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The Silver Sunbeam

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The Silver Sunbeam iJj ii.r ir AC 3 7 f ; THE SILVER SUNBEAM: % Practical attir Ocorcfial &tzt-'§aak OS Sun Drawing and Photographic Printing: COMPREHENDING ALL THE WET AND DRY PROCESSES AT PRESENT KNOWN, WITH Collodion, Albumen, Gelatine, Wax, Resin, and Silver Heliographie Engraving, Photolithography, Photozincography, Ce- lestial Photography, Photography in Natural Colors, Tinting and Coloring of Photographs, Printing in Various Col- ors ; the Carbon Process, the Card-Picture, the Vignette, and Stereography. J". TOWLEE, M.D., PRF.NDEP.GAST PROFESSOR OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY ; COLLEGE PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, AND ACTING TROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES, IN HOBART COLLEGE ; PROFESSOR or CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY, AND DEAN OF THE FACDLTT IN GENEVA MEDICAL COLLEGE; AND EDITOR OF " HUMPHREY'S JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY." 1 And God said, Let there be light : and there was light/ SECOND THOUSAND. N E W-Y ORE: JOSEPH H. LADD, PUBLISHER, No. 60 WHITE STREET. 1864. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by JOSEPH IT. L-^TJD, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States fo>- t.lie Southern District of Xew-York. 1 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGB History of Photography, 9 CHAPTER II. Preliminary Observations, 21 List of Photographic Outfit, 25 CHAPTER III. Specialties in reference to the Articles in the preceding Chapter—the Glass- house, etc., 27 CHAPTER IV. Specialties continued—The Camera and the Lens, 34 To find the Principal Focus of a Lens, 36 To find the Equi-distant Conjugate Foci of a Lens, 36 To find the Comparative value of two Lenses or Combinations which produce the same sized image of an object at the same distance, 87 To find the magnifying power of a Lens or Combination, 37 To find the comparative magnifying power of Lenses or Combinations, 37 To find a Single Lens equivalent in power to a Compound Lens, 37 To ascertain whether a Combination is corrected for Spherical Observation, 37 To ascertain whether a Lens or Combination is corrected for Chromatic Observation, 35 How to buy a good Lens, 39 CHAPTER V. Specialties continued—The Camera, 42 CHAPTER YI. Specialties Continued, 46 Dark-Room, 4g Work-Room, 49 CHAPTER YIL Collodion, 51 Preparation of Pyroxyline, 52 Formula, No. 1, for the preparation of Pyroxyline, 53 ¥' Tinula, N'o. 2, for the preparation of Pyroxyline, 55 Formula, Xo. 3, for the preparation of Pyroxyline, 55 Formula, No. 4, for the preparation of Pyroxyline, 55 CHAPTER THI. Ether and Alcohol, 56 Ethy le Group, 56 Ether, 58 Alcohol, 59 Decomposition of Collodion, 61 Preparation of Glycyrrhizine, 63 Preparation of Nitro-glucose, 6i CHAPTER IX. Collodion Sensitizers—Iodides and Bromides, 65 CHAPTER X. Preparation of the Iodides, 69 Iodine, 69 Properties of Iodide, 711 Preparation of Hydriodic Acid 70 Iodide of Barium, 7 Iodide of Calcium, !....!'..'.".!!!! 