LOCAL SYSTEMS PRACTICE (LSP) ACTIVITY LOCAL WORKS PHILIPPINES | TUBLAY WATER MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS
September 2019 This publication was produced at the request of the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared independently by the Local Systems Practice consortium. This version has been modified to remove all personally identifying information.
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Prepared by: Jenna White, LINC; Megan McDermott, LINC; Florita Paragas, AKAP; Tita Maria Butz, AKAP; Cristina Segnaken-Aban, Iyaman Inc.
Front cover: Scoping visit to Tublay, Benguet
Acknowledgements: The author(s) would like to acknowledge all of our LSP consortium partners for their input throughout the process, and the residents of Tublay who took the time to participate in Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) during the scoping visit, who participated in Focus Group Discussions, and those who completed the online questionnaire. These contributions are crucial for advancing our mutual efforts towards improved local development in the Philippines.
About Local Systems Practice: Local Systems Practice (LSP) is a USAID-funded activity that directly assists multiple Missions, partners, and constituents to design and adaptively manage systems-based programs in complex environments. The concept has been designed to aid Missions and partners to overcome four specific challenges to effective Local Systems Practice through: a) Listening; b) Engagement; c) Discovery; and d) Adaptation. The Theory of Change underpinning the activity asserts that the application of systems tools to complex local challenges at multiple intervals throughout the program cycle will enhance the sustainability of programming, resulting in better-informed, measurable interventions that complement and reinforce the systems they seek to strengthen. The LSP team is composed of both development practitioners and research institutions to most effectively explore and implement systems thinking approaches with Missions, local partners and other local stakeholders. The activity is led by LINC LLC with five sub-implementers: ANSER, the University of Notre Dame, AVSI, the University of Missouri, and Practical Action.
For more information on LSP and additional resources, please visit: www.localsystemspractice.org
For any questions or comments on the report, please contact:
Jenna White Program Director, LINC LLC +1 (202) 640 5462 [email protected]
This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of the award no. AID- OAA-A-16-00077.
Disclaimer: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
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CONTENTS ACRONYMS ...... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES ...... 4 METHODOLOGY ...... 7 FINDINGS & ANALYSIS ...... 9 How to Read This Report ...... 11 Overall Network Analysis ...... 13 Government Sub-Sector Analysis ...... 17 Non-Government Sub-Sector Analysis ...... 23 Types of Support Sub-Network Analysis ...... 25 Information Exchange Network Analysis ...... 26 “Other” Support Exchanged Network Analysis ...... 27 Labor Exchanged Network Analysis ...... 28 Financial & In-Kind Support Exchange Network Analysis ...... 29 Analysis of Prominent Actors ...... 30 Municipal Planning and Development Office ...... 31 [Redacted] ...... 33 National Irrigation Administration (NIA) ...... 34 Municipal Health Office ...... 36 Kalahi-CIDSS ...... 38 Waterworks Associations ...... 41 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ...... 42 Recommendations ...... 44 Annex 1: Key Findings from Broad Listening Activity...... 49 Annex 2: Scoping Visit Stakeholder Questions ...... 51 Annex 3: Focus Group Discussion Questions ...... 52 Annex 4: Summary of Focus Group Discussions ...... 54 Annex 5: SNA Survey Instrument ...... 60 Annex 6: Roster Responses ...... 64 Annex 7: Key Terms ...... 65 Annex 8: Key Network Metrics for Most Actors...... 66 Annex 9: Private Sector – Government Relationships ...... 69
USAID Local Systems Practice ii September 2019 USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
ACRONYMS
ATGA Ambongdolan Tour Guide Association CBO Community-Based Organization DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DRRO Disaster Risk Reduction Office DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development FGD Focus Group Discussion IP Indigenous People Kalahi-CIDSS Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services LSP Local Systems Practice MHO Municipal Health Office MPDO Municipal Planning and Development Office MSME Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIA National Irrigation Administration NWRB National Water Resource Board PHP Philippine Peso PSM Participatory Systems Mapping QDA Qualitative Data Analysis SNA Social Network Analysis USAID United States Agency for International Development WRM Water Resource Management
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a research study based on Social Network Analysis (SNA) to support the USAID/Philippines Local Works team with insight into water management in the municipality of Tublay. This exercise was conducted by USAID’s Local Systems Practice (LSP) consortium, led by LINC and supported by Philippine partners, AKAP and IYAMAN. Our objectives were to increase understanding of collaboration among key actors operating with formal or informal mandates to support water management in Tublay, and to inform additional research needs and/or potential interventions to improve water access for the residents of Tublay.
SNA Roster: In line with the research plan submitted in March 2019, this SNA included a variety of actors involved in water management including government offices, water source owners and rights holders, community-based organizations, the private sector, and academia. Our methodology relied on an initial scoping visit and five focus group discussions (FGDs) in Tublay to develop a roster of 82 actors. Of these actors, 71 responded to our in-person survey, and 66 indicated linkages to other actors on the roster. For each of the 66 actors in the network, data is presented regarding their sector, role in water management, and connections with other actors in the network.
Analysis: Relying on the survey data, and backed by qualitative data from the scoping visit, focus group discussions, and a validation session with community members, this report analyzes the network data at three levels: the whole network (looking at the map as a whole); sub-networks; and ego-networks (the relationships of a single actor). Sub-network analyses are included for specific sectors, and for the different types of support exchanged (e.g. information, labor, financial, etc.). Individual actor analyses are included for the most prominent actors in the network. Key metrics for all actors in the network can be found in Annex 7.
Overview of Key SNA Findings: This report presents key findings for each of the analyses conducted including findings for the overall network, selected sub-networks, and prominent actors examined. Some of the general findings include:
• Government is the most central and influential sector in the water management network. There are 31 government offices involved in water management. 28 of the 31 offices are at the municipal, barangay, or sitio-level. This number is surprising given the population of approximately 18,000 in the municipality. Additionally, the government sub-network is very densely connected compared to the network overall and compared to what would be expected. This suggests some redundancies or a lack of efficiency among government actors.
• There are two actors that are connected to every actor in the network, the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO) and one other. Given the MPDO’s official role in planning, infrastructure, and collecting and sharing data, this high degree of connectivity is logical and expected.
• Community-based organizations (CBOs), including Waterworks associations, are not among the most central, connected, or influential actors in the network. They have few connections to other actors in the network, and the majority of these connections are with government actors, and not with other CBOs or households. However, the importance of CBOs was mentioned frequently by community members during our scoping visit, and during focus groups. This suggests that community members have a different perception of the role of CBOs and the role of various government offices in water management.
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• Water source owners are located on the periphery of the network. On average, they have few connections to other actors in the network, and the majority of their connections are with government actors, and not CBOs or other households.
• 66% of connections in the network are exchanges of information. The next largest category is “other” exchanges, comprising 16% of connections. This category consists mostly of advice and expertise. Therefore, 82% of this network is based on information and idea exchange. Financial, in- kind, and labor exchanges account for a minority of connections. It is worth noting that at the time of this study there were no significant water projects underway that were mentioned by any of the participants. It is reasonable to anticipate that the structure of the network would change during the implementation of a water project.
Answers to the specific research questions detailed at the outset of this research project are also individually answered based on the combined findings from the SNA, scoping visit, focus group discussions, and community validation.
Recommendations: Several of the insights gleaned from this analysis have important implications for any future activities related to water management in Tublay. Specific recommendations that synthesize the findings of the qualitative research conducted and the SNA are included at the end of this report. Recommendations for further research / activities in Tublay are organized according to degree of leverage. Next steps and further considerations are also provided for each of these recommendations. Additional recommendations for future application of the SNA instrument are also provided at the end of this report. In brief, recommendations include:
• Address Infrastructure (Low Leverage) – Many of the issues noted by the community are related to physical infrastructure and distribution. Community members identified several potential fixes including: 1) developing lowland sources 2) repairing existing damage 3) upgrading materials 4) constructing new tanks and 5) conducting other various improvements.
• Address Water Ownership (Medium Leverage) – Most water source owners do not have a legal permit securing their water rights. Of the 14 households / water source owners surveyed as part of the SNA only 1 had purchased legal rights to his water source. The rest of the owners have inherited or ancestral rights to their water. Elders still view water as a shared resourced that should not be owned by any one person. However, the reality is that one can obtain legal rights to water sources in Tublay, and some individuals in Tublay have already obtained legal water permits. The contestation over water rights is an emerging issue in the community and current water source owners risk losing their access.
• Streamline the Role of Municipal Government Actors (High Leverage) – A longer-term effort to clarify the function of each government office related to water management and simplify flows of information between government actors, especially at the municipal level, would increase network efficiency. This could be accomplished in several ways. One option is to create a central oversight body or water district. However, clarifying roles of current actors, or better supporting barangay councils may also be viable options.
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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
The Local Systems Practice (LSP) activity – a co-created research initiative of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Local Works program – directly assists USAID missions and local actors with using systems-based approaches to address complex development challenges. These approaches foster a deeper understanding of the overall system; the local constituents, their priorities and relationships within the system; and how a development activity or intervention changes the system over time.
Building on Findings from Broad Listening In 2018, LSP participated in a Broad Listening activity with the Local Works Philippines team. This activity involved open-ended conversations with a diverse array of local stakeholders from several regions throughout the country to identify and better understand development issues in and across their communities. LSP conducted qualitative data analysis (QDA) on the documentation from discussions with all stakeholders as part of this activity. This analysis uncovered several emergent issues – access to water being among the most prominent, specifically in the municipality of Tublay, Benguet (See Annex 1).
Using this information, the Local Works team requested support from LSP to pilot a systems assessment in Tublay to glean further insights associated with insufficient and/or unsustainable access to water. More specifically, the research aims to understand collaboration among key actors operating with formal or informal mandates to support water management in the municipality. This research will inform additional research needs and/or potential interventions to improve water access for residents of Tublay.
This report presents the findings of the systems analysis, the third step in the multi-step process outlined by the Local Works team in the Philippines. (Figure 1). The recommendations section of this report provides recommendations for both modeling and replication of SNA methodology, and next steps for intervention design with local partner(s).
Figure 1: Initial phased approach for USAID/Philippines Local Works team
USAID Local Systems Practice 4 September 2019 USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
About Tublay Tublay is a fifth-class municipality located in Benguet. According to the Municipal Planning and Development Office, as of February 2018, Tublay has a population of 18,672. Tublay consists of eight barangays; Ambassador, Ambongdolan, Ba-ayan, Basil, Caponga, Daclan, Tublay Central, and Tuel. Tublay is mostly hilly and mountainous. 44% of the land area in the municipality is dedicated to agricultural use. 1 The Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO) estimates that 40% of households have level 3 access to safe water. However, the most estimates are from 2009.
