinear 5 the product of reaction (3). C F . igure 30. igure 60
AcceptedApplication Article H as the product of reaction (2) reaction of product the as H 6 , 55 C
60 field
and medical and 65 Structures of (a) C of (a) Structures aoie miti te interesting the maintain nanowires , - 66 emission transistors emission
and photorefractive devices because of the intrinsically magnitudeand photorefractivedevicesbecause large oftheintrinsically ofthe
because n sensors and s C
of C which 60
element thestructure in
molecules and metal or Si surface Si or metal and molecules
applications 60
of make
53 n
anowires 4
hi excellent their C . 60 60 eakby t Remarkably, 60 -
TMB them ,
4 C aoie cud have could nanowires , , 5 , 15 60 ,
and two low two and 64 , because of the simple the of because
- 16 potentially 2H molecules
photo
- nanoprobes C 60
.
10, - as the product of reaction (1), (b) HC (b) (1), of product reaction the as htidcd hre rnfr properties transfer charge photoinduced electrical devices and devices electrical e aeil is material he
53
.
- more widely applicable widely more rpris of properties energy isomers (c) and (d) of 3C of (d) and (c) isomers energy Besides, Besides, , - 17 transformation properties and the strongthe and transformationproperties -
dimensionality, and potential quantum potential and dimensionality, high frequency filters frequency high
, 4 potential
therefore, they therefore,
C carbon carbon lo xetd o find to expected also 60
aoie also nanowires C 60 application
photoconductors for solarfor photoconductors nature with only with nature oeue, uh s the as such molecules,
than could , 17 s C
free 60 n area in have have similar have
60 molecules
60 important - - TMB standing
TMB as TMB
a small small a special , 2 s
fuel like - 2H
- .
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved electrophotography. C of potential photosens ~100 approaching ~340 be to measured was device photodoped P3HT the of responsivity Consequently, photode photodopant. nanowire the in trapped remained generation holes photocurrent the overall while the to contributed electrons transferred the states, trap the C the in states trap the of filling (i) including: roles two fulfil to shown were photodopants excited The devices. the photodoping ultralow (P3HT) sensitiv and responsivity its reducing molecule C C the between occurring interactions nm 750 C the fast a using prepared 7.08 (D*) detectivity 365. of 7.3 650 (350 illumination light UV under wavelengths (I voltage lift a after sample the over nm/50 (10 Cr/Au which in process lithography beam electron 0.10 from ranging speed C a into vertically dipped were UV dip simple excellent exhibit which photodetectors organic Zheng by out applications. optical for promise showed and researchers numerous 5 .1 Accepted60 Article
pA ( pA Optical is aconstant400 nm). Under × 60
an 10
Comparatively, in a similar work carried out by Saran Saran by out carried work similar a in Comparatively, fullerene of properties optical unique The nanorods displayed a significantly broadened and extended absorption spectrum up spectrum absorption extended and broadened significantly a displayed nanorods Consequently, the responsivity (Rλ), external quantum efficiency (EQE) and specific specific and (EQE) efficiency quantum external (Rλ), responsivity the Consequently, , ≈
Cadmium Selenide ( Selenide Cadmium 8 ih sgiiat esit f ~100 of redshift significant a with itivity of the C the of itivity n
- - 1.822 Jones, respectively. coating process, heavily doped Si wafers with a 300 a with wafers dopedSi process,heavily coating ) lt maue i dr ad ne ilmnto wt lgt o different of lights with illumination under and dark in measured plots V) - a ye eiodco n h itraaino xgn nrdcstas nte C the in traps introduces oxygen of intercalation the and semiconductor type
pplications (as shown in Figure Figure in shown (as 60 t al. et
nanorods in enabling devices such as photodetectors, photovoltaics as well as well as photovoltaics photodetectors, as such devices enabling in nanorods
