Fractures in Welded Tuff
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Faults and Joints
133 JOINTS Joints (also termed extensional fractures) are planes of separation on which no or undetectable shear displacement has taken place. The two walls of the resulting tiny opening typically remain in tight (matching) contact. Joints may result from regional tectonics (i.e. the compressive stresses in front of a mountain belt), folding (due to curvature of bedding), faulting, or internal stress release during uplift or cooling. They often form under high fluid pressure (i.e. low effective stress), perpendicular to the smallest principal stress. The aperture of a joint is the space between its two walls measured perpendicularly to the mean plane. Apertures can be open (resulting in permeability enhancement) or occluded by mineral cement (resulting in permeability reduction). A joint with a large aperture (> few mm) is a fissure. The mechanical layer thickness of the deforming rock controls joint growth. If present in sufficient number, open joints may provide adequate porosity and permeability such that an otherwise impermeable rock may become a productive fractured reservoir. In quarrying, the largest block size depends on joint frequency; abundant fractures are desirable for quarrying crushed rock and gravel. Joint sets and systems Joints are ubiquitous features of rock exposures and often form families of straight to curviplanar fractures typically perpendicular to the layer boundaries in sedimentary rocks. A set is a group of joints with similar orientation and morphology. Several sets usually occur at the same place with no apparent interaction, giving exposures a blocky or fragmented appearance. Two or more sets of joints present together in an exposure compose a joint system. -
Get Ready for Passport III
PEEC hosted a beginner backpacking trip in early October with the Los Alamos Mountaineers. We hope to do more in 2019! Photo by Jean Dewart VOLUME 19, NUMBER 1, WINTER 2019 PAJARITO ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CENTER, LOS ALAMOS, NM Get Ready for Passport III By Beth Cortright, Adventure Programs Manager You asked for it — and now, thanks to some generous donors, it’s happening! The third Passport to the Pajarito Plateau will debut at PEEC’s annual Earth Day Festival on Saturday, April 27, 2019. This next passport features sixteen new and exciting hiking adventures in a fun booklet. A few changes are in store for this passport. The biggest change is with the prizes. This time, you’ll need to complete more hikes before you can get your first prize. Passport III will also feature more moderate to difficult hikes than the last two editions. Passport finishers will still get a custom patch, specially designed to commemorate their significant accomplishment. We are thrilled to bring the community Passport III at our Finishers will also receive a custom sticker. Earth Day Festival in 2019! Get ready to continue exploring the incredible outdoors of the Pajarito Plateau. Another change is that we’re branching out to include more backcountry locations in Bandelier and a here’s how it works: pick up a passport and crayon wonderful spot along the East Fork of the Jemez River. at the nature center, then get out on the trails. You’re We can’t wait to hear what new places you discover looking for a small, square plaque (each trail has a while hiking these trails. -
Virgin Islands National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Virgin Islands National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/226 THIS PAGE: Underwater ecosystems including coral reefs are a primary natural resource at Virgin Islands National Park. National Park Service photograph. ON THE COVER: This view of Trunk Bay shows the steep slopes characteristic of Virgin Islands Na- tional Park. National Park Service photo- graph courtesy Rafe Boulon (Virgin Islands National Park). Virgin Islands National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2010/226 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 July 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. -
University Ox Nevada Reno Geology, Geotechnical Properties And
University ox Nevada - Reno Reno Reno, Key; ;v5 57 geology, Geotechnical Properties and Vesicular Rock Classification of 1onsetown Basalts and Latites, Truckee Area, California A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ox the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geological Engineering far L J Joseph G. Franzone May 1980 HftWttiS U M A I 'f fj'h.i s thesis of Joseph 0. Iran zone is approved: University of Revada. Reno May 19B0 ii ACKNOW LEBGEMENT 3 I am indebted to several people for the assistance and encouragement they gave me dui’ing the preparation of this thesis. Professional advisement of the project and critical reviewing of the manuscript were provided by Sr. Robert J. Watters, Dr. Joseph Lints, Jr. and Dr. Y. S. Kim. Dr. Y. S. Kira graciously made the Rock Mechanics Laboratory and testing equipment available. Dr. Robert J. Watters also allowed unlimited freedom to the Geological Engineering Laboratory equipment and also, along with Dr. Joseph Lintz, Jr., provided invaluable guidance throughout the thesis preparation. Appreciation for help in de-bugging the laboratory equipment goes to my colleague, Ken Krank. Finally, and most importantly, I am indebted to my parents who, whenever I needed them, were always present and supportive. ABSTRACT Geology, physical and engineering properties of the rock units of the lousetown Basalts and Latites in the Trucked Area, California were determined by field and laboratory testing and field ODservations. Of the 16 properties that were calculated for massive samples, 8 were shown to be capable of preuicting i^-e compressive strength and 10 were shown to be capable of predicting the Elastic Modulus. -