In Tublay, and more broadly in the province of Benguet, the protection and management of water resources has traditionally been anchored by the beliefs of Indigenous Figure 2: Map of Tublay Peoples (IPs). IPs believe that there are spirits residing in Source: all sources and bodies of water. This belief prevents https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tublay,_Benguet destructive activities. For example, no one is allowed to wash acidic and salty maters within a water source as it is believed that these chemicals will drive away the spirits guarding the spring or water source, as this could cause the drying up of the source. 2
During the scoping visit and focus group discussions with community members, notions of the sacredness of water, ancestral rights, the belief that water should be shared, and a respect for the council of elders when addressing water management were mentioned. However, our analysis, and conversations with other actors involved in water management suggest that these traditional views are not pervasive and do not govern the way that water is currently managed. Evidence of this apparent cultural shift will be addressed throughout the analysis and subsequent Figure 3: Map of Comprehensive Land Use Plan for Tubaly, Benguet 2013-2023 recommendations in this Source: MPDO report.
1 https://tublay.weebly.com/about-us.html 2 https://benguet.gov.ph/index.php/11-municipalities/494-water-resources-management-and-protection-tublay
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Research Objectives Based on the results of the Broad Listening, and conversations with USAID/Philippines, the following research questions were developed: • What are the primary issues community members face related to water resources? (e.g. scarcity, access, infrastructure, quality, legal, etc.) • Who are the existing actors in Tublay that manage or respond to issues related to community access to water resources? (Note: actors can be individuals, organizations, institutions, or political offices). • How do existing actors in Tublay collaborate/communicate on water management and access issues? • What, if any, are the most significant barriers to effective collaboration between actors in Tublay? • Can collaboration be improved between existing actors to better manage and/or address issues related to community access to water?
These questions will be answered throughout the analysis presented in this report. Findings related to each research question are summarized in the “ Summary of Findings ” section.
Define “Water Management” For the purposes of this study, “water management” includes any task or function related to provision of or access to water and water services for any use (household, potable, agricultural, etc.) including infrastructure development, infrastructure operations and maintenance (and associated fee collection), legal management (permitting, water rights), water delivery, water safety/testing, and any other relevant activities. This definition was informed by the findings of the scoping visit and is explicitly distinct from water resource management (WRM) and should not be used interchangeably with that term for the purposes of this research.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
METHODOLOGY
This research activity was conducted in three phases over eight months beginning in December 2018 as shown below:
Figure 3: Research Timeline
Solicit Local Partner The Local Systems Practice team identified Local Partner, AKAP, to support in this research activity. Two members of the organization, Florita Paragas and Tita Maria Butz, who are from the region, assisted throughout the research process from the scoping visit through the creation of this report. In addition to AKAP, several members of IYAMAN, Inc. based in Benguet served as enumerators for the in-person data collection.
Conduct Scoping Visit Staff from LINC, AKAP and USAID/Philippines traveled to Tublay in March 2019 to meet with a variety of local stakeholders. Discussions aimed to better understand current community solutions to addressing water scarcity, root causes of water scarcity, and both current and previous activities related to improving access to water. The semi-structured interview guide used for the scoping visit can be found in Annex 2.
The team met with representatives from the municipal government, as well as representatives from all eight barangays, including more than 120 community members. The initial, high-level findings from the scoping visit served to refine the scope of the analysis, research questions, and provided an initial list of actors for inclusion in the network analysis.
Conduct Focus Group Discussions From April through May 2019 AKAP conducted five focus group discussions (FGDs) with 61 community members in Tublay including representatives from all eight barangays. The main purpose of the FGDs was to identify key actors in the water management network in Tublay for inclusion in the network analysis. The FGDs also served to elaborate on findings from the scoping visit and provide qualitative information to assist in interpreting the findings from the SNA. The semi-structured interview guide used for the FGDs visit can be found in Annex 3. Summarized notes from the FGDs can be found in Annex 4.
Finalize Roster All actors mentioned during the FGDs were included in an initial roster of actors. Names were verified by AKAP. Some names of water source owners proved to be duplicates or could not be validated and were thus dropped from the roster. Some additional government offices that were identified as serving a role related to water management during the scoping visit or known to USAID as serving a water management role were added to the roster. The final roster of 82 actors was the result of an iterative process based on the FGDs and review by AKAP, additions by USAID, and review by LINC to ensure all actors fit the network definition and were operational within the geographic boundary of Tublay.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Administer Network Analysis Survey A Network Analysis Survey (Annex 5) was administered in-person by Survey Responses members of AKAP and IYAMAN. Surveys were translated into the local Actors Included in 82 language and were administered in the local language. Of the 82 actors on Roster the roster, 71 completed the in-person survey (87% response rate). Of the Completed 71 11 who did not respond, six could not be located, three were unavailable Surveys during the data collection period, and two declined to participate. Respondents in 66 Network Of the 71 responses received, 66 actors indicated they had a relationship with someone else on the roster and are thus a part of the water management network and network analysis in this report. The full roster including non-responses, and out-of-network actors can be found in Annex 6.
The five actors who responded to the survey, but did not indicate any relationships with other actors, are all water source owners. These actors are likely unconnected due to geographic barriers due to the mountainous terrain, and due to the lack of an entity, either formal or informal, that brings water source owners together.
Analyze Network Data The data was collected by the enumerators using paper surveys. Survey data was uploaded into Survey Monkey.3 Unique IDs for each actor were used to ensure no duplicate entries were made. Data was then cleaned by LINC and uploaded into Kumu.io online software to visualize the network and to calculate network metrics. 4 All visuals in this report are outputs from Kumu as are all of the network metrics provided. Some simple statistics and other graphical representations were generated by LINC using Microsoft Excel.
Verify Data with Community Members On August 6,2019, AKAP shared high-level findings from this report to community members in Tublay. The results of the community feedback session are integrated into this report as appropriate.
3 https://www.surveymonkey.com/ 4 https://kumu.io/
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
FINDINGS & ANALYSIS
Respondent Profiles Prior to proceeding to the network analysis, we first present a brief overview of the respondents that participated in the SNA.
Sector 31 of the 66 actors in the network (47%) are government offices. Given the number of government actors, a separate sub-network analysis looking at interactions among government is included in this report. Of the remaining respondents, 14 actors are individuals / households who have a water source on their property; 13 actors are community-based organizations (CBOs); 6 are private sector entities; one is an NGO; and there is one academic institution.
Geographic Scope The boundary for this analysis was the municipality of Tublay. Two national actors (NWRB, and one NGO with local presence) are also included. Five actors operate at the provincial level, 13 are municipal, 24 are at the barangay-level, 8 are at the sitio level, and the 14 individual/household actors are shown as operating at the household level.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Area(s) of Focus Respondents were asked, “What is the focus of your water-related activities in Tublay?” and asked to select each area that applies. The majority (43) indicated that they are focused on water for household use.
Water Management Activities Respondents were asked, “Which of the following activities do you engage in on behalf of your household related to water service provision in Tublay?” and asked to select each activity that applies. Only four government offices reported supporting permitting activities, the Municipal Planning and Development Office, the Municipal Health Office, The Inter-Regional Watershed Council, and the Barangay Council of Ambassador. 5 Wastewater Treatment is provided by an unexpected mix of actors, the Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Association, the Agriculture and Fishery Council of Basil, the Barangay Council of Daclan, the Municipal Engineering Office, and Benguet State University – College of Community Development. The six private sector actors are the only ones who reported water delivery activities.
5 NWRB does engage in permitting but did not complete the survey.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
HOW TO READ THIS REPORT
Interpreting Network Maps Key Terms • Actor: An entity of interest. For the purposes of this analysis, actors include government offices, individuals, households, CBOs, NGOs, and private sector organizations including Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). • Node: A circle in the map, which represents an actor. The size of each node is based on the total number of connections (both out-ties, or connections named by the actor, and in-ties, or connections where the actor was named by another network actor). • Edge: The lines in the map that represent a connection between two actors. For the purposes of this analysis, edges represent exchanges of support including information, financial, in-kind, labor (paid or volunteer), and other (including expertise and advice).
The maps are automatically generated by the online systems mapping platform (Kumu.io) using a standard layout algorithm. The position of nodes in a given map varies depending on the purpose of the visualization and generally does not reflect distance of specific actors or groups from each other. Ungrouped maps tend to position the largest nodes (those with the highest number of connections) at or near the center, while those with the fewest connections tend to be situated around the periphery.
We do not suggest utilizing maps alone for interpretive purposes, especially those that are the large and complex. We suggest referencing the metrics provided together with the maps in the presentation when conducting in-depth analysis on specific actors.
Key Measures in Network Analysis Prior to beginning our analysis, it is important for the reader to become familiar with a few SNA terms that are used throughout the analysis. 6 • Density : The fraction of all potential connections in a network to actual connections; a network where each actor is directly connected to every other actor has a density of 100%. • How it’s helpful: The density measurement provides a prediction of the diffusion rate of knowledge between actors. This does not necessarily mean that greater density leads to greater efficiency. Density is only meaningful when interpreted within the broader context including network size, diversity, and purpose. • Degree : The number of connections an actor has; actors with high degrees are considered as network connector hubs. In a directed network diagram, arrows indicate the direction of the relationship. o In-Degree: Measures the number of incoming connections for an actor. o Out-Degree: Measures the number of linkages leaving a network actor (others named by the actor). How it’s helpful: Degree centrality is the simplest measure of node connectivity. In general, elements with high Degree are the local connectors / hubs but are not necessarily the best connected to the wider network. Elements with high In-Degree are the influencers , looked to by others as a source of advice, expertise, or information.
6 Definitions from: https://cambridge-intelligence.com/keylines-faqs-social-network-analysis/ and Kumu.io USAID Local Systems Practice 11 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
• Closeness Centrality “ Closeness ”: The shortest distance of each actor to all other actors. Actors with high closeness can spread information most easily to the rest of the network. This measure scores each node based on their ‘closeness’ to all other nodes within the network. • How it’s helpful: This measure is helpful for finding the individuals who are best placed to influence the entire network most quickly. In general, elements with high closeness can spread information to the rest of the network most easily and usually have high visibility into what is happening across the network. Closeness centrality can help identify good broadcasters. • Betweenness Centrality “ Betweenness ”: A measure of the number of times an actor lies on the shortest path between two other actors. • How it’s helpful: Actors with high betweenness have more control over the flow of information and act as key bridges within the network. However, they can also be potential single points of failure. Betweenness centrality can help identify who the brokers or bottlenecks are in a system.
To aid the reader, we have followed a systematic framework for presenting network and sub-network analyses. For each, we provide a visual “sociogram,” or map of the network actors and their relationships, along with key network-level metrics and a list of the top organizations, ranked by In-Degree, Closeness and Betweenness. In all of the network maps presented in this report, the size of each actor in the maps is based on In-Degree (number of instances when the actor was named by other actors). • Reach : Reach measures the portion of the network within two steps of an actor. • How it’s helpful: In general, actors with high reach can spread information through the network through close friend-of-a-friend contacts. 7 • Reach Efficiency : Reach Efficiency divides Reach by the number of direct connections. • How it’s helpful: In general, actors with high reach efficiency are less connected but gain more exposure through each direct relationship. 8
7 Definition from Kumu.io 8Definition from Kumu.io USAID Local Systems Practice 12 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
OVERALL NETWORK ANALYSIS
Network Metrics Overview Actors 66 As seen in the diagram and metric data, the overall network is comprised of 66 actors connected by 1,252 linkages. The Density indicates that 29% of all Connections 1,252 possible relationships were indicated by respondents. On average, respondents Density 29% reported linkages with 19 other actors. The Average Degree of all Average 37.94 respondents, or the average sum of in- and out-linkages each possesses is Degree 37.94. 9
9 Average Degree here – and throughout this report – is calculated as the average of all degree values (combined in- degree and out-degree) of the organizations in the respective network or sub-network.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Key Findings • Prominence of Government Actors: Government actors (green nodes) are very densely clustered in the center, and comprise 47% of actors in the network, and 97% of the connections within the network represent an exchange involving a government actor. Government actors generally hold the network together and serve as its main drivers.