72 Iodide of Lithium, 72 Iodide of Potassium 72 Iodide of Sodium and Iodide of Ammonium, 7:5 f Cadmium, 7:j Impurities of the Iodides, :..................... IS Tests of the purity of the Iodides, \ 74 IV CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. PAGE Bromine, 75 Preparation of Bromine, 75 Hydrobromic Acid, 76 Bromides, 76 Preparation of the Chlorides, 76 Preparation of Chlorine, 77 Properties of Chlorine, 77 Chloride of Lime—Chlorinetted Lime, etc., 78 CHAPTER XII. Normal or Plain Collodion, Iodized Collodion, Bromo-iodized Collodion, 79 Bromo-iodizing Solutions, , 80 Formula of Lieut.-Col. Stuart Wortley, 80 Ommeganck's Formula for Portraits and Landscapes, 81 Formulas of Disderi, 81 Formula for copying Collodion, 83 CHAPTER XIII. Silver—Salts of Silver, 84 Properties of the Nitrate of Silver, 88 Photographic properties of the Nitrate of Silver, 88 Preparation of the other Salts of Silver, 90 Hyposulphite of Silver, "0 Iodides of Silver, 90 Iodide of Silver for the Silver Bath, 90 Bromide of Silver, 91 ( Ihloride of Silver, 92 Photographic properties of the Chloride of Silver, 93 Other uses of the Chloride of Silver, 93 CHAPTER XIV. Reducing Agents—Developers, 94 Iron Developers, 97 Nitrate of the Protoxide of Iron, 97 Sulphate of the Protoxide of Iron, 97 Double Sulphate of Iron and Ammonia, 98 Sulphide of Iron, 98 Tannic Acid—Gallic Acid—Pyrogallic Acid, £, 98 Preparation of Tannic Acid, .' 99 Preparation of Gallic Acid, 100 Preparation of Pyrogallic Acid, 101 Acids in Developing Solutions, 102 Acetic Acid, 108 Formic Acid, 104 Photographic uses of Formic Acid, 105 Citric Acid : 105 Citrate of Soda 106 Photographic uses of Citric Acid, r 106 Tartaric Acid, 107 Preparation of Tartaric Acid, 107 CHAPTER XV. The Nitrate of Silver Bath, ., 109 Preparation of the Sensitizing Solution, 110 Formula, No. 1 , 110 Formula, No. 2, Ill Formula, No. 3, Ill CHAPTER XVI. The Developing Solutions, 114 Sulphate of Iron Developer, Formula No. 1, for Ambrotypes and Melainotypes, 114 Formula, No. 2, for Negatives, 115 Formula, No. 3, for Negatives, 115 Formula, No. 4, for Negatives, 115 Disderl's Developer, 115 Lieut.-Col. Stuart Wortley's Developer, 116 Meynier's Developer, 116 Hocking's Developer, 116 V/aldack's i'ormulas, 11C CHAPTER XVII. Fixing Solutions, 118 Cyanogen, 113 CONTEXTS. V PAGE Preparation of Cyanogen, 113 Hydrocyanic Acid—Prussic Acid, 119 Cyanide of Potassium, 1 10 Sulphocyanide of Potassium, 120 Sulphocyanide of Ammonium, 120 Hydrosulphocyanic Acid, 120 Hyposulphite of Soda, 120 Formulas for fixing Solutions, 121 Formula, No. 1, with Cyanide of Potassium, 121 Formula, No. 2, with Hyposulphite of Soda, 121 Formula, No. 3, with Sulphucyanide of Ammonium, 1-1 CHAPTER XVIII. IXTENSIFIERS, 122 Preparation of Bichloride of Mercury—Corrosive Sublimate, 125 Preparation of Sulphide of Potassium—Hepar Sulphuret, 125 Preparation of Sulphide of Ammonium, 125 CHAPTER XIX. Wet Collodios Process, 127 Collodion Positives—The Jlelainotype—the Ambrotype, 127 Ambrotype, 128 Fir?t Subdivision—Preparing the Glass, 128 Second Subdivision—Coating the Glass with Collodion, 129 Third Subdivision—Sensitizing the Collodion Film, 130 Fourth Subdivision—Exposing the Plate in the Camera, 131 Fifth Subdivision—Developing the Picture, 131 Formula for Developers, Sixth Subdivision—Fixing the Image, 133 Remedy for Fogginess, 133 Seventh Operation—Drying the Plate, 135 Formula for subdued Contrasts, 13o' Eighth Operation— Coloring the Picture, 136 Ninth Operation—Varnishing the Image, 136 Varnishes, 