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Effect of Replacement of Soybean Meal with Toasted Pigeon

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Effect of Replacement of Soybean Meal with Toasted Pigeon Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Article Effect of Replacement of Soybean Meal with Toasted Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Seed Meal on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens 1 2 YONATAN KASSU YESUF *, AKLILU GETAHUN ADEMA 1Wolaita Sodo University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2Wolaita Zone Livestock and Fishery Resource, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Abstract | Scarcity and the high market price of conventional protein concentrates are some of the major constraints of poultry production in the tropics. To alleviate this problem utilization of non-conventional feedstuffs like pigeon pea could contribute to the increased supply of animal protein sources in the tropics. to determine the effects of replacement of soybean meal with toasted pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) on the growth performance of broilers. A total of 180 unsexed, day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups and randomly assigned to four treatment rations containing 0 % (T1), 10% (T2), 20% (T3), and 30% (T4) toasted PSM in a complete randomized design with three replications. There were highly significant differences (P<0.001) in daily and total DM intake overall. The birds fed3 T and T4 had significantly (P<0.05) higher daily and total DMI compared to the control group during the finisher phase and the overall period. There were high significant (P<0.001) BW gain, and ADG during the finisher phase and overall period. Birds fed T3 and T4 had significantly (P<0.05) higher, BW gain, and ADG compared to the control group birds. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in FCR in all phases. Therefore, replacement of SBM by toasted PSM in diets of broiler particularly at the levels of 20% and 30% enhanced optimum growth of birds without any adverse effect on the growth performance of broiler birds. Keywords | Broilers chicks, Toasted pigeon pea, Growth Performance, DMI, BW gain Received | January 02, 2021; Accepted | June 8, 2021; Published | July 28, 2021 *Correspondence | Yonatan Kassu Yesuf, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Email: [email protected] Citation | Yesuf YK, Adema AG (2021). Effect of replacement of soybean meal with toasted pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal on growth performance of broiler chickens. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 9(9): 1355-1361. DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2021/9.9.1355.1361 ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331 Copyright © 2021 Adema et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION supply of soybean meal used as protein source source in the tropics, including Ethiopia. Therefore, a conventional oultry production is one area of livestock production source of raw materials, which are less exploited by man, is with a significant contribution to human food one of the solutions to reduce the cost of production and Pproduction. However, poultry producers in the tropics contribute to the increased supply of animal protein to the particularly in Ethiopia have been limited by scarcity and rich of poor people (Amin and Cheah, 2010). One of such the high market price of conventional protein and energy feed sources that could be used to reduce the problem of concentrates. In the case of commercial poultry production the high cost of conventional protein sources in livestock feed accounts for 60-70% of the total cost of production diets with particular reference to poultry is the pigeon pea (Thirumalaisamy et al., 2016). The large segment of the (Igene et al., 2012). energy acquirement of poultry is obtained from cereal grains, which are cultivated mainly for human consumption Pigeon pea has a good nutritional profile that could replace in the tropics. Thus poultry production is directly maize and soybean (Amaefule and Obioha, 2001). It seems competitive with human population for the available scarce to be a better and cheaper protein source for poultry feeding energy feed resource. Moreover, there is a shortfall in the as compared to other legume grains. Pigeon pea (Cajanus NE US Academic Publishers September 2021 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | Page 1355 Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences cajan) seed contains crude protein (CP) of 22–27%, crude with three replications. The experimental chicks were fiber (CF) of 7.3–10%, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of introduced to the finisher treatment ration at the end of 28 61.2%, ether extract (EE) of 1.7–2.1%, ash of 3.1–4.2%, days feeding trial. and lysine of about 7.59%. It is also a good source of soluble vitamins, especially thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and choline MANAGEMENT OF BIRDS (Ahmed et