• Peripheral Role of All Other Actors: Only 3% of exchanges are between actors outside of government. The map can be roughly viewed as consisting of a central hub of government actors, and two rings of peripheral actors. The inner ring consists of CBOs, private sector actors, and an academic institution. The nodes in this ring appear to be smaller than the green government nodes (due to being named by fewer other actors). This suggests that government has a more central and a more influential role in the network. The outermost ring consists of households (water source owners). All of the households which are represented by orange nodes are located at the outermost edges of the map, indicating a peripheral function in the overall network. The figure below depicts the 1,252 exchanges in the network split between government and all other actors.
• No Obvious Central Actor: There is no single actor that is clearly the most central or largest in the network. There does not appear to be a single actor who is the main driver of the network. One would expect to see a node that is larger than the others, or more clearly central, in a water management network that is run by a utility or a single government office with a clear water mandate that provides direction to other supporting offices. On the next page, we have indicated the top-ten most prominent actors, as measured by In-Degree, Closeness, and Betweenness.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Most Prominent Actors in the Overall Network In the table below, we have indicated the top-ten most prominent actors, as measured by In-Degree (the number of times they were cited by other respondents). Rank Actor In-Degree 1 National Irrigation Association (NIA) 66 2 Kalahi -CIDSS 57 3 Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Office (DRRO) 54 4 Municipal Health Office 54 INFLUEN- 5 Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office 45 CERS 6 Municipal Agriculture Office 40 7 Barangay Council of Basil 34 8 Water Den Purified Refilling Station 34 9 Municipal Engineering Office 31 10 Municipal Planning and Development Office 31
In the table below, we have indicated the top-ten most prominent actors, as measured by Closeness (organizations with the shortest distance, or number of steps, to all other organizations). Rank Actor Closeness
1 Municipal Planning and Development Office 1
1 [Redacted] 1 3 Municipal Agriculture Office 0.823 4 Municipal Health Office 0.762 BROAD- 5 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Caponga 0.731
CASTERS 6 National Irrigation Association (NIA) 0.715
7 Municipal Environment and Natural Resources 0.669
Office
8 Kalahi -CIDSS 0.654 9 Barangay Council of Ambassador 0.646 10 Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Office (DRRO) 0.638
In the table below, we have indicated the top-ten most prominent actors, as measured by Betweenness (organizations who most often appear on the shortest path between two other organizations). Rank Actor Betweenness 1 [Redacted] 0.142 2 Municipal Planning and Development Office 0.137 BROKERS / 3 Municipal Health Office 0.124 BOTTLE- 4 Municipal Agriculture Office 0.072 NECKS 5 Kalahi -CIDSS 0.044 6 Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Office (DRRO) 0.04 0 7 Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office 0.039 8 Barangay Council of Ambassador 0.037 9 National Irrigation Association (NIA) 0.034 10 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Caponga 0.032 USAID Local Systems Practice 15 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Most ‘Valued’ Actors in the Overall Network The final question of the SNA questionnaire asked participants “How valuable are your relationships with the stakeholders listed below?” Respondents were asked to indicate the value of the relationship on a scale from 1 to 5: • 1 = ‘our ability to provide water services would not change if this relationship did not exist’ • 5 = ‘this relationship is critical to our ability to provide water-related services’
The table below lists the top 10 most “valued” actors in the network as reported by the respondents. The average “value” for the overall network is 3.15.
Rank Actor Value 1 Municipal Health Office 4 2 Municipal Engineering Office 3.79 MOST 3 Inter -Regional Watershed Council 3.71 “VALUED” 3 Municipal Planning and Development Office 3.71 BY 5 Municipal Agriculture Office 3.64 OTHERS 6 Water Den Purified Refilling Station 3.63 7 [Redacted] 3.62 8 Tokjaw Water Delivery 3.60
9 National Irrigation Association (NIA) 3.58
10 Barangay Council of Caponga 3.57
‘Most Prominent’ Actors in the Overall Network Given the four metrics above, Kalahi-CIDSS, the National Irrigation Administration (NIA), [Redacted], the Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO), and the Municipal Health Office (MHO) are considered the “most prominent” actors for the purposes of this report. An ego-network map and additional information gathered from qualitative research for each of these actors is provided.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Government Sub-Sector Analysis
Network Metrics Overview Actors 31 Government actors constitute nearly half of the network (47% of actors). As Connections 671 seen in the diagram and metric data, there are 31 government entities Density 72% connected by 671 linkages. On average, government respondents named 21.6 Average 43.29 connections with other government actors. The Density indicates that 72% of Degree all possible connections between government actors exist. The Average Degree of all respondents, or the average sum of in- and out-linkages each possesses is 43.29, which is 14% higher than the overall network. In this government-only view, it is still not easy to discern a single central actor who is driving the network. There are several similar-sized municipal entities (yellow) that are clustered together around NIA (red) in the center of the network. The high Density suggests that there may be some redundancies or inefficiencies in the network of government actors. For this sub-network Reach Efficiency is explored to better understand where the redundancies in information may be occurring.
USAID Local Systems Practice 17 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Most Prominent Actors in Government Sub-Network Since government is the largest and most influential sector in the network, it is unsurprising that the most prominent actors below are similar to those presented in the overall network analysis. Once again, NIA appears to be the largest influencer in the network. Notably, the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Office (DRRO) jumps ahead of Kalahi-CIDSS in In-Degree rank in the government network as compared to the overall network. This indicates that Kalahi-CIDSS has more influence with non-government actors. The Municipal Planning and Development Office and [redacted] have the highest Centrality measures (Closeness and Betweenness) indicating that each of these actors plays a critical function in the network. Their individual roles will be further explored in their ego-network analysis.
Most Prominent Actors in Government Sub-Network Rank In-Degree Closeness Betweenness National Irrigation Municipal Planning and Municipal Planning and 1 Association (NIA) Development Office Development Office Municipal Disaster Risk 2 Reduction Office (DRRO) [redacted] [redacted] 3 Kalahi -CIDSS Municipal Agriculture Office Municipal Agriculture Office Agriculture and Fishery 4 Municipal Health Office Council of Caponga Municipal Health Office Municipal Engineering National Irrigation 5 Barangay Council of Basil Office Association (NIA) Municipal Agriculture Municipal Environment and Municipal Environment and 6 Office Natural Resources office Natural Resources Office Municipal Environment and Natural Resources 7 office Municipal Health Office Kalahi -CIDSS Barangay Council of Agriculture and Fishery Barangay Council of 8 Ambongdolan Council of Daclan Ambongdolan Municipal Planning and Barangay Council of Municipal Disaster Risk 9 Development Office Caponga Reduction Office (DRRO) National Irrigation 10 [redacted] Association (NIA) Barangay Council of Tuel
Reach and Reach Efficiency Reach measures the portion of the network within two steps of an actor. In general, actors with high reach can spread information through the network through close friend-of-a-friend contacts. 10 22 of the 31 government actors have a Reach of 1, indicating that they can connect to every other government actor within two steps. Surprisingly, the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) has the lowest Reach (.032) of all actors (along with the Municipal Trial Court, the Agriculture and Fishery Council of Bay-an, and NWRB 11 ).
10 Definition from Kumu.io 11 NWRB did not complete the SNA survey. They are included in the SNA as they were named by multiple actors in the network. USAID Local Systems Practice 18 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Reach Efficiency divides Reach by the No. of number of direct connections. In general, Average Average Reach- Actors actors with high reach efficiency are less Level Reach Efficiency connected but gain more exposure Barangay 16 0.88 0.068 through each direct relationship. 13 The Municipal 11 0.81 0.035 DILG also has the lowest Reach Provincial 2 1.00 0.079 Efficiency (.002) in the government Sitio 1 0.68 0.056 network. This indicates that on average, National 12 1 0.03 0.004 DILG’s government connections do not have connection that DILG does not already have.
The Inter-Regional Watershed Council (provincial) has a Reach of 1, and the highest Reach-Efficiency among government actors. The other actors with a Reach of 1, and high Reach-Efficiency are all Barangay Councils, or Barangay-level Agriculture and Fishery Councils. The Reach-Efficiency for Barangay Government Offices on average is significantly higher than the Reach-Efficiency for Municipal Government Offices on average. This indicates that the more significant redundancies in the government network are at the Municipal level.
12 NWRB (see previous footnote) 13 Definition from Kumu.io USAID Local Systems Practice 19 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Municipal Government Information Sub-Network The network map below contains only municipal government actors. The connections reflect only information reportedly shared among municipal government actors.
Overview Network Metrics This close-up view of the municipal government offices working in water Actors 11 management clearly shows that there is no single central or influential entity Connections 100 that is the hub of municipal water management. There are 11 municipal Density 91 % government actors in the network. However, the Municipal Trial Court is visibly outside of the core of the network, and only tied to [redacted]. Of the 11 municipal government actors, there are 100 exchanges of information occurring, resulting in a network density of 91%. While the mandates of these offices related to water management differ from one to another, it is worth nothing that there is no single entity that is coordinating these exchanges of information.
USAID Local Systems Practice 20 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Types of Exchange 73% of all of the connections among government actors (at all levels) represent exchanges of information. 10% of connections fall under “Other” and largely consist of advice or expertise as well as water testing (provided by the MHO). Similar to the overall network, this is predominantly a knowledge and information sharing network. Exchanges of labor, finance, in- kind resources comprise comparatively small proportions of the government sub-network. NIA is clearly the hub of the financial exchange network (for government actors, and the entire network). However, this may reflect the fact that at the time of this study there were no active or recent water projects for households.
Perceived Value of Government On average, the perceived ‘value’ of exchanges with government Value of actors (asked through the survey) is the highest among all of the Sector Information sectors at 3.33 on a scale of 1 - 5. Compared to the average value rating of 2.77 for CBOs, and 1.56 for NGOs, this suggests that Government 3.33 government’s role in water management has not been taken over by Private Sector 3.31 either CBOs or NGOs, nor have CBOs or NGOs provided Academic 3.28 differentiated and valued services. Individual /HH 2.90 Key Findings CBO 2.77 High Density of Government Sub-Network and Municipal NGO 1.56 Government Network: As previously noted, government actors as represented by green nodes are very densely clustered in the center of the overall network, and comprise 47% of actors in the network, and 97% of the connections within the network represent an exchange involving a government actor. The high Density (.72) in the government sub-network is suggestive of redundancies or inefficiencies. The government sub-network Reach and Reach-Efficiency metrics suggest that the more prevalent inefficiencies or redundancies exist at the municipal government level as opposed to the barangay level.