137 Tenth Operation—Background for Collodion Positives, 138 Black Varnishes, 13S CHAPTER XX. Alabastrine Positives, 1-10 Alabastrine Solution, , 140 CHAPTER XXI. Melainotype—Ferrotype, 142 Operation, 142 CHAPTER XXII. Collodion Negatives, 144 Negative Developers 145 Formula, No. 1, Iron Developer 145 Formula, No. 2, Pyrogallic Acid Developer, 14<> Fixing Solutions for Negatives, 147 Formula, No. 1 —Hyposulphite of Soda, 147 Formula, No. 2—Cyanide of Potassium, 147 Intensifying or Re-developing Process, 147 Formula, No. 1 —Depositing Fluid 147 Formula, No. 2—Stock Bottle of do., 147 Depositing Operation, 117 Intensifying Operation, 147 Formula, No. 1 —Nitrate of Silver, 147 Formula, No. 2 Pyrogallic Acid, (Stock,) 14s — " Formula, No. 3— " ll> Varnish—Formula for do., 140 CHAPTER XXIII. Transfer Process of Collodion Positives on Japanned Leather, Linen, Paper, etc. 150 '. Black Japan, 1 50 Transfer Paper, 101 CHAPTER XXIV. Coixodioh Positives on Glass by transmitted Light—Transparent Positives, 153 CHAPTER XXV. Enlargement of Negatives by the Ordinary Camera, 157 Rejectors used as Condensers of Light, 158 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVI. pagb Transparent Positives by Contact by the Wet Process, 159 CHAPTER XXVII. Collodion Negatives or Positives copied from Collodion or Paper Positives,... 160 CHAPTER XXVIII. Stereographic Negatives and Landscape Photography, 164 Instantaneous Stereographs, 166 Instantaneous Process of Lieut.-Col. Stuart Wortley, 167 Valentine Blanchard'a Bromo-iodized Collodion, 168 Hockins's Iodized Collodion, 169 Claudet's Developer, 169 Instantaneous Shutters, 169 CHAPTER XXIX. Negatives on Paper, 171 The Talbotype or Calotype Process, . 171 To Sensitize Calotype Paper, 171 Fixing of the Negative,. 172 Wax-Paper Process of Legray 173 Geoffray's Process with Cerolein for taking Paper Negatives, 178 Turpentine and Wax Process of Tillard, 1,9 Wet Paper Negative Process of Humbert de Molard, 1 80 Improved Calotype Process by Pilchard, ISO CHAPTER XXX. Printing on Plain Paper, on Albumenized Paper, on Arrow-Root Paper, 182 Description of the Materials used in Positive Printing, 183 Albumen, 184 Gelatine, 185 Amylaceous or Non-Azotized Substances, 186 Starch 1S6 Gam-Arabic 187 Chloride of Gold, '. 187 Nitrate of Uranium, 1S9 Acetate of Soda, Citrate of Soda, Phosphate of Soda, 190 Carbonate of Soda, 190 Carbonate of Lime, 190 CHAPTER XXXI. Manipulation of Positive Printing, 192 Preparation of Salted Paper 192 Preparation of the Albumenized Paper, 1 94 Preparation of Arrow-Root Paper, 195 Formula for Salting Solution 195 Sensitizing Bath, 196 Formula for the Plain Silver Solution, 196 Formula for the Ammonio-nitrate of Silver Solution, 197 Fuminatiug Process, 19S CHAPTER XXXII. The Printing of Sensitized Paper, 200 Toning of the Prints, 201 Formulas for Toning Solutions, 202 Fixing Solution 203 Self-acting Photographic Washing-Machine, 205 Mounting of Photographs, 205 AVhat to do with the Clippings, 207 Mounting Stereographs,. 207 CHAPTER XXXIII. Bertrand's New Process for Positive Printing, 209 Glover's Resinized Printing Process, 210 CHAPTER XXXIV. Printing by Development, 212 Second Method of Printing by Development, with a Chlobide and a Bromide,.. 213 Third Method of Printing by Development,
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