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Les Perturbations Environnementales Au Cours Du Toarcien Inférieur

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Les Perturbations Environnementales Au Cours Du Toarcien Inférieur Les perturbations environnementales au cours du Toarcien inférieur. Apport de l’étude sédimentologique et géochimique de séries boréales et Ouest-Téthysiennes. Michaël Hermoso To cite this version: Michaël Hermoso. Les perturbations environnementales au cours du Toarcien inférieur. Apport de l’étude sédimentologique et géochimique de séries boréales et Ouest-Téthysiennes.. Géochimie. Uni- versité Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 2007. Français. tel-01476891 HAL Id: tel-01476891 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01476891 Submitted on 26 Feb 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE – PARIS 6 U.F.R. 928 "Sciences de la Terre" ÉCOLE DOCTORALE "Géosciences et Ressources Naturelles – Paris" J.E. 2477 – LABORATOIRE "Biominéralisations et Paléoenvironnements" THÈSE DE DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Spécialité Sédimentologie & Géochimie sédimentaire Présentée par Monsieur MICHAËL HERMOSO Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l'UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Sujet de la thèse: Les perturbations environnementales au cours du Toarcien inférieur. Apport de l'étude sédimentologique et géochimique de séries boréales et Ouest-Téthysiennes soutenue le 12 juillet 2007 devant le jury composé de : M. Maurice RENARD, Prof. Université Paris 6 Directeur de thèse Mme Laurence LE CALLONNEC, MCF Université Paris 6 Co-directrice M. Hugh JENKYNS, Senior lecturer University of Oxford Rapporteur Mme Emanuela MATTIOLI, MCF Université Lyon 1 Rapporteur M. François BAUDIN, Prof. Université Paris 6 Examinateur M. Anthony COHEN, Prof. The Open University London Examinateur M. Adolphe MULLER, Prof. RWTH Aachen Invité RÉSUMÉ : Le Jurassique inférieur est une période marquée par la dislocation du continent unique à laquelle est associée une période de volcanisme intense. L'élévation du niveau marin (transgression liasique) et les fortes pressions partielles en CO2 dans l'atmosphère induisent un contexte de forte productivité primaire et des conditions environnementales favorables à la préservation de la matière organique. Le Toarcien inférieur est ainsi associé à un événement anoxique océanique (OAE) qui se traduit par un point haut sur la courbe à long terme du rapport isotopique du carbone (δ13C). Toutefois, durant cette période, la dérive positive du δ13C est brutalement interrompue par une excursion négative généralisée et de forte amplitude. Actuellement, deux théories s'opposent pour tenter d'expliquer cet accident géochimique. La première fait intervenir des mécanismes locaux de dégradation de la matière organique dans la colonne 13 d'eau qui libérerait une masse importante de CO2 à très faible δ C, CO2 qui est ensuite recyclé dans les carbonates et la matière organique phytoplanctonique marine. La seconde hypothèse fait intervenir un phénomène généralisé (enregistrement mondial) dont l'origine serait la libération massive de carbone isotopiquement allégé au cours d'un épisode de déstabilisation d'hydrates de gaz. L'objectif de ce travail est d'apporter de nouveaux éléments sur l'interprétation de cette perturbation isotopique du cycle du carbone et des événements associés à l'échelle du Bassin de Paris et de bassins Ouest-téthysiens. Pour cela, nous avons étudié des sites de contextes sédimentologiques et environnementaux différents depuis des coupes septentrionales où l'anoxie se marque nettement dans la sédimentation jusqu'à des coupes d'Europe méridionale, plus ouvertes vers l'Océan téthysien où l'impact de l'OAE paraît plus discret sur la sédimentation. Nous mettons en évidence un événement unique, synchrone. Malgré des difficultés liées à la corrélation des échelles biostratigraphiques, ces événements s'enregistrent bien au sommet de la biozone à Tenuicostatum – base Falciferum correspondant à la nannozone à C. superbus. L'amplitude de l'accident du δ13C est bien plus forte au Nord (-6‰) qu'au Sud (-3,5‰) de l'Europe. Cette différence semble parallèle à celle de la répartition des teneurs en matière organique. Le lien de cet événement isotopique avec la mise en place des conditions anoxiques semble également dépendre d'une logique paléolatitudinale puisque dans les sites boréaux, l'anoxie définie par des critères sédimentologiques (lamination du sédiment, teneurs en pyrite et en matière organique) et géochimiques (évolution des teneurs en manganèse) précède l'accident isotopique alors que l'inverse s'observe plus au Sud. Nos