Lack of Clear Central Actor: Zooming in on the government sub-network and the municipal government sub-network still does not reveal a key central government actor who is driving the water management network. No government office is acting as a single hub for water management. This was confirmed by both government actors and community members during the scoping visits and focus group discussion. There was an effort approximately 10 years ago to create a centralized water district in Tublay, but that effort was not successful. Some of the reasons provided for the failure of this effort include. • Lack of agreement among government actors: The process was highly politicized. Additionally, there was a lack of clear guidelines for how government would manage a water system. • Resistance from some water source owners: Some owners do not want to be placed under government management – “My spring, my rules!” While some water source owners are willing to share water if there is an excess, the do not want to be forced to share if they cannot first meet their own needs.
USAID Local Systems Practice 21 September 2019
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• Resistance from some community members: Some community members are not comfortable with government / politicians running the water system. Additionally, some community members are accustomed to free water and are not yet prepared to pay for water. Most of the residents of Tublay are from the Ibaloi ethnic tribe, and their cultural preference is not to be disturbed by government or outside actors in general. • Previous failed attempts: Previous attempts to connect to nearby water sources failed and were unsustainable due to cost. This has raised doubts among community members and government actors about the feasibility of a financially sustainable central water district. • Water quality: There was some concern raised by community members about the impact centralizing water management would have on overall water quality since it is known that several water sources are of poor quality.
High Relative Perceived Value of Government Support: It is worthwhile to reiterate that the support provided by government is valued. While the value ratings are mixed, the average value of government support is still higher than any that for any other sector. Given that this, and the absence of other actors in the central part of the network, it is clear that no non-government actors have taken over the role of government in municipal water management.
USAID Local Systems Practice 22 September 2019
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Non-Government Sub-Sector Analysis
Overview Network Metrics When we remove government actors from the network, there are 23 non- Actors 23 government actors that are connected to other non-government actors. There Connections 43 are only 43 connections (3.4% of total network connections) among this group. Density 8% The Density indicates that respondents reported 8% of all possible connections. Average 3.74 However, this number is only reflective of non-government to non-government Degree relationships and does not consider relationships between these actors and government. The average degree of all respondents, or the number of in- and out-linkages each possesses in this sub-network is 3.74.
USAID Local Systems Practice 23 September 2019
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Most Prominent Actors in Non-Government Sub-Network Rank In-Degree 14 Closeness Betweenness Mountain Quench Water Mountain Quench Water 1 [redacted] Refilling Station Refilling Station Water Den Purified 2 Refilling Station [redacted] [redacted] 3 [redacted] [redacted] Capongan Water Delivery Mountain Quench Water 4 Refilling Station [redacted] [redacted] Shekdan Farmers Basil Mandiyeng Domestic 5 Association Association Junora's Water Filling Station Benguet State University - College of Community Cutflowers and Vegetable Cutflowers and Vegetable 6 Development Association Association Palew Waterworks 7 N/A Capongan Water Delivery Association Suyoc Waterworks 8 N/A Association N/A 9 N/A Tokjaw Water Delivery N/A 10 N/A Junora's Water Filling Station N/A Key Findings CBOs not Serving as Hubs: This contradicts some of what was heard during the scoping visit and in the focus group discussions. Both government actors and community members emphasized the role of CBOs in particular in the municipal water management system. However, it is evident that there is not a network of CBOs addressing water management. A network of CBOs that is not dependent on a central government actor is not currently feasible due to the distance between each community and the mountainous terrain of Tublay. The geography of Tublay makes it difficult for actors across barangays to convene.
Each government agency has created their own community-based organizations which are project based such as Farmers Associations, Irrigators Association etc. These organizations have almost the same members in the same community creating redundancies. Each of the community-based organizations have their own rules and regulations that are different from one another. They operate on their own with limited/no ongoing assistance from the government actors with regards to water management. These community-based organizations are dependent on community leaders who facilitate meetings, monitor repair and maintenance of the water source, formulate policies, and collect dues in consultation with their members.
Peripheral Role of Households: Almost all households surveyed, represented by orange nodes, are around the periphery. Due to the distance between water source owners it would be difficult for them to have their own network without intermediary support. This view of the network reinforces the necessary role of reaching out to and connecting water source owners to the broader water management network. There is no NGO or CBO that has taken on this role.
14 Only actors with an in-degree of 3 or higher included USAID Local Systems Practice 24 September 2019
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TYPES OF SUPPORT SUB-NETWORK ANALYSIS
All actors in the network are connected by an exchange of information, labor, financial support, in-kind, or other supports. The majority of exchanges of support within the network are exchanges of information. • Information: This category includes formal and informal information exchanges (e.g. formal reports, status updates, etc.) • Other: This category was undefined in the survey and was intended to catch any types of support that did not fall within the other categories. Some types of exchanges included are technical assistance/expertise (e.g. water testing), report preparation, encouragement, and consultations. • Labor: This category includes both paid and unpaid (volunteer) labor. • Financial: This category includes government funds, charitable donations, and loans. • In-Kind: This category includes in-kind donation which mostly consist of materials and equipment.
The sections that follow show reported receipts of support. We asked respondents both “To whom have you provided support?” and “From whom have you received support?” For the purposes of reliability and consistency, we will focus the subsequent analysis on only reports of support received rather than support provided.
USAID Local Systems Practice 25 September 2019
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Information Exchange Network Analysis
Overview Network Metrics All 66 actors in the network report that they either provided or received Actors 66 information from another actor in the network related to water management in Connections 829 the past 6 months. Of these, 63 actors report that they received information Density 19% from another actor in the network during this time period. There are 829 Average 25.12 connections (reports that one actor exchanged information with another) Degree representing 19% of the total possible exchanges.
Most Prominent Actors in the Information Exchange Network Rank In-Degree Closeness Betweenness 1 Municipal Disaster Risk Municipal Planning and Municipal Planning and Reduction Office (DRRO) Development Office Development Office 2 National Irrigation [redacted] [redacted] Association (NIA) 3 Municipal Environment and Municipal Agriculture Office Municipal Agriculture Office Natural Resources Office
USAID Local Systems Practice 26 September 2019
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“Other” Support Exchanged Network Analysis
Network Metrics Overview Actors 62 62 actors in the network report that they provided or received a type of support Connections 195 classified as “Other” from another actor in the network in the past six months Density 5% related to water management. The network map above shows with whom who actors reported that they exchanged other types of support during this period. Average 6.29 There are 195 connections (reports that one actor exchanged “other” support Degree with another) representing 4% of the total possible exchanges.
Most Prominent Actors in the Other Support Received Network Rank In-Degree Closeness Betweenness 1 Water Den Purified Refilling [redacted] [redacted] Station 2 Municipal Health Office J&C Water Delivery Barangay Council of Ambassador 3 Junora's Water Filling Agriculture and Fishery Municipal Environment and Station Council of Tublay Central Natural Resources Office
USAID Local Systems Practice 27 September 2019
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Labor Exchanged Network Analysis
Network Metrics Overview Actors 42 42 actors in the network report that they provided labor to or received labor from another actor in the network in the past six months. This includes both Connections 93 paid and unpaid labor. The network map above shows the 42 actors who Density 5% reported that they exchanged labor in the last six months. There are 93 Average 4.43 connections representing 5% of the total possible exchanges. Degree
Most Prominent Actors in the Labor Exchange Network Rank In-Degree Closeness Betweenness 1 Kalahi-CIDSS Municipal Planning and Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Development Office Association 2 Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Municipal Social Welfare Municipal Planning and Association and Development Office Development Office 3 NIA Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Kalahi-CIDSS Association
USAID Local Systems Practice 28 September 2019
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Financial & In-Kind Support Exchange Network Analysis
Overview Network Metrics 55 actors in the network report that they either provided or received financial or Actors 55 in-kind support (materials, equipment, etc.) related to water management Connections 135 activities from another actor in the network in the past six months. The network Density 5% map above shows the 55 actors who reported that they exchanged labor in the last Average 4.91 six months. There are 135 connections representing 5% of the total possible Degree exchanges. There are two prominent actors who are providing financial and in- kind support that are circled in red – NIA and Kalahi-CIDSS. Most Prominent Actors in the Financial/In-Kind Support Network Rank In-Degree Closeness Betweenness 1 Kalahi-CIDSS [redacted] Municipal Planning and Development Office 2 National Irrigation Municipal Planning and Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Association (NIA) Development Office Association 3 Municipal Disaster Risk Barangay Council of Basil Barangay Council of Basil Reduction Office (DRRO)
USAID Local Systems Practice 29 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
ANALYSIS OF PROMINENT ACTORS
This page provides guidance on how to interpret the data presented in the next section of the report.
Ego-Network Maps The next section looks at the ego-networks of the five most prominent actors in the network: the Municipal Planning and Development Office, [redacted], the National Irrigation Administration, Kalahi-CIDSS, and the Municipal Health Office. In each of the maps that follow, the actor of interest (“ego”) is at the center of the map. Every other actor the respective ego is directly connected to is also shown. These are referred to as “alters.”
Key Metrics In-Degree, Closeness, and Betweenness are the same measures that Key Metrics have been used throughout this report. “Value” refers to the survey Metric Qty Rank question that asked respondents how valuable their relationship is with In -Degree 31 10 each actor in the network. The “Qty” column provides the absolute Closeness 1 1 value for each metric (average score for Value). The Rank is out of all Betweenness .137 2 actors in the 66-actor network, not just the ego-network. Therefore, the Value 3.71 3 highest Rank score is 1, and the lowest possible is 66. All Rank scores of one (highest ranked) are highlighted in yellow. Exchanges Type Qty % Exchanges Financial 6 7.6% This table breaks down the composition of all ties within the ego- In -Kind 11 19.6% network. The “Qty” column provides the total number of inbound and Information 144 17.3% outbound exchanges (from/to) the ego to alters. All exchanges where Labor 32 34.4% the ego has the largest percentage share of connections is highlighted Other 19 9.7% in yellow. Total 212 16.9%
Connected Actors This table shows the number of actors in each sector that the ego is connected Connected Actors with (number of alters in each sector). The total possible number of actors that Academic 1 any ego can be connected with is 65 (all actors in the network other than the CBO 13 ego). Egos that are connected to all of the 65 other actors in the network are Government 30 highlighted in yellow. Households 14 NGO 1 Private Sector 6 Overview Total 65 A short summary is provided for every actor, indicating the implications for their prominence in the network.
Additional Information Additional information about each actor sourced during the scoping visit, FGDs, and community validation session is provided after the ego-network analysis for additional context.
USAID Local Systems Practice 30 September 2019
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Municipal Planning and Development Office
Key Metrics Exchanges Connected Actors Metric Qty Rank Type Qty % Academic 1 In -Degree 31 10 Financial 6 7.6 % CBO 13 Closeness 1 1 In -Kind 11 19.6% Government 30 Betweenness .1 37 2 Information 144 17.3% Households 14 Value 3.71 3 Labor 32 34.4% NGO 1 Other 19 9.7% Private Sector 6 Total 212 16.9% Total 65 Overview All roads lead to the Municipal Planning and Development Office. This office was named by every actor in the network. This office is central to the water management network in Tublay. The MPDO is well- placed to influence the entire network quickly since the office can spread information to the rest of the network in a single step. Given the MPDO’s high level of centrality and high Value ranking, it should be viewed as a key ‘broadcaster’ of information within the water management network.