al., 2006). However, like most legumes pigeon The birds were raised for 7 weeks in a deep litter housing pea seeds also contain some anti-nutritional factors such system. The house was portioned into 12 pens and all the as oligosaccharides (raffinose and verbascose), polyphenols pens had the same space and dimension of 1.50*1.65m. (phenols and tannins), phytolectins, and enzyme inhibitors Wood shavings were used as litter material at a depth of (Saxena et al., 2010). The effect of the antinutritional factors 10 cm. The birds were placed under an electric brooder could be reduced through processing and supplementation heated by 200-watt bulbs with gradual height adjustment. with the enzyme (Akintunde et al., 2010). Heat treatment The brooding temperature was maintained at 32°C during has been established as an effective method of destroying the first week and reduced by 2°C until it reached the room these antinutritional factors. Therefore, this study was temperature of 24°C. Feeds and water were provided on conducted to study the feasibility of replacing soybean ad-libitum throughout the experimental period. The chicks meal with toasted pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal in were vaccinated against Newcastle disease and infectious the broiler diet. bursal disease (Gumboro). MATERIALS AND METHODS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS The dietary feed ingredients, feed offered, and refusals PREPARATION OF PIGEON PEA SEEDS were analyzed Dry matter, Ether extract (EE), Crude fiber The experiment was conducted in the Poultry Farm of (CF), and total ash and crude proteins were determined Agriculture Technical Vocational Education and Training according to the procedure of AOAC (2005). Calcium College, Wolaita Sodo. The pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer was obtained from the local market. The seed was toasted and phosphorus by calorimetric methods as described by on a hot plate at 100 °C for 15 min (Etuk et al., 2002). The AOAC (2005). All samples were analyzed in the food toasted seeds were spread out in the air to cool, dehulled, science and nutrition research Laboratory of Ethiopia ground and included in the treatment diets as shown in public health institute and Chemistry laboratory of Arba Table 1. Minch University. The metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated by the formula: ME (Kcal/kg DM)= 3951 + ETHICAL CONSIDERATION 54.4EE - 88.7CF- 40.8Ash (Wiseman, 1987). The experimental chicks were treated or managed according to an animal experimental protocol approved by the Ethics BODYWEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION RATIO Commission of the Wolaita Sodo University. (FCR) Birds were weighed in the group at the beginning and EXPERIMENTAL RATION AND TREATMENTS weekly interval until the end of the experiment. The birds Four treatments of each of the starter and finisher were weighed early in the morning before feeding. The broilers rations were prepared. The treatment rations were average final body weight was calculated as the difference formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous according between the two successive weights divide by the number to the standard for commercial broiler birds recommended of birds. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated as by Leeson and Summers (2005). The starter and finisher the mean of final body weight change to the number of control treatment diet were formulated to contain about experimental days. The feed conversion ratio was calculated 35% and 28% soybean meal, respectively. Therefore, four as the ratio of average feed intake to average BW gain. broiler treatment diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% of Pigeon pea as a replacement of soybean meal were NUTRIENTS INTAKE formulated as shown in Table 1. The feed intakes were determined as the difference between the feed offered and refused (Tusar et al., 2015). Dry EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN matter (DM), Crude protein, and Metabolizable energy A total of 180-day-old unsexed broiler birds (Cobb- (CP and ME) were calculated by difference from offered 500) were purchased from a commercial farm. The birds and refusals on a dry matter basis. The DM, CP, and ME with an initial mean body weight of 41.44±0.71g were intake were computed by multiplying the daily as well as randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments and the four the total feed consumption by their respective DM, CP, starters treatment rations were randomly assigned to the and ME contents. experimental chicks in a completely randomized design NE US Academic Publishers September 2021 | Volume 9 | Issue 9 | Page 1356 Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences Table 1: Ingredients and nutrient contents of the starter and finisher diets fed to broilers. Ingredients (%) Starter phase Finisher phase T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4 Maize 43 46.7 41.7 44.7 56 56 51 49.63 Soya bean meal
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