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How Do Midwives Facilitate Women to Give Birth During Physiological Second Stage of Labour? a Systematic Review

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How Do Midwives Facilitate Women to Give Birth During Physiological Second Stage of Labour? a Systematic Review How do midwives facilitate women to give birth during physiological second stage of labour? A systematic review Healy, M., Nyman, V., Spence, D., Otten, R. H. J., & Verhoeven, C. (2020). How do midwives facilitate women to give birth during physiological second stage of labour? A systematic review. PLoS One, 15(7), [e0226502]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226502 Published in: PLoS One Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2020 The Authors. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:28. Sep. 2021 PLOS ONE RESEARCH ARTICLE How do midwives facilitate women to give birth during physiological second stage of labour? A systematic review 1 2,3 1 4 Maria HealyID *, Viola Nyman , Dale Spence , Rene H. J. OttenID , Corine J. Verhoeven5,6,7 1 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Research and Development, NU-Hospital Group, Trollhattan, Sweden, 3 Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 4 University Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 5 Department of Midwifery Science, AVAG, Amsterdam Public Health a1111111111 Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 6 Department of a1111111111 Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands, 7 Division of Midwifery, a1111111111 School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Both nationally and internationally, midwives' practices during the second stage of labour Citation: Healy M, Nyman V, Spence D, Otten RHJ, vary. A midwife's practice can be influenced by education and cultural practices but ulti- Verhoeven CJ (2020) How do midwives facilitate mately it should be informed by up-to-date scientific evidence. We conducted a systematic women to give birth during physiological second review of the literature to retrieve evidence that supports high quality intrapartum care during stage of labour? A systematic review. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0226502. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. the second stage of labour. A systematic literature search was performed to September pone.0226502 2019 in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Bibliographic databases Editor: Christine E East, La Trobe University, searched included: PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Liter- AUSTRALIA ature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Maternity and Infant Care Database and The Cochrane Library, Received: July 4, 2019 resulting in 6,382 references to be screened after duplicates were removed. Articles were then assessed for quality by two independent researchers and data extracted. 17 studies Accepted: November 19, 2019 focusing on midwives' practices during physiological second stage of labour were included. Published: July 28, 2020 Two studies surveyed midwives regarding their practice and one study utilising focus groups Peer Review History: PLOS recognizes the explored how midwives facilitate women's birthing positions, while another focus group benefits of transparency in the peer review study explored expert midwives' views of their practice of preserving an intact perineum dur- process; therefore, we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author ing physiological birth. The remainder of the included studies were primarily intervention responses alongside final, published articles. The studies, highlighting aspects of midwifery practice during the second stage of labour. The editorial history of this article is available here: empirical findings were synthesised into four main themes namely: birthing positions, non- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226502 pharmacological pain relief, pushing techniques and optimising perineal outcomes; the Copyright: © 2020 Healy et al. This is an open results were outlined and discussed. By implementing this evidence midwives may enable access article distributed under the terms of the women during the second stage of labour to optimise physiological processes to give birth. Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and There is, however, a dearth of evidence relating to midwives' practice, which provides a pos- reproduction in any medium, provided the original itive experience for women during the second stage of labour. Perhaps this is because not author and source are credited. all midwives' practices during the second stage of labour are researched and documented. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are This systematic review provides a valuable insight of the empirical evidence relating to mid- within the paper and its Supporting Information wifery practice during the physiological second stage of labour, which can also inform files. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226502 July 28, 2020 1 / 19 PLOS ONE How midwives facilitate women to give birth during physiological second stage of labour? Funding: This article is based upon work funded by education and future research. The majority of the authors were members of the EU COST the COST Action IS1405 BIRTH: "Building Action IS1405: Building Intrapartum Research Through Health (BIRTH). The study protocol Intrapartum Research Through Health - An interdisciplinary whole system approach to is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; understanding and contextualising physiological Registration CRD42018088300) and is published (Verhoeven, Spence, Nyman, Otten, labour and birth" (http://www.cost.eu/COST_ Healy, 2019). Actions/isch/IS1405), supported by EU COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). Furthermore, the School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, funded access to Covidence, the web-based systematic review software package recommended by Cochrane. The funders had no role in study design, Introduction data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or Childbirth is a significant and memorable life event for a woman and her family. Women's preparation of the manuscript. experiences of birth have both short and long-term effects on their health and wellbeing for Competing interests: The authors have declared both themselves and their infants [1±6]. As stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that no competing interests exist. in 2018, the primary outcome for all pregnant women is to have a `positive childbirth experi- Abbreviations: CERQual, Confidence in the ence’. This includes giving birth to a healthy baby in a conducive, safe environment with conti- Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research; nuity of care provided by kind, competent maternity care professionals [7]. In addition, the GRADE, Grading of Recommendations WHO has highlighted that most women value a physiological labour and birth. Experiencing Assessment, Development and Evaluation; PEO, physiological childbirth also has a long-term impact: `The health and well-being of a mother Population, Exposure, Outcomes; PICO, Patient or ' [8]. Fur- Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome; and child at birth largely determines the future health and wellness of the entire family PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic thermore, childbirth has physical effects on women and their future pregnancies. Although Reviews and Meta-Analysis; PROSPERO, cesarean delivery is associated with a reduced rate of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ International Prospective Register of Systematic prolapse, it is also associated with increased risks for fertility, future pregnancy, and long-term Reviews; WHO, World Health Organization. childhood outcomes such as increased odds of asthma and obesity [9]. Normal physiological birth was defined by the WHO as `spontaneous in onset, low-risk at the start of labour and remaining so throughout labour and delivery. The infant is born sponta- neously in the vertex position between 37 and 42 completed weeks of pregnancy. After birth mother and infant are in good condition’ [10]. Labour can be divided into three stages: the first, second and third stage of labour. The first stage of labour is defined as the time period charac- terised by regular painful uterine contractions until full dilatation of the cervix and the second stage of labour as the time period between full dilatation of the cervix and the birth of the baby, whilst the woman is
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