DOCSLIB.ORG

Official Records Pertaining to Blacks in the Transvaal, 1902- 1907

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Official Records Pertaining to Blacks in the Transvaal, 1902- 1907 OFFICIAL RECORDS PERTAINING TO BLACKS IN THE TRANSVAAL, 1902- 1907 by TLOU ERICK SETUMU Submitted as partial requirement for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM in HISTORY (Coursework) in the Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria 2001 Supervisor: Professor K.L. Harris Co-supervisor: Professor J.S. Bergh © University of Pretoria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to thank and dedicate this thesis to my dear mother. Her hardships always inspired me to work harder in order to achieve success which I hoped would soothe her and make her feel proud and happy. My love for my two beautiful daughters, 'Makwena and 'Maphuti, and their loving mother, Nape, helped to lessen the strain of the long hours of research work. I know that they have been deprived of my full attention during my study period, but I hope they'll appreciate its worth. My younger brother, Kwena, and Mmane (aunt) Selina, have been very supportive, and I thank them. I received valuable support and encouragement from my friends Nkgapele Monyepao, Mmaphuti Matlala, Kgabo Mahwai and particularly Mapoko Mashele. Mr. S.M. Mochosa has always been my source of inspiration and I want to thank him as well as all my ex-colleagues at Raleledu High School. For this study, my sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Professor K.L. Harris. I don't think I will ever have enough words to be able to describe what Professor Harris did for me. After lecturing me at UNISA at junior degree level, she warmly welcomed me at the University of Pretoria and with her courage, generosity and patience, she guided me through. I literally owe everything to her because she did not only look after my academic interests, she also took a keen interest in my welfare. I also want to thank Professor J.S. Bergh, head of the Department of History, UP, for guidance and giving me valuable assistance with his extensive knowledge and experience in my field of study. I also thank everybody at the Department, especially Lize Kriel, who always cheered me up and was always ready to assist me. Mrs Charlotte van Niekerk was also very helpful. Professor Greg Cuthbertson of UNISA also assisted and helped me to believe in myself and remain positive and optimistic. © University of Pretoria Official records pertaining to Blacks in the Transvaal, 1902 - 1907. TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... 2 SUMMA.RY .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 5 2. HISTORIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 12 3. OFFICIAL RECORDS. 3. 1. Commissioners' records ............................................................ 52 3.1.1. Records from the office of the Commissioner for Native Affairs ......... 52 3.1.2. Records made by the District Commissioners and Sub-Native Commissioners ............................................................... 64 3.2. Documentation of the South African Native Affairs Commission, 1903 - 1905 .............................. 75 3.3. Publication of the Transvaal Department of Native Affairs: Short History of the Transvaal, 1905 .............................................................................. 85 3.4. Publication of the British War Office: The Native Tribes of the Transvaal, 1905 ............ 98 3.5. Publication of the British War Office: Native Strongholds and Locations of the Transvaal, 1907 .............................................................................. 105 4. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 112 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 116 1 © University of Pretoria LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. ANC -African National Congress. ANPU - African Native Political Union. BMS - Berlin Missionary Society. EC - Executive Council. Gov. - Governor. LD - Law Department. PWD - Public Works Department. SANAC - South African Native Affairs Commission. SANNC - South African Native National Congress. SNA- Secretary of Native Affairs. TAB - Transvaal Archive Depot. TBC - Transvaal Basotho Committee. TNC - Transvaal Native Congress. TNVA - Transvaal Native Vigilance Association. ZAR - South African Republic. 2 © University of Pretoria sUMMARY. Historians use different types of sources when reconstructing the past. Of the two major categories of sources, the primary sources are of major importance for attaining information, as they are contemporary to the period which is being researched. They are often more reliable than the other category, namely secondary sources, which are literally second-hand information. However, all possible sources, both primary and secondary, must be approached critically so as to obtain a balanced version of the past. In the South African situation, for an extensive period of time, most of the historical writing on the early periods was based on the records which were made by the European­ originated Whites who had the advantage of being able to put their accounts in writin~. This led to the European-White perspective dominating and monopolising the historiographical stage for quite a long time. The perspective of the indigenous inhabitants of South Africa had been overshadowed owing to their inability to read and write. The written sources on the Blacks in South Africa date back to the time when the first Europeans set foot here. The early European travellers (traders, hunters, natural scientists, etc.) came into contact with the Black communities and they made records on them. Obviously these travellers based such records on their own interests and also wrote from a Eurocentric position, with cultural differences as well as racial prejudices and superior attitudes towards the Blacks. The missionaries, who were mostly of European origin, also made records about the Blacks among whom they worked. The missionaries also had their own agenda, although different from that of the travellers. The records which they kept mostly reflected their "fight" against what they thought were barbaric and backward ways of the Blacks' lifestyle. In addition to the records made by the early travellers and missionaries about the Blacks, there were records which were made by the Boer and British government officials. In this study the official records pertaining to the Blacks in the Transvaal between 1902 and 1907 are discussed. Firstly, a historiographical overview is presented and secondly, the official records themselves are analysed and evaluated. The importance of those records as sources of information on the Blacks in the Transvaal, especially the Northern Sotho, is evaluated by using different criteria, including the Principle of internal criticism. There are numerous flaws and limitations found in these records about Blacks such as cultural differences, subjectivity, prejudice, bias, etc. However, even though these records contain such flaws, they are still important sources of information. Their most 3 © University of Pretoria important value is that they form the basis and point of departure from where historical reconstruction is made. Research, even in future, would still heavily depend on these records as sources of information. But, as already pointed out, the information obtained in them has to be tested by different criteria in order to detect the limitations, so that a more balanced reconstructions can be achieved. 4 © University of Pretoria 1. INTRODUCTION. There is a lot of research which still needs to be done on the South African Blacks in general, and the Northern Sotho chiefdoms in particular. The writing of the history of the Blacks in South Africa has been disadvantaged by various factors. According to historian K. Smith, before World War II, those who wrote histories of Africa based their accounts almost entirely on written materials. As a result, they only concentrated on the activities of the Europeans in Africa and to them "African societies were seen as static and 1 unchanging, they had no history" • And again, the scarcity of documents about African societies strengthened these writers' resolve to neglect the history of Blacks. However, this situation was corrected in the last couple of decades when the artefacts that have long interested archaeologists, together with oral evidence, were brought into the historian's fold. The historians' use of oral evidence and other disciplines such as archaeology, anthropology, sociology and linguistics, led to the uncovering and reconstruction of the pre-colonial history of Blacks. This was also done by adding the accounts of early European travellers and missionaries. This reconstruction of the history of Blacks was done by Whites and they inevitably wrote from their own Euro-centric perspective. According to another historian, C. Saunders: Until very recently, there were no professional Black historians. Had Blacks had the same opportunities to write about the South African past as Whites, the body of historical literature we possess would almost certainly 2 have been different • The end of the 19th century tensions between the Boers and the British, which resulted in war in 1899, almost overshadowed events concerning Black communities. This is reflected in historical literature
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Click Here to Download
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I, by J. Castell Hopkins and Murat Halstead This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: South Africa and the Boer-British War, Volume I Comprising a History of South Africa and its people, including the war of 1899 and 1900 Author: J. Castell Hopkins Murat Halstead Release Date: December 1, 2012 [EBook #41521] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOUTH AFRICA AND BOER-BRITISH WAR *** Produced by Al Haines JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN, Colonial Secretary of England. PAUL KRUGER, President of the South African Republic. (Photo from Duffus Bros.) South Africa AND The Boer-British War COMPRISING A HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA AND ITS PEOPLE, INCLUDING THE WAR OF 1899 AND 1900 BY J. CASTELL HOPKINS, F.S.S. Author of The Life and Works of Mr. Gladstone; Queen Victoria, Her Life and Reign; The Sword of Islam, or Annals of Turkish Power; Life and Work of Sir John Thompson. Editor of "Canada; An Encyclopedia," in six volumes. AND MURAT HALSTEAD Formerly Editor of the Cincinnati "Commercial Gazette," and the Brooklyn "Standard-Union." Author of The Story of Cuba; Life of William McKinley; The Story of the Philippines; The History of American Expansion; The History of the Spanish-American War; Our New Possessions, and The Life and Achievements of Admiral Dewey, etc., etc.
    [Show full text]
  • 11010329.Pdf
    THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Throughout the 1950S the Liberal Party of South Africa Suffered Severe Internal Conflict Over Basic Issues of Policy and Strategy
    Throughout the 1950s the Liberal Party of South Africa suffered severe internal conflict over basic issues of policy and strategy. On one level this stemmed from the internal dynamics of a small party unequally divided between the Cape, Transvaal and Natal, in terms of membership, racial composftion and political traditon. This paper and the larger work from which it is taken , however, argue inter alia that the conflict stemmed to a greater degree from a more fundamental problem, namely differing interpretations of liberalism and thus of the role of South African liberals held by various elements within the Liberal Party (LP). This paper analyses the political creed of those parliamentary and other liberals who became the early leaders of the LP. Their standpoint developed in specific circumstances during the period 1947-1950, and reflected opposition to increasingly radical black political opinion and activity, and retreat before the unfolding of apartheid after 1948. This particular brand of liberalism was marked by a rejection of extra- parliamentary activity, by a complete rejection of the univensal franchise, and by anti-communism - the negative cgaracteristics of the early LP, but also the areas of most conflict within the party. The liberals under study - including the Ballingers, Donald Molteno, Leo Marquard, and others - were all prominent figures. All became early leaders of the Liberal Party in 1953, but had to be *Ihijackedffigto the LP by having their names published in advance of the party being launched. The strategic prejudices of a small group of parliamentarians, developed in the 1940s, were thus to a large degree grafted on to non-racial opposition politics in the 1950s through an alliance with a younger generation of anti-Nationalists in the LP.
    [Show full text]
  • Tusxegee, the Joint Councils, and the All Aprican Convention
    TUSXEGEE, THE JOINT COUNCILS, AND THE ALL APRICAN CONVENTION by Baruch Hirson In June 1936 Heaton Nicholls, Member of Parliament for Zululand, asad member of the Native Affairs Commission (NAC), launched an attack on the Joint Councils of Europeans and Natives for llcarryingon intensive propagandat' and taking Ifthe political stage in attacking the measure before the Committee [stage of the Nztive Billsltq.((L) Nicholls was inCen.sed and charged that: It was the Joint Councils which organised the Bloemfontein Conference of Natives. They organised the whole of this agitation throughout the whole of .the country ... What is the difference between a Communist propagandist who believes that human happiness can be better furthered if people will only adopt his tenets, and the bishops and the judges who go around the country telling the Natives that if they will only join together and witate sufficiently, and believe that Parliament is animated by the worst possible repressive intentions they will be the happier for it. (2) W. H. Ramsbottom, chairman of the Johannesburg Joint Council, in a reply to Nicholls wmte to all members of parliament ayld to the press deqying the accusation. He stated that the Joint Councils had declared against the Native Bills in 1927 but thereafter had waited for the outcome of the deliberations of successive Committees appointed by Parliament. He claimed that his Council had acted with the U-tmost decorum and had been silent while the issue went before the Select Committee of the House, and had withheld all comment for over six months, to give the Secretary for Native Affairs and members of the NAC time to tour South Africa explaining the Bills to Native leaders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Governorship and High Commissionership of Sir Hercules
    1 t;~ .cY. f.t~.,~~-: b:' S ~ '";.. .. !t }f-t_o;do-9-t/ p b_q ;1r J t ..,,•. ,:'· . i · .•• e copyright of this thesis is held by the University of Cap·~ Town. Reproduction of the V':hole or any part . may be made fo:-- study purposes orily, and not for publication. THE GOVERNORSHIP AND HIGH CO~~ISSIONERSHIP OF rt SIR HERCULES ROBINSON, Town 1881-1889 Cape of University The Being a·. Thesi.s presented for the degree of ~1aster of Arts at thA University of Cape Town by GE.RALD DENNIS QUINN 1955 J .''> The copyright of this thesis vestsTown in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementCape of the source. The thesis is to be usedof for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusiveUniversity license granted to UCT by the author. The CON'I'ENTS Page Introduction . .. •· .. ... .. .. 1 I. The 1'ransvaa1 to 1884 . ... 7 II. Bechuanaland to 1884 • • 0 ... •• 0 22 III. Basuto1and to 1884 .. , . • • 0 .. 31 IV. The Transvaal, Bechuanaland and Basutoland from 1884 • • • .•· . 44 v. South Africa, 1881 - 1889 ••• • • • 56 VI. The Gover.oor and the Cape, 1881 - 1889 78 VII. High Commissioner and/or Governor? 89 Conclusion .. ... • •• • •• 100 Bibliography ... .. • • • • • i - iv I N T R 0 D U G T I 0 N /' I In August 1880 ,. Sir Hercules G~orge Robert Robinson, then I Governor of New Zealand, was informed that be had been appoin­ '•, ,, ted to the dual posts of Governor of the Cape Colony and Her Majesty's High Commissioner for South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Ÿþm Icrosoft W
    Chapter Two Chapter Two BLACK ORGANISATIONS EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL GROUPS ASSOCIATION FOR THE EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL ADVANCEMENT OF AFRICAN PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA (ASSECA) Background ASSECA WAS ESTABLISHED in 1967 through the efforts of the late Mr P.Q. Vundla and Mr M.T. Moerane. Initially Asseca was designed to operate mainly in the Reef area but the leadership soon saw the need for such an organisation to be established on a national basis. Asseca operates on a city/town branch basis. According to reports tabled at the 1972 Asseca Conference, the organisation has 19 branches in the Transvaal, Orange Free State, Eastern Cape and Western Cape whilst new branches are in the process of being formed in Natal. Each year these branches send delegates to a conference *which is the supreme policymaking organ for Asseca. The Conference elects an Executive of 9 members. The present Executive is headed by Mr M.T. Moerane as President. Activities In 1972 Asseca consolidated its drive to interest African people in the education of their children. A point by point account of the work done by Asseca in this field is dealt with in the chapter on Primary and Secondary Education (see Chapter 8). One of Asseca's goals is the establishment of a R 1 million fund for Educational and Cultural groups scholarships for African children. Although, according to some reports, not many scholarships were given at the beginning of the year, the 1972 Asseca Conference decided to give a total of 100 bursaries to each branch at R20 per scholarship. This is regarded as an interim measure whilst the R I million fund is being built up.
    [Show full text]
  • South African Jewish Board of Deputies Report of The
    The South African Jewish Board of Deputies JL 1r REPORT of the Executive Council for the period July 1st, 1933, to April 30th, 1935. To be submitted to the Eleventh Congress at Johannesburg, May 19th and 20th, 1935. <י .H.W.V. 8. Co י É> S . 0 5 Americanist Commiitae LIBRARY 1 South African Jewish Board of Deputies. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. President : Hirsch Hillman, Johannesburg. Vice-President» : S. Raphaely, Johannesburg. Morris Alexander, K.C., M.P., Cape Town. H. Moss-Morris, Durban. J. Philips, Bloemfontein. Hon. Treasurer: Dr. Max Greenberg. Members of Executive Council: B. Alexander. J. Alexander. J. H. Barnett. Harry Carter, M.P.C. Prof. Dr. S. Herbert Frankel. G. A. Friendly. Dr. H. Gluckman. J. Jackson. H. Katzenellenbogen. The Chief Rabbi, Prof. Dr. j. L. Landau, M.A., Ph.D. ^ C. Lyons. ^ H. H. Morris Esq., K.C. ^י. .B. L. Pencharz A. Schauder. ^ Dr. E. B. Woolff, M.P.C. V 2 CONSTITUENT BODIES. The Board's Constituent Bodies are as. follows :— JOHANNESBURG (Transvaal). 1. Anykster Sick Benefit and Benevolent Society. 2. Agoodas Achim Society. 3. Beth Hamedrash Hagodel. 4. Berea Hebrew Congregation. 5. Bertrams Hebrew Congregation. 6. Braamfontein Hebrew Congregation. 7. Chassidim Congregation. 8. Club of Polish Jews. 9. Doornfontein Hebrew:: Congregation.^;7 10. Eastern Hebrew Benevolent Society. 11. Fordsburg Hebrew Congregation. 12. Grodno Sifck Benefit and Benevolent Society. 13. Habonim. 14. Hatechiya Organisation. 15. H.O.D. Dr. Herzl Lodge. 16. H.O.D. Sir Moses Montefiore Lodge. 17. Jeppes Hebrew Congregation, 18. Johannesburg Jewish Guild. 19. Johannesburg Jewish Helping Hand and Burial Society.
    [Show full text]
  • By John Lazar Balllol College Oxford University Michaelmas Term, 1987
    CONFORMITY AND CONFLICT: AFRIKANER NATIONALIST POLITICS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1948-1961 by John Lazar Balllol College Oxford University Michaelmas Term, 1987 One of the principal themes of this thesis is that it is incorrect to treat M Afrikanerdom" as a monolithic, unified ethnic entity. At the time of its election victory in 1948, the National Party (NP) represented an alliance of various factions and classes, all of whom perceived their Interests in different ways. Given, too, that black resistance to exploitation and oppression increased throughout the 1950s, apartheid ideology cannot be viewed as an immutable, uncontested blueprint, which was stamped by the NP on to a static political situation. The thesis is based on four main strands of research. It is grounded, firstly, in a detailed analysis of Afrikaner social stratification during the 1950s. The political implications of the rapid increase in the number of Afrikaners employed in "white-collar" occupations, and the swift economic expansion of the large Afrikaner corporations, are also examined. The second strand of research examines the short-term political problems which faced the nationalist alliance in the years following its slim victory in the 1948 election. Much of the NP's energy during its first five years in office was spent on consolidating its precarious hold on power, rather than on the imposition of a "grand" ideological programme. Simultaneously, however, intense discussions - and conflicts - concerning the long-term implications, goals and justifications of apartheid were taking place amongst Afrikaner intellectuals and clergymen. A third thrust of the thesis will be to examine the way in which these conflicts concretely shaped the ultimate direction of apartheid policy and ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Northern Sotho Linguistic Terminology for Higher Education in South Africa
    The Development of Northern Sotho Linguistic Terminology for Higher Education in South Africa. Hlungwane Mmanape Wits ID: 1272817 Research paper in partial completion of a Master’s Degree. Department of African Languages & Linguistics Supervisor: Dr K. Theledi. Year: 2020 I Declaration. I declare that, the development of Northern Sotho Linguistics terminology for higher education in South Africa has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Mmanape Mosana Hlungwane March 2020 II Dedication. In a world that calculates your worth based on your profession, it has been hard to remain motivated and dedicated to one’s goal. To have made it this far with all the obstacles required a lot out of me, it took a lot out of me. This study is dedicated to me, Mmanape Mosana Hlungwane. The road is still long but you got it. III Acknowledgement. My deepest gratitude is to my God, for having carried me until this far. I am thankful for the courage and strength He has given me when I needed it the most. I am this far because of His grace. To my family: Mom, aunts and siblings, my nephew and niece. Ke le rata ka kudu. Ke leboga thekgo ya lena le lerato la lena. To Dr Theledi: Sepedi sere ‘montshepetša bošego ke mo leboga go sele’, thank you for your patience and guidance through this process. To Nkazimulo Mnguni, Sanele Mthebu and Dr Lorato Mokwena, thank you for the unconditional love and support.
    [Show full text]
  • EDITORIAL Re-Fighting the 2Nd Anglo-Boer War: Historians
    http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za EDITORIAL Re-fighting the 2nd Anglo-Boer War: historians in the trenches nd Some one hundred years ago, South Africa was tom apart by the 2 Anglo- Boer War (1899-1902). The war was a colossal psychological experience fought at great expense: It cost Britain twenty-two thousand men anti £223 million. The social, economic and political cost to South Africa was greater than the statistics immediately indicate: at least ten thousand fighting men in addition to the camp deaths, where a combination of indifference and incompetence resulted in the deaths of 27 927 Boers and at least 14 154 Black South Africans. Yet these numbers belie the consequences. It was easy for the British to 'forget' the pain of the war, which seemed so insignificant after the losses sustained in 1914-18. With a long history of far-off battles and foreign wars, the British casualties of the Anglo-Boer War became increasingly insignificant as opposed to the lesser numbers held in the collective Afrikaner mind. This impact may be stated somewhat more candidly in terms of the war participation ratio for the belligerent populations. After all, not all South Africans fought in uniform. For the Australian colonies these varied between 4Y2 per thousand (New South Wales) to 42.3 per thousand (Tasmania). New Zealand 8 per thousand, Britain 8Y2 per thousand: and Canada 12.3 per thousand; while in parts of South Africa this was perhaps as high as 900 per thousand. The deaths and high South African participation ratio, together with the unjustness of the war in the eyes of most Afrikaners, introduced bitterness, if not a hatred, which has cast long shadows upon twentieth-century South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Saving Moholoholo, by Mpumalanga Water Caucus
    South African Water Caucus & ELRC publication Saving Moholoholo By December Ndhlovu, Dr Alex Mashile & Patricia Mdluli 1 “It is already noticeable how springs, streams and rivulets, which flowed Introduction quite strongly [on Mariepskop] about ten to fifteen years ago, have slowly become weaker” (van der Schijff and Schoonraad, 1971) Who are we and why this story is important to us December Ndhlovu clothing and water our gardens. I still remember we used to get clay for making I’m December Ndhlovu. I grew up in a toys from the same valley where our remote village called Masana in parents used to plant Madumbes (a small Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga, South tuber). That soon changed a few years Africa. We moved to Masana when I was down the line. The river became dry and 6 years old. I started my Primary school the wetlands, where Madumbes were education there. Just below our home was planted, also became dry. As a direct a river that we grew up bathing in, response to this water crisis in the village catching fish and hunting birds after we moved to the bigger Nwaritsane river school. During that time (around 1980’s) which flowed in-between a large scale there was enough water to bath, wash our gum tree plantation. We used to sit under 2 those trees after taking a bath in the Nwaritsane River. I remember clearly that we used to marvel at the ever-green plantations and enjoyed their cool shade during hot summer days…well this is something I will live to regret. In 2004 I was invited to an environmental meeting in White River, hosted by EarthLink where they spoke about the impacts of large scale industrial timber plantations on water downstream flow, wetlands and the grassland.
    [Show full text]
  • Male Mapulana Learners' Views on the Influences of Cultural Initiation on Their Schooling Mahlogonolo Mashile
    MALE MAPULANA LEARNERS’ VIEWS ON THE INFLUENCES OF CULTURAL INITIATION ON THEIR SCHOOLING By MAHLOGONOLO MASHILE A full thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education of the University of Pretoria in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education 2020 i © University of Pretoria Supervisors’ Declarations As the candidate’s supervisors, we agree with the submission of this dissertation. Prof. Johan Wassermann (Supervisor) Mr Xolani Khohliso (Co-supervisor) ii © University of Pretoria Personal Declaration I, Mahlogonolo Mashile (18193502), declare that: . The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. This dissertation has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. This dissertation does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs, or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. This dissertation does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: . their words have been re-written, but the general information attributed to them has been referenced . where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside quotation marks and referenced . Where I have reproduced a publication of which I am an author, co- author, or editor, I have indicated in detail which part of the publication was written by myself and have fully referenced such publications. This dissertation does not contain text, graphics, or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation and the references sections. Mahlogonolo Mashile Date: 31 August 2020 iii © University of Pretoria Acknowledgements I wish to express my thanks to the following people who helped to make the completion of this dissertation possible: .
    [Show full text]