USAID Local Systems Practice 31 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Additional Information: Municipal Planning and Development Office
Representatives from LINC, AKAP, and USAID/Philippines met with the MPDO during the scoping visit to Tublay. The MPDO offered the following information about water management in Tublay: • Water Quality: 40% total households have level 3 safe water. However, the latest map with reliable information on the percentage of households with access to safe water is from 2009 (data collected in 2013 is unreliable). • Water Access: No water system of pipes in the Caponga barangay, and water is supplied only by delivery. Throughout Tublay there are water sources that aren’t yet well-developed. This is often because it requires that water be pumped upstream. • Water Management: In the barangays, water is managed by Waterworks associations. There are other community development priorities on which the municipal government spending is primarily focused. Projects to improve access to water are usually listed for grant funding support by public or private sources. Specifically: • Mobility: These is a need to develop farm-to-market roads, but this has mostly been fixed. • Solid Waste Management: The entire municipality is considered a protected area because it is a watershed. During our visit with the MPDO officers were easily able to pull up reports on all initiatives and spending related to water projects. The MPDO is serving as a repository of information related to water management in the municipality.
USAID Local Systems Practice 32 September 2019
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[Redacted]
Key Metrics Exchanges Connected Actors Metric Value Rank Type Value % Academic 1 In -Degree 30 12 Financial 16 20.2 % CBO 13 Closeness 1 1 In -Kind 3 5.4 % Government 30 Betweenness .1 42 1 Information 111 13.4 % Households 14 Value 3.62 7 Labor 0 0% NGO 1 Other 41 21.0 % Private Sector 6 Total 171 13.6 % Total 65 Overview This individual was named by every actor in the network. [redacted content]
USAID Local Systems Practice 33 September 2019
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National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
Key Metrics Exchanges Connected Actors Metric Qty Rank Type Qty % Academic 1 In -Degree 66 1 Financial 9 11.4 % CBO 8 Closeness .646 9 In -Kind 6 10.7 % Government 20 Betweenness .034 9 Information 70 8.4% Households 1 Value 3.58 9 Labor 5 5.4 % NGO 0 Other 13 9.7 % Private Sector 0 Total 103 8.2 % Total 30 Overview The NIA has the highest In-Degree of all actors in the network. This suggests that NIA is looked to as a source of advice, expertise, or information. However, the lower centrality rankings show that the NIA is not the most connected to the wider network. The Value of support from NIA is also lower than that for other prominent actors. Therefore, while the NIA is influential it is not the most “central” actor in the network, or within the government network.
USAID Local Systems Practice 34 September 2019
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Additional Information: National Irrigation Administration
We were unable to meet with a representative from NIA during our scoping visit. This is because NIA does not have physical presence in Tublay. The nearest representative sits in La Trinidad.
We heard some criticism of NIA from municipal government offices stating that NIA’s projects along riverbank in Tublay are drying up water sources.
Tuel Project We met with community member from barangay Tuel who were recipients of multiple NIA water projects. According to community members, NIA projects are all functioning, but it is still not enough. NIA charges a monthly fee of PHP 100, but there is also a PHP 300 annual Tuel membership maintenance fee. The dual structure results in different people paying different amounts of money to access the same source. Community members noted that NIA projects were not coordinated with Kalahi- CIDSS projects. One sitio currently has two water organizations, one resulting from a Kalahi-CIDSS project and one resulting from a NIA project.
USAID Local Systems Practice 35 September 2019
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Municipal Health Office
Key Metrics Exchanges Connected Actors Metric Value Rank Type Qty % Academic 0 In -Degree 54 4 Financial 10 12.7% CBO 9 Closeness .731 5 In -Kind 3 5.4% Government 25 Betweenness .124 3 Information 75 9.0% Households 5 Value 4.0 1 Labor 0 0% NGO 1 Other 19 9.7% Private Sector 6 Total 107 8.5% Total 46 Overview The MHO has the highest Value ranking in the overall network. The MHO also has a high In-Degree and high Centrality measures. Therefore, the MHO can be viewed as a key actor in the overall network that is the most valued for its contributions to the network. The “Other” exchanges reported with the MHO are mostly related to water-testing services provided.
USAID Local Systems Practice 36 September 2019
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Additional Information: Municipal Health Office Members of LINC, AKAP, and USAID/Philippines went to the Municipal Health Office (MHO) during the scoping visit and met with several members. The office is located within walking distance of the mayor’s office in Tublay.
Representatives from the health office confirmed that there is no centralized water district within Tublay. The MHO is mandated by the department of health to conduct water analysis. This began in 2012. MHO collects samples to test and sends them out to the provincial government. According to the MHO, every source is tested at least 2 times per year, mostly in the 1st and 2nd quarter of the year.
Tests on sources are positive approximately 60% of the time. However, the MHO was reluctant to say that the remaining 40% of households have access to “safe” water, since the analysis does not show everything. For example, current testing would not show amoebas in the water. Also, the water is not chlorinated due to a lack of access to chlorine. As a result, MHO instructs all families to boil their water. According to the MHO, most families do boil water, or receive water from a refilling station that treats water. Water-related issues are not a top public health concern in Tublay.
Regarding water contamination, MHO believes most comes from animals, gardens, and riverbanks, but not from human sources of contamination. However, there are some water sources near toilets. MHO and the Municipal Engineering Office are supposed to work on household septic tanks, but this is not happening. MHO is unsure if most septic tanks are contained but knows it’s not 100%. Toilets are only in the house, not in farms or gardens. However, the municipality is not strictly implementing 0% open defecation guidelines. Animal defecation is not contained, and when it rains everything flows downstream. As a result, most downstream samples are contaminated. Other than these sources, MHO is uncertain what the root causes of contamination are.
According to the MHO, community members are not aware of water quality and only care that they have water. MHO believes that the quantity of water is a larger issue than the quality of water. They believe that those who can afford to do so invest in big tanks in order to catch rainwater spouting off their roofs in order to catch water when it is pure. However, there has not been a community-wide rainwater catchment project.
USAID Local Systems Practice 37 September 2019
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Kalahi-CIDSS
Key Metrics Exchanges Connected Actors Metric Value Rank Type Qty % Academic 0 In -Degree 57 2 Financial 9 11.4 % CBO 7 Closeness .623 12 In -Kind 9 16.1 % Government 19 Betweenness .044 5 Information 45 5.4 % Households 1 Value 3.42 16 Labor 14 15. 0% NGO 0 Other 7 3.6 % Private Sector 1 Overview Total 84 6.7 % Total 28 The majority of Kalahi-CIDSS’ connections are directly to the barangays where it has implemented Waterworks projects. Kalahi-CIDSS is connected to 7 CBOs, which are assumed to be the organizations created after the completion of their Waterworks projects in Tublay. Therefore, it is worth noting that Kalahi-CIDSS is connected to its own CBOs, but not to CBOs originating from other water projects. 11 of Kalahi-CIDSS’ 19 connections with government actors are at the barangay level, with barangay councils or other barangay organizations in the barangays where Kalahi-CIDSS has implemented projects. Kalahi-CIDSS is also the largest provider of in-kind resources and labor in the overall network.
USAID Local Systems Practice 38 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Additional Information: Kalahi-CIDSS Members of LINC, AKAP, and USAID/Philippines went to the Kalahi-CIDSS office during the scoping visit and met with several members of the organization. The organization has several staff members in an office situated among the municipal government office buildings of Tublay.
Kalahi-CIDSS was originally funded by the World Bank and the government of the Philippines. Kalahi- CIDSS is one of the poverty alleviation programs of the Philippine Government being implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). 15 Kalahi-CIDSS received funding in 2014 for work in Tublay and has implemented Waterworks projects in the barangays of Ambongdolan, Basil, Daclan, Tuel, and Ambassador. Kalahi-CIDSS Waterworks projects reach about 60% of households in each respective barangay. According to Kalahi-CIDSS, there have been 7-8 Waterworks projects in Tublay. The cost of a Waterworks project is about 1 million PHP. Since 2014, Kalahi-CIDSS has spent almost 12 million pesos on Waterworks projects and water-related activities in Tublay
Once Kalahi-CIDSS completes implementation of a Waterworks project, it is the responsibility of community organizations to maintain the system. Kalahi-CIDSS conducts “sustainability checks” of its projects at 6-months and 1-year post-implementation. The requirement to turn management over to the community is in the Kalahi-CIDSS bylaws. Communities are responsible for organizing themselves. Kalahi-CIDSS does not have an established structure that it encourages communities to use.
Ambongdolan Project During our scoping visit we met with community members in barangay Ambongdolan. They spoke to us about the lowland source that was developed as part of a Kalahi-CIDSS project. This source provides water to five sitios: three via pump and two via gravity. There is currently sufficient water supplied by this system for each of these five sitios (for domestic and agricultural use) as well as for the school and the barangay hall. The barangay charges a maintenance fee of PHP 10 / drum. The community has ancestral rights to their water source, and a registered water and sanitation association. Community members mentioned that the only need for additional water is to support tourism. They mentioned an untapped lowland source on private farm. There has been no other outside support for community infrastructure aside from Kalahi-CIDSS in the past five years.
Basil Project During our scoping visit we met with community members in barangay Basil. They spoke to us about the Kalahi-CIDSS project that had been implemented to provide households with water for domestic use. The community stated that the project is now sustainable for only one sitio within the barangay. According to community members there is an organization that is supposed to be operating and maintaining the water system, but the group is no longer functioning. Now the barangay is managing the water system itself. The water system is difficult to maintain as it required volunteers to operate the pumps, and the pumps consume fuel which is costly. Barangay officials are currently taking turns to operate the pumps. The system only produces 180 drums of water per day which is insufficient for the 365 households that depend on it. The community is now selling drums at PHP 40 in order to cover fuel costs.
The community believes that Kalahi-CIDSS used an engineer from DSWD that did not study the area and replicated a design from a lowland source without adapting it to their barangay. The design was not
15 Source: https://ncddp.dswd.gov.ph/site/page/1 USAID Local Systems Practice 39 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA presented to the community. The community suggested that in the future a participatory situational analysis be conducted as the first step of any Kalahi-CIDSS program.
When asked what they would need to improve and maintain the system, the community asked for additional motors, construction of a bigger tank, and tanks in the sitios. The community would also like to use a gravity-based system if possible, to fill tanks in lower-land sitios. According to the community there are two available water sources that have not been tapped because they are lowland and would require the installation of pumps.
Daclan Project During our scoping visit we met with community members in barangay Daclan. They spoke to us about the spring that was developed as part of a Kalahi-CIDSS project that is serving four sitios. Community members characterized the project as an upgrade of existing infrastructure. The project was completed in 2017. According to community members, the spring is currently only reliably serving two sitios due to leaking pipes/hoses. The sitio most affected is the one farthest from the source. According to the community, the water tanks are not large enough for longer-term storage. Also, no permits were acquired by Kalahi-CIDSS during the project. The lack of water rights has resulted in an ongoing dispute which has been taken to the NWRB over the source which is claimed by several barangays and a private landowner.