Columnar Joints
Columnar Joints The formation of regular shapes by natural processes makes some of the world's most intriguing wonders. The presence of long, mostly six-sided columns (called columnar joints) in cooled lavas is one of those wonders. No one who has seen the awesome grooved structure in Devil's Tower in Wyoming or the Devil's Post Pile in California, can forgot this feature. What about a cooling mass of magma could cause such symmetrical columnar joints? A similar phenomenon can be seen when a mud puddle dries. As it loses water, the mud cracks in symmetric shapes, forming mud polygons. This is because the lose of water causes the mud to shrink. That contraction is relieved by breaking as the dry mud becomes brittle. When things contract like this, they naturally seek the most stable position, For mud, that is a system of natural polygons, separated by vertical cracks. Basalt and other lavas behave similarly. As lava cools, it doesn't dry out like mud, but it does shrink. As it becomes cold and brittle, the lava contracts and relieves the stress by cracking. The cracking produces a polygonal pattern that extends through the lava flow. As weathering cuts into lava, the rock breaks along the joints, exposing this geometric regularity. Although many of the polygons are six- sided, four, five, seven or eight sides columns are also relatively common. The degree and perfection to which this is developed depends on the thickness and composition of the lava and how fast it cools. The long sides of the column form parallel to the direction of heat loss as the lava cools. -
Iceland and the People There, in Particular Ditta, Helga and the Landmannalaugar Crew for Looking After Me and Taking Us in During a Storm and Feeding Us Cake
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Cooling Fractures in Lavas: Mechanisms and Environments of Formation Thesis How to cite: Forbes, Anne (2013). Cooling Fractures in Lavas: Mechanisms and Environments of Formation. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2013 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f113 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk U N P>€ ST Rl CT&D Cooling fractures in lavas: mechanisms and environments of formation A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Earth Sciences By Anne Forbes BA, MSci (Cantab) Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University December 2012 D ate ol- (S'abr^A'Ssvon; 21 [)2(£n\b£f 2d Date oj l\warcte 3l Jutej 2.o# ProQuest Number: 13835945 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13835945 Published by ProQuest LLC(2019). -
New Mexico's Right to Know: the Potential for Groundwater
New Mexico’s Right to Know: The Potential for Groundwater Contaminants from Los Alamos National Laboratory to Reach the Rio Grande George Rice Prepared for Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety Second Technical Report July 2004 On the Cover: Canyons traversing the Pajarito Plateau at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Adapted from: Purtymun, W.D., 1995, Geologic and Hydrologic Records of Observation Wells, Test Holes, Test Wells, Supply Wells, Springs, and Surface Water Stations in the Los Alamos Area, LA-12883-MS, UC-903 and UC-940, January 1995. Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety 107 Cienega Santa Fe, NM 87501 Phone: (505) 986-1973 Fax: (505) 986-0997 www.nuclearactive.org Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety is a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization that was founded in 1988 because of concerns about nuclear waste transportation through New Mexico. CCNS remains true to its mission: to protect all living beings and the environment from the effects of radioactive and other highly hazardous materials now and in the future. This project was supported by a grant from the Citizens’ Monitoring and Technical Assessment Fund. New Mexico’s Right to Know: The Potential for Groundwater Contaminants from LANL to Reach the Rio Grande Executive Summary Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was established in 1943. It is located on the Pajarito Plateau in north central New Mexico, approximately 40 miles northwest of Santa Fe. The Pajarito Plateau consists of a series of east-west oriented canyons and mesas. It is bounded on the west by the Jemez Mountains and on the east by the Rio Grande. -
INTRODUCTION by HUDSON, Mark R.……………………………………………………………….5
Geologic and Hydrogeologic Framework of the Española Basin - Proceedings of the 4th Annual Española Basin Workshop, Santa Fe, New Mexico, March 1-3, 2005 Kevin C. McKinney, editor Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Open-File Report 2005-1130 U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Geological Survey INTRODUCTION by HUDSON, Mark R.……………………………………………………………….5 BASIC WATER DATA AN UPDATE ON THE SURFICIAL WATER RESOURCES IN THE LOS ALAMOS AREA, NEW MEXICO by DALE, Michael, GRANZOW, Kim, ENGLERT, Dave, YANICAK, Steve, FORD- SCHMID, Ralph, LONGMIRE, Patrick, and COUNCE, Dale…………………………………………….6 HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDY OF EL DORADO UTILITIES LIMESTONE PRODUCTION WELLS, CANADA DE LOS ALAMOS GRANT, SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO by FROST Jack P., JOHNSON Michael S., and DUNCAN Don…………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 AN UPDATE OF HYDROGEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTHERN ESPAÑOLA BASIN by JOHNSON, Peggy S. and KONING, Daniel J……………………………………………………….…8 WATER QUALITY AND WATER CHEMISTRY OCCURRENCE OF ELEVATED ARSENIC AND FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ESPAÑOLA BASIN by FINCH, Steven T. ….……………………………………………………….....11 CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER AND BRYOPHYTES FOUND IN FOUR SPRINGS LOCATED ALONG THE UPPER RIO GRANDE, NEW MEXICO by FORD-SCHMID, Ralph, DALE, Michael, ENGLERT, Dave, and GRANZOW, Kim……………………………………...12 NATURAL URANIUM IN GROUND WATER IN THE ESPANOLA BASIN by MCQUILLAN, Dennis, LONGMIRE, Patrick, JOHNSON, Peggy, KULIS, Jerzy, MARTINEZ, -
