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Redalyc.Peculiaridades Morfológicas En El Aymara De La Comuna De Colchane, Chile Cuadernos Interculturales ISSN: 0718-0586 [email protected] Universidad de Playa Ancha Chile Díaz Vásquez, Enrique; García Choque, Felino Peculiaridades morfológicas en el aymara de la comuna de Colchane, Chile Cuadernos Interculturales, vol. 8, núm. 14, 2010, pp. 165-184 Universidad de Playa Ancha Viña del Mar, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55217005010 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Cuadernos Interculturales. Año 8, Nº 14. Primer Semestre 2010, pp. 165-184 165 Peculiaridades morfológicas en el aymara de la comuna de Colchane, Chile*1 Morphological peculiarities in the Aymara of the county of Colchane, Chile Enrique Díaz Vásquez**2 Felino García Choque***3 Resumen Se examinan formas verbales de alta frecuencia en el aymara hablado en la comuna de Colchane, Iquique, en el norte de Chile, a través de un estudio comparativo con las formas verbales equivalentes del aymara de la Paz, Bolivia. Se demuestra que, contraria- mente a las poco significativas diferencias fonológicas detectadas en estudios previos, existen morfológicamente contrastes notables entre las dos variedades, atribuibles a la existencia en el aymara de Colchane de morfemas peculiares para la expresion de la acción continua y la negación en las formas verbales estudiadas. Palabras clave: lengua sintética, morfemas morfológicamente condicionados, elisión vocá- lica, morfemas de aspecto progresivo, morfemas de negación, verbalización de raíces nomi- nales Abstract Some high-frequency verbal forms of the aymara spoken in the county of Colchane, Iquique, in northern Chile, are axamined through a comparative study with the equi- valent verbal forms of the aymara of La Paz, Bolivia. It is shown that, unlike the minor phonological differences detected in previous studies, morphologically there are signi- *1 Recibido: marzo 2010. Aceptado: julio 2010. **2 Profesor de Lingüística, Universidad Arturo Prat y Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile. Correo electró- nico: [email protected] ***3 Profesor de Interculturalidad, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile. Correo electrónico: felino.garcia@mi- neduc.cl 166 Cuadernos Interculturales. Año 8, Nº 14. Primer Semestre 2010, pp. 165-184 ficant contrasts between the two varieties, which are to be attributed to the existence of peculiar morphemes in the aymara of Colchane for the expression of the progressive action and the negation of the verbal forms under study. Key words: synthetic language, morphologically conditioned morphemes, vowel elision, progressive aspect morpheme, negation morpheme, verbalization of nominal roots 1) Introducción Los trabajos fonológicos sobre el aymara hablado en el norte de Chile han señalado que éste no exhibe rasgos diferenciadores significativos con respecto al aymara de La Paz1. Clairis (1970) y Harmelink (1985), por ejemplo, son coincidentes en indicar las si- guientes como algunas de las escasas peculiaridades fonológicas locales: existencia de un fonema nasal velar en contextos restringidos (utaηa en vez de utaxa, “mi casa”); oclu- sivas sordas frecuentemente sonorizadas (alda en vez de alta, “compré”); tendencia a realizar con el alófono fricativo bilabial del fonema /b/ del español el fonema semicon- sonántico /w/ (βila, en vez de wila, “rojo”), tendencia a la debilitación de la articulación del sonido sordo, oclusivo, velar correspondiente al fonema /k/, que adquiere carácter fricativo (jumanaja en vez de jumanaka, “ellos” o “ellas”). Los resultados de estos trabajos han contribuido a crear la percepción generalizada de que esta ausencia de rasgos fo- nológicos diferenciadores es una característica que define al aymara del norte de Chile en general, incluida su estructura gramatical. El presente trabajo aborda el estudio del aymara del norte de Chile desde la perspectiva morfológica. Por ser directamente pertinente al tema, cabe señalar que las comunidades aymaras del norte de Chile no constituyen un grupo lingüísticamente 1 En este plano el aymara exhibe un sistema vocálico simple, consistente en tres fonemas: /i/ (vocal alta, anterior), /u/ (vocal alta, posterior) y /a/ (vocal baja, central), con variantes alofónicas represen- tadas principalmente por los alófonos [e] (vocal media, anterior) y [o] (vocal media, posterior) en contextos fonológicamente condicionados. Se agrega a esto la existencia de alargamiento vocá- lico con valor fonémico en contextos restringidos. El sistema consonántico es complejo, siendo el rasgo más característico la existencia de fonemas oclusivos y africados sordos que, además de sus formas simples, exhiben variantes fonémicas con articulaciones secundarias, tanto aspiradas como glotalizadas. Así, además de /p/ (oclusiva, bilabial, simple), existen los fonemas /ph/ (oclu- siva, bilabial, aspirada) y /p’/ (oclusiva, bilabial, glotalizada). Lo mismo ocurre con los fonemas /t/ (oclusiva, dental, simple), /k/ (oclusiva, velar, simple) y /q/ (oclusiva, postvelar, simple), que exhiben las contrapartes fonémicas aspiradas /th/, /kh/, /qh/ y glotalizadas /t’/, /k’/, /q’/, respectivamente. El fonema sordo africado, palatal, simple /ch/, por otra parte, exhibe las contrapartes fonémicas /chh/ (aspirada) y /ch’/ (glotalizada). Completan el inventario fonológico del aymara los fonemas frica- tivos /s/ (alveolar, sordo), /j/ (velar, sordo), /x/ (postvelar, sordo), los fonemas laterales /l/ (alveolar) y /ll/ (palatal), los fonemas nasales /m/ (bilabial), /n/ (alveolar) y /ñ/ (palatal), el fonema vibrante alveolar /r/ y las semiconsonantes /w/ (bilabial) e /y/ (palatal). Con la excepción de los fonemas aspirados, los símbolos utilizados para la representación de cada fonema corresponden al alfabeto fonémico del aymara que se adopta en Hardman et al. (1985). Cuadernos Interculturales. Año 8, Nº 14. Primer Semestre 2010, pp. 165-184 167 homogéneo. Ticona (2001) aporta datos que reflejan la existencia de diferencias léxicas y fonológicas entre el aymara hablado en la Provincia de Parinacota en Arica y el ha- blado en la Comuna de Colchane en Iquique, las cuales corresponderían a la división a nivel panandino propuesta por Briggs (1976) entre dialecto norteño, localizado en los Departamentos de Puno en Perú, La Paz en Bolivia y la Provincia de Parinacota en Chile, y el dialecto sureño, que agruparía a las comunidades aymaras del Departamento de Oruro en Bolivia y la Comuna de Colchane en la Provincia de Iquique en Chile. En un breve trabajo preliminar (Díaz, 1990), basado en el comportamiento lingüís- tico de un reducido número de aymara hablantes de la comuna de Colchane, Iquique, se hace por primera vez referencia explícita y fundada de la existencia de dos variables morfémicas en el aymara del norte de Chile: el morfema progresivo -ja y el morfema de negación -sa. Con posterioridad, se confrontó la data obtenida con las percepciones de un número sustancialmente mayor de hablantes, pudiéndose corroborar la existen- cia de estas peculiaridades morfológicas en los hablantes de Colchane, Iquique, no así en los hablantes de Parinacota, Arica, para quienes estas formas eran inexistentes y para la mayoría totalmente desconocidas2. El propósito de este trabajo es describir estas peculiaridades morfológicas a la luz del análisis de los morfemas equivalentes del aymara de La Paz. Se estructura este estudio de la siguiente manera. En la primera parte se proporciona una visión general de la morfología y la sintaxis de la lengua aymara, destacando la concordancia sujeto- verbo y la existencia de morfemas morfológicamente condicionados frente al fenó- meno de elisión vocálica al interior de la forma verbal. La segunda parte consiste en el análisis descriptivo de formas verbales simples del aymara de La Paz. Se examinan las formas del tiempo gramatical Presente/Pasado, las formas verbales que el aymara usa para la expresión de la acción continua y la estructura morfológica de los nominales verbalizados. Por ser pertinente al tema, se describen en detalle las formas afirmativas y negativas, a partir de la existencia de raíces y morfemas que ocupan una posición fija en la forma verbal, alterando la estructura de ésta según sus especificaciones relacionadas con la elisión vocálica. La tercera parte del trabajo es de corte estrictamente compara- tivo, y se focaliza en los contrastes existentes entre el aymara de La Paz y el aymara de Colchane, demostrando que lo que motiva estos contrastes es la existencia de morfe- mas peculiares a la variedad local de Colchane para la expresión de la acción continua y las formas negativas de las formas verbales estudiadas. En las conclusiones se presenta 2 Se trata de 30 alumnos bilingües (aymara-español) de la carrera de Educación General Básica Bi- lingüe Intercultural que, desde 1993 a 1997 impartió la Universidad Arturo Prat en Iquique, con el apoyo financiero de la Comunidad Económica Europea. Un grupo de los alumnos egresados del programa, mayoritariamente originarios de la Provincia de Colchane, realizó el seminario de tesis titulado “Descripción Lingüística del Aymara: una Aproximación a la Elaboración de Mate- riales Didácticos para la Enseñanza del Aymara en la Primera Región”, en el cual se documentan las variedades morfológicas que motivan este trabajo. Los alumnos participantes fueron Felino García Choque, Hugo Mamani Mamani, Teodoro
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