Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42325-0 — Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa Michael Woldemariam Index More Information
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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42325-0 — Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa Michael Woldemariam Index More Information Index Page numbers in bold refer to tables or figures and ‘n’ attached to a page number denotes a footnote. Abay Tsehaye, 189 criticism from moderates, 274 Abd al-Qadir Kosar, 221, 224 death, 280 Abdallah Abbakar Bashar, 3 Emir, 263, 265 Abdel Karim Ahmed, 138–9 failure of Ramadan offensive, 274–5 Abdel Wahid-Nur, 3 ICU executive member, 263 Abdi Nassir Sheikh Aden, 203 victory in extended power struggle, Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, 236, 240 277–80 Abdirahman Tuur, 226–30 Ahmed Adam Omer, 146 Abdiwali Hussein Gaas, 206 Ahmed Jimaale, 219 Abdulkadir Yahya Ali, 262 Ahmed Madobe, 263, 265, 269, 270–1, Abdulla Idris, 84n40, 110, 119, 120–1, 276 148–9, 153 Ahmed Mahmoud Silanyo, 222, 223–4, Abdullah Sudi Arale, 260 227 Abdullahi Hassan Mohammed, 200 Ahmed Mohammed Ibrahim, 139 Abdullahi Maalim Mukhtar, 263 Ahmed Mohammed Islam, Sheikh, 243 Abdullahi Sheikh Ahmed, 278–9 Ahmed Nasser, 108, 110, 112, 119, 120–1 Abdullahi Yusuf, 240–1, 248, 264 Ahmed Sheikh Feres, 85n44 Abidrizak Tibba, 204 Al Urwa al Wutqa,85 Abraham Tewolde, 99, 137, 142–3 Al-Ittihad al-Islamiya Abu Rijeila, 86 aim, 232 Abu Tiyara, 86, 90, 99, 144–5, 160, 179 and Al-Shabaab network, 260 Abu Ubaidah, 263 Battle of Mogadishu, 233 Abukar Omar Adane, 239–40, 244–5, 264 early military setbacks, 232–3 accidental guerrillas, 11–12 Ethiopia campaign, 233–4 Adam Saleh, 146 split, 234 Adem. See Idris Mohammed Adem and War on Terror, 237 Adem Gendifel, 86 Al-Qaeda Aden Hashi Ayro, 259, 260, 262–3, 265 Al-Shabaab alliance, 278 Afar clan, 112 in Kenya and Afghanistan, 235 Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity in Somalia, 234–5, 238 Front (ARDUF), 206–8 and War on Terror, 237, 278 Afeworki. See Issais Afeworki Al-Shabaab Afghanistan, 232, 260, 284, 285 Al-Ittihad network members, 260 agents provocateurs,8 Al-Qaeda alliance, 278 Ahmed Abdi Godane Amniyat security branch, 275, 280 Al-Ittihad schooling, 260 break with ICU, 265 Al-Shabaab leader, 265–6 clan politics, 261, 262, 268 and Amniyat security branch, 275, 280 coalition within a coalition, 260–1 conflict with Robow, 268, 274–5 continuing potency, 280 307 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42325-0 — Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa Michael Woldemariam Index More Information 308 Index Al-Shabaab (cont.) Bahr Negash offensive (1985), 174, cooperation in face of external threats, 176 275 Barre Hirale, 248, 269 counterterrorism targets, 262 Barut Hamse, 195–6 and Ethiopia’s withdrawal, 267 Bashar Abdi Hussein, 204 factionalism, 268, 274–5, 277–80 Bashir Rage, 239–40, 244–5 famine tensions, 277–8 Battle of Adwa (1896), 76, 215 foreign fighters, 261, 266, 279 Battle of Afabet (1988), 175 Godane–Robow rivalry, 268 Battle of Gereger (1973), 153–5 Hizbul Islam merger, 273–4 Battle of Salina (1977), 170 Hotel Shamo attack, 257 battlefield control. See territorial control ICU militia, 252, 254, 257, 259, 260 Beni Amer tribe, 83–4, 87 ICU radical wing, 263 Bobassa Mohammed, 196 institutional structure, 265–6 Bobe Yusuf, 221 Italian cemetery training ground, 262–3 Bolivia, 