mW of
tectors % at 415 at %
,
67
this this
LLIP cm
mechanism, the authors showed enhanced (~ enhanced showed authors the mechanism, 60 ouin rw, ag ae C area large grown, solution
60 −
nanorods nanorods
2 – htdtco were photodetector fee bodad UV broadband offered
)
nanowires extending across the visible spectrum demonstrates the demonstrates spectrum visible the across extending nanowires
method employing CS employing method
versus a dark current of current dark a versus .0 mmn Te w tria dvcs ee fabricated were devices terminal two The mm/min. 1.00 nm and nm - f process off
CdSe nm illumination sourc illumination nm 60
solution (4 mg/ml in CS in mg/ml (4 solution - via 3 400
) 60 D* 1
and )
interfacial electron electron interfacial molecules in the solid phase. solid the in molecules
m a cmae t vsbe ih irdain (450 irradiation light visible to compared as nm) eel usata photo substantial reveal of
via Lead Sulphide (PbS) Sulphide Lead >
10 thermal
eemnd o e 8.01 be to determined 9 m trbtd o h ehne Coulombic enhanced the to attributed nm
ity. ity. Jones, respectively. Jones, - 2 vis
- and IPA. and eae materials related ∼ 60 Using e, the device showsa e, the - 0.02 I seta tnaiiy ween the wherein tuneability, spectral NIR evaporation. The photocurrent versus versus photocurrent The evaporation. -
light sensing performance. Using a a Using performance. sensing light ige rsa ary were arrays crystal single
transfer and (ii) upon the filling of filling the upon (ii) and transfer
2 pA, displaying a large on/off ratio ratio on/off large a displaying pA, ) and ) Poly(3
As compared to C to compared As
nm) electrodes were deposited were electrodes nm)
et al. et nm
- nanocrystals to to nanocrystals nue cret generation current induced then removed at a constant a at removed then - - thick SiO thick
hexylthiophene ,
It is well establis well is It 68 In a recent work carried carried work recent a In
400) photosensitivity of photosensitivity 400)
Thus, the high tuneable tuneable high the Thus,
ae en tde by studied been have
C mAW mA 60 h poooe C photodoped the
photocurrent up to upto photocurrent
nanocrystals W 2 −
− 1 dielectric layer dielectric , with an EQE an with , 1 2.5 , 60
achieve achieve molecules, tlsd as utilised - 2,5
hed that hed % and and %
via -
diyl) diyl) were
an an to to 60 60 –
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved wire NW amountexcessive 3.0 ofKover structure nanowire of existence the to due significant this K in exhibited methanol applications. cells fuel also have into made insulator as applications semi to insulator 5 areaexposure ofmm 50 an with array the of image optical an is Inserted temperature. room at wavelengths different F .2 igure Accepted3.3 Article K Electrical C s
3.3 owing totheir . 60 72 C
aea n co and Takeya the diameter, the on Depending which showed superconductivity at 19 K 19 at superconductivity showed which 3 T 60 1 hese C hese superconductivity at 17 K. The K. 17 at superconductivity
. superconductors by doping with alkali metals such as potassium as such metals alkali with doping by superconductors en ae o rpr mtlmtl ion metal/metal prepare to made been NW
I - cre o a of curves V a
pplications difference in difference ih ha tetet t 0° fr 4 h 24 for 200°C at treatment heat a with 60 conductor,
nanowire unique formed during formed - 2 disordered , low , workers , where the scalebar, wherethe represents 10mm. wire 45
s
- the and dimensional C could be could - 60 to 73 like like
fraction
synthesized as a consequence, the material the consequence, a as
stay single the drying process in the LLIP method LLIP the in process drying the nanopores structure
not only
utilized as flexible and lightweight superconducting lightweight and flexible as utilized - rsa ary n ak n udr luiain with illumination under and dark in array crystal s volume
lcrcl rpris of properties electrical
semiconductors. between K between .
with
K
at the - doped fraction was observed to observed was fraction was lower than 1%. than lower was
- an containing
surface - average doped C doped
C while ,
60 In addition, In
but also nanowire
size C 60 67
60
can find can NW h vle f K of value the
C
nanowire of 60
in the nanopores
8.3 nm 8.3 and K and aoie vr from vary nanowires s It was concluded that that concluded was It C
60
(K
potential electrical potential be
which allow which nanowire . x 46 s for the direct direct the for s -
C
as high as doped C doped , within the within 60 69 NW) - - 72
oe C doped
Attempts Attempts s can be can s
as
60 which of ed
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an 60 60 60 ,
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved the fullerene dimensions. assembly substrates. the on fixed than free devices. electromechanical and 5 76 to oxygen necessary diffuse is it may Therefore, dioxygen solid. because fullerene the air of the sites in interstitial directly use to suitable not are devices promising 2 to 100 than more lengths and nm 300 than less of number large a by formed is channel semiconducting nanomaterials. because highcells oftheir surface and specific area excellent electrical conductivity. temperature C a of treatment heat the after improved notably was conductivity of resistance electrical the Although method. these of area surface specific C ends spherical closed and on performed gainnecessary into order in or data conclusive yet trans superconducting the triggers that doublet K of structure fcc the in state wave density charge the than stable more is state superconducting C doped .3 60 , 3 77 10 C
Acceptedn exhibit Article
properties database Mechanical -
60 standing structures, such as cantilever or doubly supported beams and memb and beamssupported doubly or cantilever as such structures, standing
nanowires − . Anot 2
60 - The superior properties of fullerene materials materials fullerene of properties superior The F Miyazaw M making cm resistant materials resistant 60 ed fet transistor effect ield
any attempts have been made to explain the supercon the explain to made been have attempts any nanomaterials, ie ih daee o 2.2 of diameter a with wire
rcs o cro nnmtras n sbtae by substrate a on nanomaterials carbon of process
2 o raiig high realizing for system V a ro tmeaue n vacuum. in temperature room at /Vs - -
her proposed mechanism proposedher forthesamematerials channel, normally channel, treated However, , C 68
due to due systematic predictions systematic
60
prepared using using prepared d a
evices . na et Ogawa n pooe theory proposed One C
n al. 60
owires prepared by LLIP method, LLIP by prepared owires lack of capacity to either account either to capacity of lack essential
nanowire found get el of deal great a for example, for
were formed were to prevent oxidation prevent to - ucsfly fabricated successfully 65 depth - mobility
that after a heat treatment at a temperature higher tha higher temperature a at treatment heat a after that - 78 M C on properties, and their carrier mobility was estimated to be be to estimated was mobility carrier their and properties, on (FET)
for desidevice
60 C s uch For use in mechanical structures, they should be formed as as formed be should they structures, mechanical in use For
60 understand were proposed were hl tbs a maue t b 30 m 380 be to measured was tubes shell
effort
odr cnann (η containing powders for future experiments future for . the s nte important another is rai FETs organic They
ws esrd o e 0.037 be to measured was m issues novs ubr model, Hubbard involves fabrication process fabrication has been made been has ing of also
ition. gning m. Th m. when
C remain
60 I for use as new electrode materials for fuel fuel for materials electrode new as use for synthesized cn e xetd ht C that expected be can t
75 the superconducting mechanisthe superconducting
ie w wires e . is stillincomplete
C 16 It is noted that noted is It
have C 60
ing C
C
oee, most However, 60 C
in 60 devices are to be commercialized be to are devices 60 - 60 , for example, the resistivity value value resistivity the example, for , nanowire
-
for many published experimental published many for system is concerned withsystem isconcerned on also nanowire
nanowire crystals with diameters with crystals nanowire . Clearly .
as shell tube shell elzn MM dvcs with devices MEMS realizing 2 electrical
- of the devices is difficult is devices the of C
otoln ter oiin and position their controlling C the research of research the ey high very
ducting mechanism ducting 60 been 60
)Pt(PPh shell tubes by heating the heating by tubes shell 74 - based FETs based coat none of the theories are theories the of none - , more research work is work research more ,
ae FT whose FETs based utilized s . hc sos ht the that shows which 66
with both open ends open both with plcto for application
C
C 3 60 ( ) 60 >10
60 - 2 cm based electrical electrical based
t 900 at
g
materials nanowires in mechanical in fabrication or fabrication - . 5 1
ranes, rather ranes,
T were found were sn BET using m. ee high hese 55
n cm °C
in
no the into
a parity
600 . ) metal
the , with
The The and
C are °C . 60 4 ,
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved lung a build to vessels blood in vehicle carrier as fullerene, tetraamino cationic implications onthetreatment of activity antioxidant and architecture molecular unique the world. the in derivatives scavenger radical efficient are most they the therefore, be consumed, to being considered without superoxides many with react can orbital Fullerenes molecular unoccupied lowest lying attack an electron, low an up take easily can which (LUMO) and bonds double conjugated of amount place. takes radicals free of production the states, diseased in where sites, compartment cell other and mitochondria to cell the within localize to ability antioxi biological as potential a have fullerenes that reported photodynamic properties. physical quenching bio in applications 5 uniformhighly andp which stress, surface exploiting annealing. C of and effect combined the by induced facets substrate the of energy the free the to of bond preferentially which units molecules. functional fullerene of deposition subsequent for template nanometers. of hundreds several length the chains, molecule adjacent six of average an to corresponds K. 500 of temperature metal alternating a exhibits at treatment annealing subsequent a and surface C nm structures gas etchant beam electron an with testing on nanowires etching dry sacrificial and writing . 60 Accepted4 Article
- Biological in width in nanostructure . .
Minani promising yielded have nanocarbons and fullerenes functionalized Various Néel co and Tsuchiya 79 Polymerized
. The fabrication process included the deposition of 0.5 of deposition the included process fabrication The 65 18 also have potential antiviral activity based on their biological properties including properties biological their on based activity antiviral potential have also , - 20 t pesr o 1 Pa 10 of pressure a at 66 and 15 nm nm 15 and t al et a tree imaging targeted ,
a
therapy of cancer and treatment of multidrug resistant pathogens. resistant multidrug of treatment and cancer of therapy The t al. et capacitive MEMS capacitive pplications This type of research research of type This - related devices. .
free
fabricated - redictable electrical, magnetic,redictable
The authors tentatively attributed t attributed tentatively authors The C h pooestvt o fleee mks hm od addts for candidates good them makes fullerenes of photosensitivity The medicinal fields such as drug delivery, reactive oxygen species species oxygen reactive delivery, drug as such fields medicinal eeoe ttapprzn)ulrn eoie TF) a water a (TPFE), epoxide tetra(piperazino)fullerene developed
60 - and - standing standing
in workers nanowires were patterned by irradiating vacuum irradiating by patterned were nanowires
(111)
thick then
og n narrow and long human immunodeficiencyvirushuman (
is e is ness
n fleee stripes fullerene and released
80 C reported a reported
hs ufc mrhlg i epce t b uiie a a as utilized be to expected is morphology surface This
system 60 for the fabrication of fabrication the for xpected to play a crucial role in fabricating devices with devices fabricating in role crucial a play to xpected
n tsu engineering tissue and . o om free form to nanowire at the resist opening resist the at nanowire The fabrication fabrication The work
using silicon as a sacrificial layer and XeF and layer sacrificial a as silicon using as two mechanical s eae t te arcto o nanostruc of fabrication the to related is
- step - C standing
or optical properties. 60
process
process (533) nano
he
by sensor doubly , 87
driving force to the minimization the to force driving which radical species radical
81 ie on wires Wie h wdh f h stripes the of width the While . Because C
-
dants with advantages of their their of advantages with dants 84 including direct electron beam electron direct including 60 can also be applied to various various to applied be also can
for - nanowires on silicon beam beam silicon on nanowires HIV supported free supported u t ter che their to due monolayer ma
on was 2 μm 2 was to kes them promising for promising them kes ) fullerenes possess large possess fullerenes
18 - - The resulting surface surface resulting The chip infection.