Tuel Projects During our scoping visit we met with community members in barangay Tuel. They spoke to us about three Kalahi-CIDSS projects they received that are serving three sitios in the barangay. According to the community, the water provided by the Kalahi-CIDSS projects is still not quite enough, but it is enough to be used for both domestic and agricultural purposes. The sitios are still relying on water delivery during the dry season. During the Kalahi-CIDSS project, water permits were not obtained. The owner of the source cut off access in the last quarter of 2018 – the start of the dry season. There is a community-based water management organization, but it is not strong according to barangay officials. Each sitio has its own water organization, and one of the sitios has two organizations (one through Kalahi-CIDSS and one through NIA). According to the community there are water sources, but they are located far away from the sitios that need water.
Waterworks cooperatives must register as “Waterworks” with the LGU. The mayor of Tublay oversees “Waterworks” designations. Kalahi-CIDSS and other government actors who implement water projects provide some funds to communities help with small maintenance activities, but all community members and CBO representatives agreed that it is not enough to fund replacements. Ego-network maps of designated Waterworks associations are provided on the next page.
USAID Local Systems Practice 40 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Waterworks Associations
Overview Waterworks associations appear to have primary connections with Kalahi-CIDSS/NIA which is expected as these are the government agencies that are most often implementing water projects and are the catalyst for forming these groups. There are several additional government offices that each Waterworks association is connected to. In addition to prominent network actors including the MPDO, MHO, and [redacted], there are also connections with the offices of Agriculture and Engineering. The remainder of connections are with their own barangay council and a water source owner.
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This section of the report provides key findings related to each of the research questions developed at the beginning of this research project.
What are the primary issues community members face related to water resources? (e.g. scarcity, access, infrastructure, quality, legal, etc.) There was agreement among the majority of actors interviewed and surveyed that there is sufficient water available in Tublay. Although there is sufficient water available in Tublay, water is not readily accessible in homes and communities. Some water sources have not been tapped for a variety of reasons including: • Infrastructure - Lowland sources require pumps to get water up to the sitios that need water. • Distribution – Some sitios are quite remote, and distance from both currently available sources and untapped sources. • Disputes – There are some disputes in the community about water ownership.
Some community members mentioned a reduction in water availability during the dry season. However, there are water delivery services available. The water delivery services appear to coordinate on general price standards, including price differentials for more distant or hard to reach clients. There are several infrastructure issues ranging from damaged equipment to a desire for upgraded equipment. The most prominent legal issue is water permitting. Most water source owners surveyed do not have legal rights to their source. Underlying the permitting issue is a larger cultural shift. Traditionally, water has been viewed as a resource that should be collectively managed and freely shared. However, current conflicts over water ownership demonstrate that these views are not consistently held throughout Tublay. Community members did not cite water quality as the most pressing issue related to water. Several water sources are potable, and testing is done regularly by the MHO. Community members and other government agencies trust the results of water testing. Communities are aware of situations that compromise water quality and take preventative measures such as boiling water. Health issues stemming from water quality were not noted by either the MHO or by community members.
Who are the existing actors in Tublay that manage or respond to issues related to community access to water resources? (Note: actors can be individuals, organizations, institutions, or political offices). Government actors are the central and driving force in the current Tublay water management network. However, there is no single central government actor that is coordinating efforts or providing oversight regarding water management. A handful of government actors including the Municipal Planning and Development Office, [redacted], Kalahi-CIDSS, NIA, and the Municipal Health Office are the most prominent actors in the network due to their respective levels of influence and/or ability to act as a broker or bottleneck. Community based organizations including Waterworks associations, NGOs, water source owners, private sector water distributors, and academic institutions play a visibly peripheral role in the water management network in Tublay.
How do existing actors in Tublay collaborate/communicate on water management and access issues?
The water management network is largely an information sharing network. The core of the network is municipal government that are all located in the same suite of buildings in central Tublay. However, it should be noted that during the time of this research there were no active water projects ongoing.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
Therefore, it is quite possible that the nature of collaboration/communication would change during the implementation of a water project.
What, if any, are the most significant barriers to effective collaboration between actors in Tublay?
Barriers can be viewed in three levels: 1) barriers among government actors 2) barriers between government and non-government actors 3) barriers among non-government actors.
1) Among Government: The high Density among the government network, and specifically the municipal government network suggests redundancies. There are 31 government actors with a mandate related to water in a community of 18,672 residents. The biggest barrier is coordination. There was an attempt 10 years ago to create a central water body that was unsuccessful. A task force was created in 2016 to form a municipal water board that was also unsuccessful. 2) Between Government and Non-Government Actors: Most of the CBOs in the network are associations formed after various government entities (e.g. NIA, Kalahi-CIDSS) implemented water programs. There are multiple associations in some communities as the associations are tied to a specific water project, rather than integrated into existing community organizations. Therefore, there may be multiple water associations in the same community working with different government actors. However, community members state that these various associations are largely comprised of the same members. 3) Among Non-Government Actors: Geographic distance between non-government actors and the mountainous terrain of Tublay makes it difficult for non-government actors to meet in-person. Most communities have no cell phone signal or internet, especially Barangays in low lying areas that are surrounded and blocked by mountains. Therefore, meetings that rely on technology such as Skype or Zoom are not feasible. Typically, barangay officials do have cell phones. However, cell phone signals throughout the community are not reliable. The most reliable signal and internet connectivity is in the area of the municipal hall. In other areas of Tublay, messages are often sent by word-of-mouth. Each community has its own informal communication center such as a sari-sari store. Messages are also shared in the barangay halls and after church services. Urgent and important messages are normally aired through the local radio station (DZWT AM) with wider coverage. There is an annual municipal newsletter which called KATKATBAL which contains events and updates of municipal programs. These current modes of communication are insufficient for regular collaboration between non-government actors throughout the municipality.
Can collaboration be improved between existing actors to better manage and/or address issues related to community access to water?
Recommendations to address both of these issues are detailed in the next section of the report.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
This concluding section of the report provides recommendations identified while performing this research and analysis. The recommendations below have been generated by synthesizing findings from of all phases of this project including the scoping visit to Tublay, FGDs, the SNA, and meetings held with community members to validate the initial results of the SNA.
The Iceberg Model The recommendations below are organized from high to low leverage based on the “iceberg model” (see figure 5). The iceberg model identifies three basic levels found in complex situations.
• Structure and Mental Models : Located at the bottom of the iceberg, these components help explain how the various parts of the system are interrelated to influence the patterns. Components of underlying structures can include rules, cultural norms, policies, guidelines, power structures (formal and informal), etc. High leverage interventions aimed at addressing underlying structures and mental models have the potential to result in significant and lasting improvements of the system with relatively few resources. These are interventions focused on addressing root causes. Fig. 5 Iceberg Model
• Patterns and Events : Located in the middle of the iceberg, these are the components that describe trends over time and indicate that a particular event is not an isolated incident. Recommendations that address patterns and trends are preventative in nature. These mid-leverage interventions aim to foster adaption.
• Events and Symptoms : Located at the top of the iceberg, these are the components and actions that are visible. Recommendations that address events and symptoms are limited and result in short-term improvements in the system that typically require a high degree of investment over time. These are typically useful in responding to emergency situations, but only address the symptoms of a problem.
Recommendations for Tublay Streamline the Role of Municipal Government Actors (High Leverage): A longer-term effort to clarify the function of each government office related to water management and simplify flows of information between government actors, especially at the municipal level, would increase network efficiency. This could be accomplished in several ways. One option is to create a central oversight body or water district. However, clarifying roles of current actors, or better supporting barangay councils may also be viable options. If USAID/Philippines is interested in addressing government management of water resources in Tublay, we recommend the following next steps:
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• Ten years ago, there was a failed effort to form a central water body in Tublay. It was also mentioned that a task force was created in 2016 to discuss the creation of municipal water board that was also unsuccessful. It would be useful to conduct additional research to understand why these efforts failed. The most prominent actors in the network including the MPDO, [redacted], MHO, NIA, and Kalahi-CIDSS are recommended starting points for these discussions.
• In this effort, government, and municipal government in particular, should be viewed as a critical partner. Given the centrality and prominence of government in the network, we recommend working with government to create a durable solution to water management issues. The peripheral role of non-government actors, and the lack of connections between non-government actors indicates that there is no existing group outside of government to work with that can influence government in a meaningful way regarding water management.
• Speak with water source owners directly to find out what kinds of support they are receiving. Since these actors are not connected to one another in the network or connected through another central actor, it would be useful to understand how they become connected to government agencies, and how those connections are maintained.
Address Water Source Ownership (Medium Leverage): Most water source owners do not have a legal permit securing their water rights. Of the 14 households / water source owners surveyed as part of the SNA only 1 had purchased legal rights to his water source. The rest of the owners have inherited or ancestral rights to their water. Based on discussions with community members there appears to be a generational gap. Elders still view water as a shared resourced that should not be owned by any one person. However, the reality is that one can obtain legal rights to water sources in Tublay, and some individuals in Tublay have already legally obtained water permits. However, there are only four actors in the water management network who indicated in the survey that they work on permitting. The four actors are the Barangay Council of Ambassador, the Inter-Regional Watershed Council, the MHO and the MPDO. The NWRB should also be added to this list of actors. 16 The contestation over water rights is an emerging issue in the community. Current water source owners risk losing access to their water sources. Landowners in the community have been prevented from collecting water when other owners of a water source claim it as their property. One FGD participant also mentioned that several government agencies and NGOs are willing to fund water system projects, but landowners and spring owners are unwilling to allow these projects to be implemented on their property. If USAID/Philippines is interested in addressing water source ownership in Tublay, we recommend the following next steps:
16 NWRB did not complete the SNA survey. They are included in the SNA as they were named by multiple actors in the network. USAID Local Systems Practice 45 September 2019
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• Better understand the roles of the Barangay Council of Ambassador, the Inter-Regional Watershed Council, the MHO and the MPDO and [redacted] regarding permitting. [Redacted].
• Conduct focus group discussions with youth and elders to better understand the shifting cultural dynamics surrounding water ownership. Elders in the community refer to the younger generation as the “cash generation” and believe that they have lost the concept of sharing as practiced by their elders. Elders are concerned that moving away from the tradition of sharing water for free (or for a maintenance fee) will undermine community values of interconnection, conservation, protection and rehabilitation, and the rights of nature.
Address Physical Infrastructure Directly (Low Leverage): Many of the issues noted by the community are related to physical infrastructure and distribution. Community members identified several potential fixes including:
• Develop Lowland Sources – There are untapped water sources in Tublay. However, many of these sources are lowland, and the sitios that are most in need of water are upland. Developing these water sources will include a system that pumps water up to upland sitios.
• Repair Existing Damage – Examples of existing damage cited by community members include broken hoses and pipes, and damaged tanks. Insufficient maintenance is being performed on community water systems due to a lack of funds, reliance on volunteer labor, and a lack of materials and required tools. There are private sector organizations that have offered to donate pipes to the community for irrigation but there is no one available to provide the labor necessary to install the pipes.
• Upgrade Materials – Community members provided examples of how the use of sub-standard materials has resulted in damage to community water systems. For example, frail hoses and pipes easily break down and take time to replace. There are water pumps in place that are too small and are unable pump enough water for the whole community. Community members believe that larger diameter pipes are needed in some locations, and that steel pipes are required in some sections where pipes continually break down.