10, 28 Kenya–Ethiopia offensive, 276–7 Britain Kismayo capture, 268–71 in Eritrea, 77–8 Madobe split, 269–72 Ogaden territory, 199 Mogadishu stalemate, 272–3 Somali diaspora, 218–19 pan-Somali Islamist group, 213 and Somali territories, 215–16 political structure, 263 in Somaliland, 76n12 Ramadan offensive (2010), 274–5 in Sudan, 86, 87 Ras Kamboni merger, 273 Burma, Karen rebels, 28 territorial expansion, 266–7, 272 territorial losses (2011), 276–7 Cabral, Amilcar, 10–11 violent attacks and assassinations, 262, case study selection, 60–5, 61, 211–13 264–5, 266 Castro, Fidel, 28 withdrawal from Mogadishu (2011), China 276, 277 cadres political training, 92, 138, 167–8 Ala group, 143, 147, 149, 150, 157–60, and Jebha, 129 161–3 Red Army, 9–10, 28, 30–1 Alemayehu Gesessew (Dirar), 189 and Shaebia, 179 Algiers Agreement (2000), 197–8 Christia, Fotini, 36–7 Ali Berhatu, 146 civil wars Ali Dheere, Sheikh, 235 constraints on field research, 31–2 Ali Isaq, 112 duration affected by rebel fragmentation, Ali Mahdi, 226, 235 13–14 Ali Mohammed Ossobleh, 223–4 ethnic defections, 35–6 Ali Mohamud Rage, 274 marginalized scholarship, 26–32 Ali Said Abdella, 100n73 new vs old civil wars, 20–1 Alliance for the Reliberation of Somalia partisan bias in historiography, 29 (ARS), 259 Clapham, Christopher, 15 Amhara elites, 55 cohesive stalemate Amharic language, 186 Al-Shabaab, 273 al-Amin Mohammed Said, 144–5 ICU, 244 AMISOM, 249, 267, 272–3, 274–5, 276 Jebha, 101–3 Anglo-Ethiopian treaty (1897), 215 Shaebia, 174–5 Arab-Israeli War (1967), 95, 100, 129 theories, 7, 38, 44–5, 46–7, 58, 283 Aregawi Berhe, 188–9, 191 TPLF, 192–3 armed force, rebel organization criteria, 24 Commandis 101, 94 Asmerom Gerezghier, 157 commitment problems, 43–4, 96–8, Asrate Kassa, 94 118–19, 136, 191 Assuarta tribe, 85 Connell, Dan, 151, 171 Aweys. See Hassan Dahir Aweys counterinsurgency strategies, 11–12, Azien Yassin, 148 284–5, 286 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42325-0 — Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa Michael Woldemariam Index More Information Index 309 counterterrorism, 237–8, 245–6 Eritrean Liberation Front. See Jebha coups, alternative to fragmentation, 48–50 (Eritrean Liberation Front/ELF) credible commitments, 43–4, 96–8, Eritrean Liberation Front–People’s 118–19, 136, 191 Liberation Forces, 56–7 Cuba, 28 Eritrean Muslim League, 82 cycles of contention, 50, 51, 98, 109–10, Eritrean People’s Liberation Front 172–3, 224, 271–2 (EPLF). See Shaebia (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front/EPLF) Darfur, armed rebellion, 3–5 Eritrean People’s Revolutionary Party Darood clans, 217, 240–1, 264 (EPRP), 180 Dawit Woldegiorgis, 105 Eritrean refugees, 73, 95 Dawud Ibsa, 197, 198 Eritrean Relief Association, 178 Debebe Hailemariam, 100 Eritreans for the Liberation of North defection, 35, 48 America (EFLNA), 171–3, 178 demagogues, 8 Ethiopia democratic states, 64 agriculture, 74 Derg and Al-Shabaab, 276 collapse, 193, 203 Algiers Agreement (2000), 197–8 in Eritrea, 192 Anglo-Ethiopian treaty (1897), 215 Marxism, 56 backing for Somalia’s TFG, 241–2, military takeover, 103–4 248–9 Operation Lash against WSLF, 202 defeats ICU in Somalia, 250–2 peace negotiations, 125–6 famine, 73 and Soviet Union, 114, 123–4 maps, 62, 72 diaspora pro-Christian bias, 79–80 EFLNA, 171–3 Red Terror, 113 Eritreans in Cairo, 80–3 Somali invasion (1977), 114, 195, 216 Eritreans overseas, 73 Somali withdrawal (2009), 267 OLF-Transitional Authority, 197 state-consolidating insurgency, 15 ONLF leadership, 204 TPLF victorious historiography, 28–9 Shaebia support, 178 transitional government, 196, 203–4 Somalia’s Islamists, 231 Ethiopia civil war Dima Nego, 194–5, 198–9 deaths, 73 economic costs, 74 EFLNA (Eritreans for the Liberation of ethnonational agendas, 55, 64–5 North America), 171–3, 178 ideological forces, 55–6 Egypt, Jebha support, 128 slow government response, 91 Elemo Qiltu, 194 territorial ambitions, 54–6 elite leaders, 38–9 Ethiopia military Eritrea 1st offensive (1978), 170–1 Algiers Agreement (2000), 197–8 army atrocities, 104 Ascari soldiers, 76–7 Bahr Negash (8th) offensive, 174, 176 British Military Administration, 77–8 Battle of Adwa (1896), 76, 215 Ethiopian province, 78–9 defections to OLF, 198 federation with Ethiopia, 77–9 expenditure, 123 independence, 75 Red Star (6th) offensive, 173, 176, 193 Italian colony, 75–7 Soviet assistance, 74, 113–15, 123–4, maps, 62, 72 175 Muslim–Christian divide, 75, 79–80 technology, 123–4, 175 racialized colonialism, 77 troop numbers, 122–3 social conditions, 167 US assistance, 114, 123–4 state-consolidating insurgency, 15 Ethiopia rebel organizations Eritrean Assembly, 79, 81 case selection criteria, 60–5, 61, 62,65 Eritrean Democratic Movement (EDM), fragmentation, 57–9, 59, 63 109 longevity and number, 57, 58 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42325-0 — Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa Michael Woldemariam Index More Information 310 Index Ethiopia Somali Democratic League Haile Woldense, 95, 151 (ESDL), 204 Hailu Ragassa, 194 Ethiopian Democratic Union (EDU), Hamid Saleh, 139 187–8, 190–1, 192 Harakat, 80–1, 86, 92 Ethiopian National Liberation Front Hassan Dahir Aweys (ENLF), 194 on Al-Qaeda link, 278 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary frayed relationship with Al-Shabaab Democratic Front (EPRDF), 56, 64 protégés, 259 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party Hizbul Islam, 269 (EPRP), 113, 187–8, 190–1, 192 Hizbul Islam–Al-Shabaab merger, 273–4 Ethiopian Revolution (1974), 103–4, 187 ICU leader, 248–9, 252, 258, 259 external support opposition to Djibouti agreement, 259 Jebha, 92, 100, 127–30 surrender and house arrest, 280 and rebel factionalism, 35, 52 on US terrorist list, 237, 278 Shaebia, 176–9 Hassan Isse Jama, 222, 226, 227 Hassan Turki factionalism Al-Ittihad leader, 237 alternative behaviors, 47–50 ICU hardliner, 252 definition, 5–6n2 Kismayo ruling council, 269–70 Fallul uprising, 109–11 Ogaden clan displeasure, 269–70 famine, 186, 277–8 Ras Kamboni leader, 269 Fazul Mohammed, 279 on US terrorist list, 237 fragmentation. See rebel fragmentation Hawiye clans, 217, 223–4, 232–3, 238, Fuad Shongole, 259, 268, 274, 275 240–1, 242 Fur tribe, 3 Hawiye Islamic courts, 235–6, 238 Hepner, T.R., 171 Gaddafi, Muammar, 129, 150, 176–7 Herui Tedla Bairu, 107–9, 112–13, Galassa Dilbo, 197 148 Galula, David, 11 Hirschman, A., 49 Gates, Scott, 34 Hizbul Islam, 259, 269, 273–4 Gebremichael Lilo, 173 Hussein, Saddam, 178 Gemechu Ayana, 198 Gesessew Ayele (Sihul), 187, 188, 189, Ibrahim Abdalla, Sheikh, 204 190 Ibrahim al-Afghani, 260, 279, 280 Gettleman, Jeffrey, 253–4, 255 Ibrahim Dagaweyn, 228–9 Ghebrehiwet, Yosief, 30 Ibrahim Hassan Adow, 252, 256–7 Giap, Vo Nguyen, 10 Ibrahim Idris, 148 Gidey Zerastion, 189 Ibrahim Shukri, Sheikh, 269–70, 271 Gilkes, Patrick, 30 Ibrahim Sultan, 81–2, 83 Godane.