of the stripes reaches reaches stripes the of Fullerenes and their their and Fullerenes 79 vicinal a -
deposited deposited is
nanoscale nanoscale C highly possible. highly 60 in length in -
60 standing 88 on Au on 85
adsorption adsorption ia and mical
Au , - 86 selective selective C - soluble
2
60 tensile tensile It was It
( (433) as an as , 400 ,
tures tures 433
film C 60 )
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved of properties C the of porosity C from superior of origins the biosensing. as electrochemical well as supramolecu groups amine covalent hydroxyl, carboxyl, using functionalization C covalent of activity redox of inhibition media. sensing electrochemical of variety a for used fullerene makes This impurities. acceptor electron activated and diamond, carbon. graphene, amorphous nanotubes, carbon graphite, as such family same the of members other with together applications related energy other and electrochemical, chemical, 5 to is applications biological of goals the achieve to combin help and problem this solve to way media relevant biologically in solubility b in nanowires the fullerene to of limitations application some are there However, nanotubes. carbon than attractive cells, more of be may direction growth the of control concurrent with differentiation myogenic diseases. blood cancer, as such ailments major of treatment and diagnosis preparation, potential promises suggested carbon of entirely almost pro post by completely removed be cannot which enhanced efficacy, superior displaying biologics, and andspecificity diminished effects. side molecules small both including therapeutics, many with conjugated easily be to possibility the and uptake cellular enhanced non and anticancer various of delivery molecules of diagnosis. variety and a therapy for to relevant vehicles delivery C as act fields. can therefore biological and cells, to by internalized applied been also have graphene to believed are they aforementioned fullerenes, aspects. in availability have of properties important biologically the of advantage take (siRNA). RNA interfering small of system delivery . Accepted5 Article
cess Electrochemical e Fullerene, as an important member of carbon family, promise family, carbon of member important an as Fullerene, carbo of growth the from Different
60 f polymerized of fullerene nanowires withfullerene otherbiomaterials.
en hgl efcie in effective highly being that the tissue the that C 60 99
60 including multip including capability This
4, plctos n imdcnl ils nldn du dlvr, biosensor delivery, drug including fields biomedicinal in applications im o gas electro glassy on films
applications applications 103 a itrcin tu making thus interactions lar
, electrocatalytic - ih b apial a a ellr cfod utbe o inducing for suitable scaffold cellular a as applicable be might 104 C compatible and biocompatible material with low cytotoxicity low with material biocompatible and compatible 60 ,
, It should be mentioned that there has been significant debate on debate significant been has there that mentioned be should It
C
n tu is biocompatibility its thus and aoie i ttly metal totally is nanowires could 60
molecules beset carbon nanotubes carbon beset 90 le redox states, stability in many redox states and ease of ease and states redox many in stability states, redox le
60
lcrctlss o “thin to electrocatalysis accel They are considered as promising nano promising as considered are They especially in aqueous media has been overcome by by overcome been has media aqueous in especially 91
- ooia sse sne hs aoaeil lacks nanomaterial this since system iological ciiy n C in activity - 100 93 niacr rg, wn t ter ih surface high their to owing drugs, anticancer rt eeto tase while transfer electron erate
-
, 102
des.
Other nanocarbons such as carbon nanotubes and nanotubes carbon as such nanocarbons Other ih their with nanotubes n
and it is not is it and - purification processes, purification eetees the Nevertheless, 89 60
Since f Since The issues around the aggregation and aggregation the around issues The
films, where the opinion has ranged ranged has opinion the where films, conjugated
C - , re n te aeil s composed is material the and free
60 and as such, the material could material the such, as and catalys well