Geologic Map of the Guaje Mountain Quadrangle, Los Alamos And
Geology of the Guaje Mountain 7.5-minute quadrangle, Los Alamos and Sandoval Counties, New Mexico Kirt Kempter1, Shari Kelley2, Jamie Gardner3, Steve Reneau3, David Broxton3, Fraser Goff3, Alexis Lavine3, Claudia Lewis3 1. 2623 Via Caballero del Norte, Santa Fe, NM, 87505 2. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM 87801 3. Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resource, Open-file Geologic Map OF-GM 55 May, 2002 Updated September, 2004 and June, 2007 Location The Guaje Mountain quadrangle straddles the boundary between the eastern Jemez Mountains and the Pajarito Plateau. East-dipping mesas and east to southeasterly- trending steep-sided canyons characterize the Pajarito Plateau. The Jemez Mountains are predominantly formed by the 18.7 Ma to ~50 ka Jemez volcanic field. Volcanic activity in the Jemez Mountains culminated with the formation of two geographically coincident calderas, the 1.61 Ma Toledo caldera and 1.25 Ma Valles caldera, both of which lie to the west of the quadrangle. This area is in the western part of the Española Basin, one of several basins in the northerly-trending Rio Grande rift; the western margin of the Española Basin is under the western part of the volcanic pile. The town of Los Alamos occupies the southern fourth of the area. The main facilities associated with Los Alamos National Laboratory are located along the southern edge of the quadrangle. The Santa Clara Indian Reservation lies in the northern fourth of the quadrangle. -
Columnar Jointing on Mars: Earth Analog Studies M
43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2012) 2726.pdf Columnar Jointing on Mars: Earth Analog Studies M. P. Milazzo?, D. K. Weiss, B. Jackson, J. Barnes, ?U.S. Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Flagstaff, AZ, 86001 ([email protected]) Introduction The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) discovered multi-tiered columnar jointing on Mars [1] (Fig. 1). Since the initial discovery image, more columns, some with entablature, have been observed at multiple sites [2] on Mars. Nearly all of these sites oc- cur in the uplifted walls of impact craters in regions with histories of flood volcanism. The local geologic history leads to the suggestion that these are columnar basalts [1]. Extension of the modeling of terrestrial colum- nar lavas by [3] and [4] to the martian columnar joints and entablature discussed in [1] (and seen in observation PSP 006985 2020; Fig. 1) suggests that the lavas cooled, in the presence of water, over a period of approximately 2 to 14 years, depending on the details of joint formation. Figure 1: Columns seen in the wall of the impact crater at the discovery site, in Marte Vallis between Elysium and Role of Water in the Formation of Terres- Amazonis plana. Observation ID: PSP 006985 2020 trial Columnar Lavas [3] and [4] found that in terrestrial columnar lavas a ma- jor factor controlling the width of columns (entablature 40.0 or colonnade) is the cooling rate of the layer of plas- 35.0 tic lava just beneath (for a horizontally-oriented cooling front) the solidified lava. -
Field-Trip Guide to the Vents, Dikes, Stratigraphy, and Structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington
Field-Trip Guide to the Vents, Dikes, Stratigraphy, and Structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5022–N U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Palouse Falls, Washington. The Palouse River originates in Idaho and flows westward before it enters the Snake River near Lyons Ferry, Washington. About 10 kilometers north of this confluence, the river has eroded through the Wanapum Basalt and upper portion of the Grande Ronde Basalt to produce Palouse Falls, where the river drops 60 meters (198 feet) into the plunge pool below. The river’s course was created during the cataclysmic Missoula floods of the Pleistocene as ice dams along the Clark Fork River in Idaho periodically broke and reformed. These events released water from Glacial Lake Missoula, with the resulting floods into Washington creating the Channeled Scablands and Glacial Lake Lewis. Palouse Falls was created by headward erosion of these floodwaters as they spilled over the basalt into the Snake River. After the last of the floodwaters receded, the Palouse River began to follow the scabland channel it resides in today. Photograph by Stephen P. Reidel. Field-Trip Guide to the Vents, Dikes, Stratigraphy, and Structure of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Eastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington By Victor E. Camp, Stephen P. Reidel, Martin E. Ross, Richard J. Brown, and Stephen Self Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5022–N U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. -
An Overview of the Valles Caldera National Preserve: the Natural and Cultural Resources Robert R
New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/58 An overview of the Valles Caldera National Preserve: The natural and cultural resources Robert R. Parmentier, Anastasia Steffen, and Craig D. Allen, 2007, pp. 147-154 in: Geology of the Jemez Region II, Kues, Barry S., Kelley, Shari A., Lueth, Virgil W.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 58th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 499 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2007 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks.