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Gender and Seaweed Farming on Wagina Island, Choiseul Province

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Gender and Seaweed Farming on Wagina Island, Choiseul Province SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin #21 – December 2010 3 Gender and seaweed farming on Wagina Island, Choiseul Province in Solomon Islands Mecki Kronen,1 Alex Meloti,2 Ben Ponia,3 Tim Pickering,4 Sylvester Diake,2 Jesse Kama,2 Peter Kenilolerie,2 James Ngwaerobo2 and Antoine Teitelbaum4 Summary A field survey on the socio-economic dimensions of seaweed farming was carried out on Wagina Island, Choiseul Province in Solomon Islands. Given the geographical and socio-economic conditions, seaweed farming on Wagina was found to be a viable, non gender-based income option, with women having equal chances to benefit from the cash revenues sourced from this aquaculture. Results from a survey of 58 households (28% of all households), 40 of which were engaged in seaweed farming, showed that (a) the average annual cash income for seaweed farming households was about 52% higher (surplus of SI$10,400) than non seaweed farming households; (b) members, particularly men, of more than half of all households surveyed have either abandoned or reduced their finfishing and bêche-de- mer (and trochus) fishing; (c) 38% of all respondents believe that seaweed has improved social networking and social services in the community. Seaweed farming was found to be essentially a family enterprise although men accounted for most (68% of total annual labour) of the annual labour input. Women and men contribute similar amounts of labour to most processes in seaweed production. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found be- tween the number of women per household participating in seaweed farming and the household’s rev- enues from this income source. A number of issues, including women’s roles as mothers and child educators, and certain environmental, financial and managerial problems, are highlighted and need to be addressed, to assess the future sustain- ability of seaweed farming on Wagina, and possibly in other communities in Solomon Islands. 1. Introduction and junior staff members from the Aquaculture Section of the Solomon Islands Ministry of Fish- 1.1 Objectives and background eries and Marine Resources (MFMR), a socio- economist fisheries consultant, village elders and The central aim of this paper was to demonstrate a former project leader of the European Union the gender-related effects of seaweed farming. funded Commercialisation of Seaweed Produc- This topic was one of numerous socio-economic tion in Solomon Islands (CoSPSI) Project. The and institutional elements addressed in a compre- survey was financed by FAO in cooperation with hensive evaluation of the socio-economic dimen- the Secretariat of the Pacific Community’s (SPC) sions of seaweed farming in Solomon Islands, Aquaculture Section. as part of a Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) global review (Kronen et al. 2010). The Wa- Further results obtained in the framework of the gina seaweed farming community in Choiseul socio-economic survey have been used to provide Province, one of the four major seaweed produc- background information on geographic, demo- tion areas in Solomon Islands, was selected for an graphic and socioeconomic conditions on Wagina, in-depth field survey in November 2009 (Figure and on the historic development of seaweed farm- 1). Members of the survey team included senior ing in Solomon Islands. 1 Délégation de la Commission européenne en Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP 1100, 98845 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie. Email: [email protected]. 2 Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Aquaculture, Honiara, Solomon Islands. 3 Ministry of Marine Resourses, PO Box 85, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 4 Secretariat of the Pacific Community, BP D5, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia. 4 SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin #21 – December 2010 — — 155° E 160° E — 5° S Frindsbury Ontong Java B o PAPUA u g a NEW in Roncador v GUINEA ille Oema Wagina Bradley Reefs CHOISEU L Fauro Shortland Islands Alu Sasamungga Mono Kia Vella Kolombangara Solomon Islands Lavella New SANTA ISABEL Dai Ranongga New Geor Buala Vona Vona G eorgia gia Sound I n d Munda i s p Rendova Vangunu e San n s Leli Jorge a Tetepare b Auki Mbulo le MALAITA Russell Islands S t ra HONIARA it Maramasike GUADALCANAL Ulawa S A Duff Islands — 10° S NT 10° S — Ugi Three A Sisters Reef Islands C R Kirakira U Z MAKIRA Ndende Tomotu Noi IS L A Bellona Utupua N D Rennell Vanikoro Tevai S Anuta SOL O M O N S E A Fataka Tikopia Introduction and dissemination of seaweed production sites between 1988 and 2009 Potential seaweed production sites in the Solomon Islands 0 Kilometres 300 160° E 165° E 170° E — — — Figure 1. Location of Wagina, and existing and future possible seaweed farming sites in Solomon Islands 1.2 Wagina’s cultural and demographic features largest, Tengangea-Kukutin (about 600 people), followed by Aririki (about 400) and Nikumaroro Solomon Islands are believed to have been inhab- (about 390). While Tengangea-Kukutin – often re- ited by Melanesian people for thousands of years. ferred to as Kukutin – is Catholic, the people of Ara- In the 1890s, the United Kingdom established a riki and Nikomaroro belong to the United Church. protectorate over Solomon Islands. The British ad- The two communities of Tengangea-Kukutin and ministration resettled people from the overcrowded Arariki are adjacent to each other, while Nikumaro- Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) to the islands of Wagina ro is located further to the east on the island. and Titiana in Western Solomons during the 1950s and 1960s. By 1980, these people and their descend- Based on the socio-economic survey results, using ants numbered around 3000. fully-structured, closed questionnaires, and includ- ing 58 households, the average household size is The 2009 census indicates that the total population large, ranging from six to eight people, and today, of Wagina may not exceed 1500 people. The island most households in the three communities are en- population is divided into three communities, the gaged in seaweed farming (69%) (Table 1). Table 1. Sampling details of socio-economic survey undertaken in Wagina, Solomon Islands Arariki Tengangea/Kukutin Nikumaroro Wagina Data (estimated) from 2009 census Total number of households 70 79 60 209 Data from FAO seaweed socio-economic survey November 2009 Number of households surveyed 19 22 17 58 Number of seaweed farming households (surveyed) 14 14 12 40 Number of non-seaweed farming households (surveyed) 5 8 5 18 Average household size (surveyed) 6 8 7 7 Total population estimated 399 593 390 1382 Total population surveyed 108 164 110 382 Population and household survey sample (%) 27 28 28 28 SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin #21 – December 2010 5 1.3 Access to resources and income cal, environmental and socio-economic conditions necessary for seaweed farming, this activity is pos- The Gilbertese people of Wagina and a number of sible and likely to be economically viable in several communities from Santa Isabel and Choisol have ac- areas in Solomon Islands. cess to the islands of the Arnavon Marine Conserva- tion Area (AMCA), which lies midway between the Seaweed was first farmed in Solomon Islands in islands of Santa Isabel and Choiseul. The creation 1988 by the UK Overseas Development Agency of AMCA began in 1995 with support from the Na- (ODA) at Vona Vona Lagoon and Rarumana village ture Conservancy (The Nature Conservancy 1998) in the Western Province using Kappaphycus alvar- to preserve diverse marine resources, including ezii imported from Fiji (Tiroba and McHugh 2006). bêche-de-mer, other invertebrates and key species, In 2000, Solomon Islands Aquaculture Division of all subject to increasing “boom and bust” cycles of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources harvesting since the 1980s. The islands are for in- (MFMR) collected seed stocks remaining from the stance the most important rookery in the western 1988 growth trials in Vona Vona Lagoon, and used Pacific for the endangered Hawksbill sea turtle and these to start growth trials in Rarumana. home to one of the world’s largest nesting popula- tions of this species (SPC 1996). The management Towards the end (2000) of the European Union plan for AMCA included the provision of viable al- funded Rural Fisheries Enterprise Project (started ternative marine enterprises. in 1994), which aimed to link the fisheries centres established earlier with Japanese aid in four prov- Alternative income opportunities for people liv- inces, seaweed farming was considered an option ing on Wagina are limited. Copra production is no for these centres. This initiative was unsuccessful, longer viable. Bêche-de-mer resources are consid- because the location of fisheries centres was unsuit- ered exhausted in the close vicinity of the island, able for seaweed production. The idea was again and no longer provide a reliable or promising in- taken up by the CoSPSI Project. Favourable physi- come source. Income from fisheries is restricted cal conditions, and the existence of the fishery cen- to finfish and lobster tails, which are exported to tre on Wagina, enabled the building of a seaweed Honiara. Survey respondents reported that the warehouse in 2004 on the island to provide stor- total catch and average size of lobsters harvested age facilities, and to help market the seaweed. The had decreased visibly over time. Respondents be- People First Network (PFnet) broadband, e-mail lieved that the resource would be exhausted within system enabled communication between producers the next years. While a total weekly production of and buyers. 300 kg of lobster tails was still possible at the be- ginning of 2000, today’s catch was reported to be In 2005 about 130 seaweed farmers were working down to about 40 to 50 kg per week. The lobster in Rarumana and the Shortland Islands (Western operations are linked with spear diving finfishing Province) and another 300 were working on Wagi- groups.
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