• Construct New Tanks : Community members believe that having more water tanks, and bigger water tanks will help to alleviate some of the short-term distress felt during the dry season.
• Test Feasibility of Rainwater Catchment – Rainwater catchment is not in use at scale. There are some reports of rainwater harvesting for individual household use, and for agricultural use. Expanding the development of rainwater catchment may be an untested option for increasing the amount of water available to upland sitios.
• Other Improvements : Community members also suggested the use of meters to monitor domestic water use and the use of gate valves. Our research was not focused on assessing the physical infrastructure of existing water systems in Tublay and the list above should be viewed only as a starting point for discussion of any infrastructure projects. If USAID/Philippines is interested in addressing physical infrastructure in Tublay, we recommend the following next steps:
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• Look at existing hydrologic studies and mapping results. Studies have been conducted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the office of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). LSP is unable to comment on the robustness of these studies. According to the Department of Agriculture, most studies have been ad-hoc and a comprehensive hydrologic study of Tublay is needed. However, community members believe that there is sufficient water in the community, but it is mostly in lowland areas and would require significant infrastructure to pump water from these resources upland to the communities that are without water. The belief is that upland water sources have already been developed. • Conduct further investigation to better understand why Waterworks associations were not able to maintain Waterworks projects. Waterworks projects focused on addressing physical infrastructure have mixed results in terms of sustainability according to community members. Given the peripheral role of CBOs including Waterworks associations in the network, it would be useful to understand why these organizations are unable to maintain water infrastructure in the long-term.
• Consult directly with affected communities. During our scoping visit and during the FGDs we heard stories about outside experts that have brought unfeasible (e.g. electric water pumps) and unsustainable (e.g. pumps that must be manually managed all day) solutions to barangays in Tublay. During our scoping visit and during the FGDs, community members expressed frustration that outsiders come into their communities with solutions pre-determined and without consulting them. The majority of community members we spoke with felt that they have sufficient knowledge of their systems to recommend areas and methods for improvement.
• Consider financing options. Most financing for Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) water infrastructure for communities comes CY 2018 CY2019 CY 2020 through Waterworks projects funded by various Tublay 72,678,871 79,166,487 89,263,212 agencies. This leaves remote locations without funds due to a lack of Waterworks projects in Ambassador 4,117,159 4,595,404 5,188,532 Ambongdolan 1,612,180 1,793,561 2,018,648 their area. Additionally, Waterworks projects Baayan 2,099,790 2,338,598 2,635,687 have not been successful in developing Basil 1,797,424 2,000,758 2,253,062 sustainable financing models to maintain water Caponga 3,600,268 4,017,256 4,534,441 infrastructure after the completion of the project. Daclan 2,454,742 2,735,975 3,084,854 Tublay Central 1,546,448 1,720,039 1,935,469 According to the Municipal Planning and Tuel 1,733,485 1,929,241 2,172,152 Development Office there is only PHP 100,000 available annually to address water in the Figure 6: Tublay IRA, taken from a photo in the Tublay municipal office community. 20% total of IRA (roughly PHP 14.5M) is allocated for infrastructure. However, water has not been prioritized. In recent years, the municipality has spent most of the infrastructure funds on farm-to-market roads which are not mostly fixed, and on solid waste management. No option to seek outside funding from a financial institution. Budgeting is done annually, and there are also regular consultations between the municipality and the barangays to discuss supplemental budgets in order to be more responsive to the changing needs of the community. Most of the barangay development plans have included budget for water projects but all are "for funding" which means there is no assurance of funds for implementation.
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Recommendations for SNA Instrument & Capacity Monitoring and Evaluation : This specific SNA and resulting data can be used as baseline for any resultant activities. Comparing key metrics such as the Density among government actors, changes in centrality metrics, and the amount of exchange between the government and community actors would be meaningful indicators of program efficacy. Comparing the baseline network map and metrics to future maps and metrics (with whole network data and ego network data) would reveal: • The emergence of new influential or central actors in the water management network; • The evolution of relationships (strengthening/weakening) over time; and • The degree to which collaboration and coordination has been streamlined.
Support Collective Action : Network analysis has more value in facilitating strategic discussions than in simply sharing specific results. When the analysis is done alongside local practitioners and integrated into stakeholder discussions, it can provide a powerful tangible basis for deciding how best to structure collective action and determining who to include. If USAID/Philippines chooses to move forward with a collective impact initiative or other investments in Tublay, it would be worthwhile to bring all of the actors involved together and use the maps presented in this report as a starting point for discussion and collaboration. These maps can be used as the basis of a Participatory Systems Mapping (PSM) exercise to visualize where local actors and interests lie and gain a better understanding of how they may be engaged and benefit from future initiatives or investments in Tublay.
Network analysis is a particularly useful tool for both facilitators of collective action and participants to anchor discussions around what collective action efforts should look like. As demonstrated in the scoping visit and FGDs, initial conversations about water management tend to be about technical issues and the formal mandates that each organization has. Presenting the results of network analysis is a powerful way to shift the discussion towards the actual day-to-day collaboration that is, or is not, happening, and the different ways that collective action or other initiatives could improve the situation.
Replication : Conducting a similar study in other municipalities that have a sufficient quantity of water but also experience water access issues would serve as a useful comparison. Meaningful insights could be derived from comparing similar communities and understanding if the root causes leading to a lack of access to water are similar throughout the country and may stem for national-level policies or values that are not unique to each municipality. USAID/Philippines should also explore how the approach can be replicated going forward to facilitate research efforts and developmental synergies in other sectors.
Additional SNAs, can be done rapidly. For this project, the entire SNA took approximately six months from initial partner identification to analysis of results. It is expected that network analyses of similar scope regardless of sector could be completed in a similar or reduced timeframe.
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USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA
ANNEX 1: KEY FINDINGS FROM BROAD LISTENING ACTIVITY
Descriptive Analytics The primary basis for analysis is word frequencies and associations. The template filled out by each Broad Listening Team (BLT) member for each week included the listing and description of three issues that emerged during the regional visit, and the obstacles and resources related to each issue. Prior to the formal QDA analysis, 13 primary themes were identified during data cleanup and processing: Livelihoods, Urban Planning / Infrastructure, Lack of Basic Services, Governance, Education, Water, Agriculture, Economic Development, Environment, Health, Land Security/Tenure, Peace and Order, and Other (see Figure 1).
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4
Frequency of Mentions 2 0
Figure 1: Frequency of Issues Mentioned by Participants in Broad Listening Exercise across 13 regions of the Philippines.
We first conducted a word frequency analysis to check that these themes would also emerge in a word cloud, using NVivo 12. Figure 2 shows that similar themes emerged, following the initial identification.
Figure 2: Word Cloud Showing the Primary Concerns Identified Within Issues, Obstacles, and Resources During the Broad Listening Exercise.
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The interviews were then coded for the 13 issues, and related obstacles and resources, followed by sub-categories within each of the 13 issue categories. Hence, for every template, we coded the 3 issues, obstacles, and resources, and then broke each issue, obstacle, and resources categories into sub-categories. Using word frequency analysis, we then looked at the distribution of sub-issues, obstacles, and resources, across the 13 regions. The lists were then arranged by issue and by Region (see Figure 3).
KEY "X" Indicates that this issue was metioned as a "top 3" issue by at least one of the team members 100% Agreement - Listed by every team member Listed by the majority of team members (50% if more than 2 person team)
Urban Land Lack of basic Economic Peace Livelihoods Planning / Governance Education Water Agriculture Environment Health security / Other services Development and Order Infrastructure tenure Region City Ilocos Norte Laoag City X XXX Ilocos Norte Burgos X X XXXX Cagayan Claveria, Sta. Praxedes and Sta. AnaXXX municipalities and Tuguegarao City XX Benguet Tublay X X XXX Pampanga Angeles City X X X X XX La Trinidad Baguio City X X X XX X Pampanga Sto. Tomas X X X X Leyte Tunga X X X X XXX Tacloban Tacloban City X X X X Iloilo Bingawan and Iloilo City X X X X X Batangas Santa Teresita X X X Batangas Batangas City X X X X XX Cebu Catmon X X X X XX Cebu Cebu City X X X X XXX Palawan Safronio, Espanola X X X X XX X Palawan Puerto Princesa City X X XXX Davao Davao City X X X X
Number of Locations Where Mentioned: 17 12 8 8 7 7 5 5 5 4 4 3 5
Figure 3: Top issue by region and city.
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ANNEX 2: SCOPING VISIT STAKEHOLDER QUESTIONS
Tublay Scoping Visit Stakeholder Questions High Priority: • Is water scarcity an issue? • How does the community define scarcity? (quantity, quality, and use of water) • How often is water scarce? • Who experiences scarcity? (certain barangays, sitios, HHs, livelihoods, etc.) • How is information about scarcity disseminated? • What level of agency do community members feel towards issues of scarcity? • What does water mean to community members? How is it valued? • How is water governed? • What are the usual sources of water? Medium Priority: • Which aspects of life does scarcity affect? How significantly? • Why is water scarce? • Is scarcity predictable? • When water is scarce, do HH have alternative sources? • Do HH pay for water? • Do HH treat their water?
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ANNEX 3: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
LSP Philippines Focus Group Discussion Questions
1) How do you currently use water? (E.g. household use, agricultural use?) 2) Do you always have sufficient water for these activities? a. If not, why? What are the barriers? (environmental, infrastructure, economic, etc.) b. If not, how do you cope with water insufficiency? 3) How are water resources currently managed? Can you briefly describe the water system(s) in your community? (Costs, infrastructure, etc.) a. Is water for household use managed separately from water for agricultural use? 4) Who manages the water system(s)? ( Be sure to get specific names of organizations and/or individuals for the roster!) 5) For how many years has this person/organization managed this system? 6) How were these people selected /or organizations developed? 7) Are there other people or organizations that influence water management in your community? (NGOs, private actors, etc.) Be sure to get specific names of organizations and/or individuals for the roster!) a. If yes, what role do these people/organizations play? 8) What do you like about the way water resources are currently managed? When/how does this work well? 9) What problems do you see with how water resources are currently managed? 10) How do you think water resource management could be improved? 11) What does the ideal water system look like? 12) How would that that water system be managed? And by whom? 13) How is that different from what is currently happening? 14) What do you think is needed most to achieve this kind of system? 15) Who do you/your household go to for issues related to water resources/water access? 16) Who are the most influential groups/individuals when it comes to managing water in this community? Be sure to get specific names of organizations and/or individuals for the roster!)
Potential Probes (if necessary) - Water Uses - Water Rights o HH - Actors o Potable o Government offices o Agricultural o Community groups - Water Sources o Private actors - Water Access o NGOs / Donors - Infrastructure - Conservation - Operations and Maintenance
Additional Information:
Water Management: For the purposes of this research, water management is any task or function related to provision of or access to water and water services for any use (household, potable, agricultural, etc.) USAID Local Systems Practice 52 September 2019
USAID/Philippines Local Works Tublay SNA including infrastructure development, infrastructure operations and maintenance (and associated fee collection), legal management (permitting, water rights), water delivery, water safety/testing, and any other relevant activities.