arbon nanotubes can be easily easily be can nanotubes arbon - ullerene s mrvd eakby I remarkably. improved is oeue wtr oul for soluble water molecules ae effects” layer biodegradable. ed by metal nanoparticles nanoparticles metal by ed upre electrochemical purported bonding π - polym 10, 10, s
97 many applications in applications many re f any of free 53
heart, , 94 er nanowires can nanowires er rsn fo the from arising
- the preparation the carriers for the for carriers
and excellent excellent and 98 One possible possible One
lung
i non via 82 metallic
, 88 89 which
good good , area,
95 t and
, be 96 is -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved m C nanoporous reaction reduction oxygen the enable to nanowires rather a in peak interfering wide windowandstrong duetoeffect onanalyte electrostatic interaction. of free were they advantages: attractive two showed electrode molec electroactive other reduced the when that implying thus all, C withmodified electrode at peaks oxidative no and peaks reductive only interactions C The type. The interaction acid. ascorbic of presence C the the between in dopamine of sensing with electrochemical complexes DNA stranded controlled adsorption also was reaction electrochemical the that showed result the and CV with studied further was responses electrochemical the on rate be 1 the to to due difficult presumably again were released nanowires fullerene by accumulated electrons the that assumed was It asthefollowing: described was process electrode the of mechanism possible the Accordingly, conditions. experimental in again RTIL/C the for Whereas following: quasi electrode, peaks two only while of pairs 4 window, scan voltammetry pulse differential and voltammetry were RTIL/C obtained were thus surface The (GCE) fabricated. electrode carbon glassy modified (SWNTs) nanotubes carbon walled co interlayer nanowires Zhang by out carried C the of properties electrochemical the in electrode in biochemicalcatalytic sensors used extensively been have functionalization 2
/g, the GCE electrodes with electrodes GCE the /g, Accepted Article analyze In a more recent work, Wakahara work, recent more a In With a properties, physical other the with case the is As
the
processmost observed for other ofthe
reverse d epc to respect 60 60 in
nanowires prepared using LLIP method with a specific surface area of 376 376 of area surface specific a with method LLIP using prepared nanowires - nanowires and DNA was confirmed to be of be to confirmed was DNA and nanowires eesbe multiple reversible 02 M 0.2 a
scan and the electrode process was deemed to be irreversible under the under irreversible be to deemed was process electrode the and scan 퐶 ee bevd o te RTIL/C the for observed were vered bya vered 60
60 t al. et quasi C
60 60 nanowire/D
ls n ohr ek soe u. Thus up. showed peaks other no ules, 푛푎푛표푤푖푟푒 60 퐶
aoieSN/C,te C the nanowire/SWNT/GCE,
60 Britton nanowire/DNA was used as the working electrode to analyze any analyze to electrode working the as used was nanowire/DNA
nanowires, - , ⇔ 105 reversible redox peaks occurred at the RTIL/C the at occurred peaks redox reversible 푒
− Nafion, Nafion C Nafion Nafion,
퐶 room ionic temperature li two - 60 ⇔ oisn ( Robinson 푒 C
− - NA electrode in the B the in electrode NA 60 ⇔ 푒 tp electron step
퐶 60 −
sandwich - 60
D nature of the nanowir the of nature D
SN/C ad RTIL/C and /SWNT/GCE 퐶
. aoie t oti a im ie tutr for structure like film a obtain to nanowires Zhang
et al et
60
푛푎푛표푤푖푟푒
60
2
−
as a mediator between the recognition site and site recognition the between mediator a as
n te C the and
.
B
⇔
푒 studied the electrochemical properties of C of properties electrochemical the studied
–
- − t al et carbon I ws bevd ht ihn h potential the within that observed was It .
ye lcrds ossig f C of consisting electrodes type - 60
R
otold rcse ulk the unlike processes controlled − 퐶
) - 60 (ORR)
nanowires and Nafion and nanowires ⇔
rnfr ecin wr dsrbd as described were reactions transfer 푒
ufr solutio buffer
.
− 3
60 − eeoe sqec seii single specific sequence developed 퐶 -
60 based 60 nanowire 60 ⇔
푒 significant difference was observed was difference significant
−
quid (RTIL) membranequid (RTIL) onsingle studies the of one In nanowires.
푛푎푛표푤푖푟푒 nanowires coul nanowires in aqueous solutions. aqueous in
- 퐶
R buffer solution again showed showed again solution buffer R
60
π
electrodes.
– 4
e. The influence of the scan the of influence The e.
− π stacking and hydrophobic hydrophobic and stacking π
/SWNT/GCE.