données indiquent que les séries épicontinentales du Bassin de Paris ont enregistré un flux primaire de carbone isotopiquement négatif qui a affecté de façon homogène toute la colonne d'eau, excluant une origine diagénétique à cet événement. L'enregistrement à haute-résolution permet de mettre en évidence quatre paliers successifs de décroissance du rapport isotopique du carbone comme cela avait été montré pour l'enregistrement isotopique de la matière organique. Nous excluons la co-occurrence de phénomènes liés au recyclage de la matière organique tels qu'expliqués par les modèle de Broecker et de Küspert, puisqu'aucun argument de géochimie organique et moléculaire ne plaide pour des processus de recyclage plus important de la matière organique au cours de cet intervalle. Au contraire, une stratification haline de la colonne d'eau semble se mettre en place à ce niveau. Elle serait due à l'augmentation des apports d'eau douce sur la surface épicontinentale NW européenne. Nos données intégrées à celles de la bibliographie nous conduisent à soutenir un processus de libération de méthane dans l'atmosphère lié à une déstabilisation d'hydrates de gaz, éventuellement renforcée par la méthanogenèse de charbon par intrusion doléritique dans les gisements du Sud du Gondwana. Ces perturbations du cycle du carbone et du rapport isotopique de cet élément dans les différents réservoirs (OAE et accident du δ13C) interviennent dans un cadre de grands bouleversements environnementaux qui semblent liés à un à-coup généralisé de l'activité géodynamique (ouverture océanique, volcanisme du Karoo - Ferrar, structuration de la Téthys occidentale, …). Il est difficile d'établir des liens de causalité entre ces événements, faute d'une chronologie suffisamment précise, mais on peut toutefois envisager une déstabilisation d'origine sismo-tectonique des hydrates de gaz dont la localisation du stockage reste inconnue. Les mécanismes de stockage des hydrates de gaz dans le contexte océanique particulier du Toarcien restent à comprendre. ABSTRACT : The Early Jurassic is a period marked by the dislocation of the Pangaea which is associated to a high volcanic activity. At this time, the sea-level rise and high pCO2 in the atmosphere are responsible for a high primary productivity context and the onset of favourable conditions for the preservation of organic matter. The Early Toarcian records an Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) and then corresponds to a high point of the long-term curve of the carbon-isotopes ratio (δ13C). However, this positive evolution of the δ13C is interrupted by a sharp, generalized and pronounced negative excursion. Two theories are currently opposed to explain this geochemical event. The first one refers to local mechanisms and consists in a light carbon-isotopes flux derived from organic matter 12 recycling within the water column. The produced CO2 mass is then reincorporated into the carbonate and the phytoplanktonic organic matter. The second hypothesis involves a global event linked to a dissociation of gas hydrates inducing a massive flux of isotopically-light carbon. The aim of this work is to try to settle about the interpretation of this perturbation of the carbon-isotopes cycle and others associated events recorded in the Paris Basin and the Westernmost Tethyan realm. We studied sites from various sedimentological and environmental contexts from Northern sections where the anoxia is strongly marked by the sedimentation down to the Southerner Europe with more open conditions and with lowered record in the sedimentation. Our data support a single and synchronous event. Despite discrepancies of the biostratigraphic frameworks, this event is recorded at the top of the tenuicostatum and the base of the falciferum Zones also corresponding to the C. superbus nannoZone (NJ 6). The amplitude of the C-isotopes negative shift is higher in the North (-6‰) than in the South (-3,5‰). This difference seems to be parallel with the distribution of organic matter contents across the European realm. The link of the isotopic event with the onset of the anoxia also depends on this palaeolatitudinal logic because for boreal sites, the anoxia (defined by the lamination of the sediment, the contents of pyrite, organic matter and manganese of carbonates) precedes the δ13C negative event whereas the opposite is observed for southern sites. Our dataset bring evidence that the epicontinental sediments of the Paris Basin have recorded a primary 12C flux which had homogeneously affected the entire water column. That allows to exclude a diagenetic origin for this event. The high-resolution enable to highlight
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