o p 7.0 pH of n ,
60 2
− h ngtvl charged negatively the
nanowire/SWNT/GCE 106 105 -
d not be oxidised oxidised be not d
C
60 60
/SWNT/GCE,
powder were were powder sn c using 107 o te C the For diffusion 60
Utilising
r C or yclic 60 60 60 - - -
This article is protected byThis article isprotected copyright. All rightsreserved 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. References both that believe to reasonable low area, surface high their the Given necessary. still is modelling of process growth of properties biological morphology, c normally grow may is there currently preparation, method 6 areofutmostnanowires importance. i oxygen of absorption and area surface high conductivity, electrical good of C compar one ideal than less the T SCE. vs. Ar in measured aatrzto techniques haracterization . 60
Accepted ArticleSummar
nanowires was observed in the basic media thereby indicating that the physical properties physical the that indicating thereby media basic the in observed was nanowires
scienti ed to the pristine C pristine the to ed
the American Chemical Society Chemical the American Johnson, F. B. and Windle H. A. Kinloch, A. I. Yue, W. Skelton, P. Zhou, W. Geng, J. Wudl, L. Kenyon, F. and D L. D. Friedman, H. S. Wilkins, C. Castoro, J. Hill Wudl, F. Srdanov, G. Sijbesma, R. C. Srdanov, G. chemotherapy Sijbesma, R. Schinazi, R. of the Kenyon, L. G. and Wudl F. Srdanov, G. Sijbesma, P. R. DeCamp, L. D. Friedman, H. S. i.Miyazawa, K. and M.Sathish F.Boggess, T. and Tutt L. W. Eklund, C. P. and applications and their properties nanotubes: Dresselhaus G. Dresselhaus, S. M. M.Umeno, and S. P.Somani P. R.Somani, F.Wudl, J. Heegerand Smilowitz, A. L. N. Sariciftci, 163. Smalley, E. R. and Curl F. R. O'Brien, C. S. Heath, R. J. Kroto, W. H. have we review, this In for slow, he reduction peak for oxygen was observed to be around around be to observed was oxygen for peak reduction he
fic long growing
u the but American Chemical Society Chemical American
y crystalline research and technological innovation
- the method the
or O or Journal of the American Chemical Society Chemical the of American Journal still C C 60 60 , 1993, , 1993,
2 C l rdc cnan C contains product - nanowires nanowires of ack saturated 0.10 M KOH solution in a potential range from 0.0 to 0.0 from range potential a in solution KOH M 0.10 saturated 60 - lcrn rcse fr h rdcin f O of reduction the for processes electron hs oe carbon novel this
tutr, hmcl composition chemical structure, nanowires the material the
60 37
may not may -
ihihe here highlighted dimensionality and potential quantum confinement effect, effect, confinement quantum potential and dimensionality separation method separation powders and GCE, a significant ORR catalytic activity for the for activity catalytic ORR significant a GCE, and powders , 1707
, detailed research detailed ,
ih od quality good with Progress in quantum electronics quantum Progress in first first - , 2008, , 2008, CrystEngComm 1710. . be
, 1993, , 1993, The
will find a wide a find will outstanding properties outstanding d ideal for ideal iscussed
60 130 T gt etr n in and better get To . LP ehd s iey sd o the for used widely is method LLIP
115 aorsas f aiu sae ad ie and sizes and shapes various of nanocrystals
, 2527
Applied Physics Letters Applied Physics ae rvn o e ey sfl o td the study to useful very be to proven have . , Academic press, press, , Academic , 6506
Using
commercial production commercial , 2010, th - work drc eaoain ehd and method evaporation direct e 2534. s H . .
- Science 6509.
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owever, 12 on both experiments both on
, , 4146. ehncl properties mechanical
Science of fullerenes and carbon carbon and fullerenes of Science , 1992, , 1992, 115 of , 1993, , 1993,
1996. -
C h eaoain rcs is process evaporation the , 6510 evaporation method, evaporation depth understanding of the the of understanding depth 60 , 2007, 2007, , 258 2 Antimicrobial agents and and agents Antimicrobial
-
nanowires 0.45V corresponding to corresponding 0.45V
17 o ueoie O superoxide to Nature - , 6512. , 299
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- , 1985, 1985, , in the future for future the in 338.
1476. and theoretical theoretical and eCamp and G. G. and eCamp associated to associated
, and even even and , ups of purpose
Journal of of Journal 318 - 173503. Journal Journal people people - 2 1.0 V 1.0 . , 162 , . LLIP - . As As . t is it The 60 -
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175 The The 97, 3 9 , , , , , This arti Accepted patents. holdscurrently two textiles. technical high for of materials modification carbon plasma devices, nanostructured energy harvesting, electrochemical energy for structures and materials of Ulste NIBEC, from PhD his Soin Navneet ------Article related carbon nanomaterials and biochemicaltheir applications. include interests research Her Bolton. of University the at student PhD a currently Fan Xiao c le ispr
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