Project Background: This research is a component of the Local Systems Practice (LSP) activity – a research initiative of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) – that directly assists USAID and local actors to understand and address complex development challenges.
In 2018, LSP participated in a qualitative research activity with the USAID Philippines team, which involved open-ended conversations with a diverse array of local stakeholders from several regions throughout the country. The purpose was to identify and better understand development issues in and across these communities. LSP documented and analyzed responses, which uncovered several emergent issues – access to water being among the most prominent. USAID requested support from LSP to conduct additional research in Tublay – a municipality visited during the activity in 2018 – to glean further insights associated with community access to water. More specifically, the research aims to understand collaboration among key actors (organizations and individuals) operating with formal or informal mandates to support water resources management in the municipality. This research will inform recommendations to USAID for additional research needs and/or potential interventions to improve water access for residents of Tublay.
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ANNEX 4: SUMMARY OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS
AKAP held five focus group discussions (FGDs) with community members in Tublay. There were 52 total participants, representing all 8 barangays of Tublay. Participants included both men and women with varied positions in the community including child development workers, barangay health workers, farmers and senior citizens.
Current State of Water System The current water system was described with the following phrases: lack of discipline, irresponsible residents, no concern for others who need water, hardship experience of the maintenance person, some prioritize their farms instead of the daily household need for water, hardship in fetching water, some are cutting trees in areas near the water source, and farmers are not productive due to insufficient water. Primary issues cited by participants include: • Insufficient and unsafe water supply - This may be due to the location of water sources, not sure if water with limestone is safe, no assurance of quality of water bought from water deliveries. Water delivery which is always late is also a big problem for the community. • Ownership - Issues arise when collection of water is prohibited by landowners and when other owners of a water source claim it as their property rights. As mentioned by one participant, several government agencies and NGOs are willing to fund water system projects, but landowners and spring owners do not like to allow such projects to be implemented on their property. • Cost - Those who rely on continuous buying of water complained that it drains their meagre savings and not all households are serve by the water system. • Materials – The lack of materials and use of sub-standard materials can result to easily destroyed hoses or pipes not replaced at once, water pump is too small which cannot pump enough water for the whole community, lack and poor maintenance and lack of materials and tools for maintenance. • Attitudes & Relationships – The above concerns are aggravated by community members’ attitudes and relationships. These include, stealing of water hoses and water, someone claiming the source of water and does not like to share, poor maintenance of water sources, some members are not cooperating on maintenance, others disconnect their neighbors hose, no regular meetings conducted by association leaders, women are force to dig wells, irresponsible water users, competition to access to water and sometimes management is done by one person only. No association in the community, and water source owners are always angry.
Water Use The majority of participants shared that they use water primarily for household needs such as cooking, washing dishes, laundry, drinking, bathing, cleaning, and flushing toilets. A few mentioned that they also use water for car washing, watering plants, bathing dogs, farming and livestock.
Water Sufficiency Most of the participants complained that water is not sufficient especially during summer. Each participant offered varied reasons as to why water is not sufficient in their community. Some reasons include: • The amount of time it takes to collect water (e.g. 6 hours to fill up 1 drum of water) • Only having a single source of water • Too many households sharing limited sources • Unfair distribution of water (including the water system projects of Kalahi-CIDSS)
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• Households are uncertain of water quality • Geographic barriers. Much of Tublay is mountainous. It is especially difficult for upland households and farmers to access water if the water source is located at the lower portion of the community.
Coping Mechanisms Despite the challenges they face, community members try to find ways to cope with the situation. Some coping mechanisms include: • Purchasing water from water delivery businesses. This is easiest for households located along the highway (mostly in Caponga). The cost per drum ranges from PHP 20 to PHP 40 per drum depending on the location of their houses. • Observing certain rules and schedules in filling up water in their drums. • Fetching water from those who have privately owned wells or springs. • Diggings wells near the rivers (water is limited to 2 pails per family). The water is equally divided among residents. • Waking up at dawn to collect water, recycle water, collect rainwater, and boil water for drinking. • Conserve and lessen use of water. • Water plants by rotation, minimize farming or totally stop farming and abandon farms.
When asked who they go to for information and support regarding water all of the participants mentioned that they consult their barangay officials, community associations, officers /leaders of associations, owners of water sources, owners of water delivery business, municipals officials, DILG, DENR, and NIA. The majority of the participants consider the barangay officials, owners of water sources, officers of their associations, elders, and elected officials. Some participants added that they need assistance from both NGOs and government agencies but prefer NGOs for faster implementation.
Water Source Owners There are fourteen (14) identified individuals/families who own water source either a spring or well. They share water with their neighbors either for free or for a minimal amount to cover maintenance. There are also water delivery businesses who sell to households. One owner of a water delivery business shared that he was scolded by his relatives for selling water and that it should be free. He explained that he is not selling water. He is only asking for payment of transporting or delivering water to households and if they want it free, then they can fetch water for themselves for free from his spring.
Community Associations There are community associations organized by a variety of actors including barangay officials, non- government organizations, churches, NIA, Kalahi-CIDSS, the Municipal Agriculture Office, the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office, or are initiatives of the residents. The following associations were identified: • Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Association - organized by Kalahi-CIDSS, 11 households share in its scheduled maintenance. • Western Lower Acop Association - has certain policies which members follow in maintaining their source of water. • Tepdew Ambongdolan Water Works Association - their source of water is very far from the community located in Gaswiling, Kapangan which is a neighboring municipality. It was
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developed by gravity flow to the Ambongdolan river. However, this was not sustained for various reasons. • Suyoc Water Association - members conduct regular meetings regarding water consumption. Households not supplied by the water system dig wells a kilometer away from their houses which they maintain individually. • Sayatan Community Farmers Association - maintains their own water system. Every household has its own drums for refilling, and they are responsible for managing their water system. • ASULAN water system - managed by the community. • Guimong - a church-based group that manages their own water system by taking turns in its maintenance. • Palew Water Works Association - provides water for household use. The water tank provided by NIA was supposed to provide water for farming, but it was destroyed. • Shakdig Irrigators Association - In Barangay Tuel they have 3 main sitios with water sources for potable drinking and the Tuel river for irrigation. Each sitio in this barangay has a spring for source of potable water which is managed by the Shakdig Irrigators Association. Their water system was funded by Kalahi-CIDDS. • Shaduan Association - located in Kapangan Road. They maintain and manage their own water system. • Shekdan Farmers Association - manages and maintains their water system which was provided by NIA. • PABEBO Association - located in Central Tublay and manages also their water system. They get water from the Kamunayan spring water which originates from barangay Ambassador and flows by gravity. The barangay officials assist in the maintenance of the water system. There are occasions when conflict arises between neighbors due to water issues. • TAWSA - manages their community water system.
Participants in the discussion group came up with varied answers as to the length of time these associations/individuals managed their water system. From 2 years to 60 years, or “since the beginning” to “a long time ago” and “no idea at all.” Some are established and then reorganized after their water system is destroyed by typhoons.
As each community is unique, so is the way they manage or organized themselves to run their water system. For families with privately owned spring or wells, management of the water system is the initiative of the family. Government initiated and funded water systems such as Kalahi-CIDSS and NIA conduct project-based community organizing. These government agencies closely coordinate with the local officials and the barangay officials. They conduct barangay assemblies to discuss issues related to water. It is during these community assemblies that officers and volunteers are elected or selected. For the church-based organizations, such as the Guimong, water system management is initiated by volunteers working with the church. There are also communities who organize themselves due to their common need for water. Other communities with no formal organization, have their neighborly volunteers who oversee the maintenance of their community water system.
Each of the government agencies and non-government organizations who address water issues in Tublay must coordinate with barangay officials. Most of the participants in the FGDs mentioned the role of their barangay officials. Duties of barangay officials in water management include: • Initiating organization of residents
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• Monitoring distribution of water • Managing or assist in the management of the water system • Mobilizing resources.
Other Groups • NIA - focused on irrigation for farming and provision of materials for the construction of collecting tanks such as cement, steel bars and water hose, as well as technical support for construction and community organizing. • Kalahi-CIDDS - has launched water system projects and improved existing water systems in some parts of the municipality for two years. • Private owners of water sources - they influence water concerns especially those who share their water free or charge with minimal cost.
Appreciation for Current Efforts Participants are appreciative of the various identified individuals or associations who manage water systems in their communities. Participants expressed specific appreciation for the following: • Fair distribution • Help for livelihoods • Sharing water • Alternate scheduling of maintenance on water system • People are united, cooperative, organized, and feel responsible for helping each other • Immediate repair of damaged or disconnected pipes and hoses • Learning to conserve water • Give-and-take benefits from users and owners • Learning to be more patient • Participation of people • Taking turns in collecting water • Regular monitoring • Observation of association rules and regulations such as collection of maintenance fees
Desired State of Water System The participants envision an ideal water system as: • An established water district managed by the association from the community • Well-organized with implemented policies • Responsible • Compassionate community members • Associations with vision, mission and goals, and strong policies • Sustainable and fair access to the source of water, • Good leadership or leadership by example, there is • Everyone has easy access to quality water, sufficient and abundant water • Community members pay a fee (counterpart) to maintain the water system • No stealing of water • Reduced risks for women and children.
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Most of the suggestions were geared towards organizing an association which will manage the water system. This is reflective of their answers such as: organize and strengthen policies, officers of the association must be active and functional, strict imposition of policies, elders to encourage the cooperation of the community members, active participation of all sectors, there is unity, discipline of people, partnership with other sitios, to be managed by community membership and board of trustees, election of competent officers who will manage, assign management team from the barangay of association, orientation of children on the value of water, and signed agreement between the owners and the association. The 5 owners of private water sources organize to produce enough water to be distributed to all households. Water system is better managed by community organization.
The participants gave the following suggestions: Policies & Procedures: Participants suggested that certain policies be formulated, or procedures enacted to address water issues These included: o Associations: ° Form associations for better management of water system ° Strengthen existing associations ° Provide incentives to custodians from the associations. ° Association members who are not participating should be fined. ° Provide food for workers who repair and maintain water sources. ° Equip associations with tools for regular maintenance. o Ownership / Sharing: ° Declare water sources as publicly owned ° Address water rights issues ° Sharing from the dug wells of neighbors ° Reach agreements with neighbors on responsible use of water o Community Involvement ° Community planning for remedies ° Regular meetings for monitoring o Municipal Government Involvement ° Receive more funds for rehabilitation of water systems ° Action from the municipal government- [financial] counterpart to upgrade water system ° Enforce implementation of policies o Other ° Observe efficient water delivery ° Plant more trees Infrastructure: Additional suggestions revolved around the physical construction and improvement of the water system. Specific suggestions included: o Meters to monitor domestic water use o Increase the size of pipes, and use steel pipes in certain locations o Use gate valves o Construct one big reservoir from a single source then equally distribute to households. o Construct bigger water tanks, and more water tanks. o Use standard, strong, and sustainable materials. o Use water pumps for more water use many tanks as water reservoir. o Rehabilitate damaged water systems and tanks.
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Empowering the community and community participation To achieve what they have envisioned, the participants came up with the following suggestions: community participation, awareness, discipline, orientation, education, cooperation, honesty, initiative, patience, accountability and no corruption, seminars/training on project management, community planning, and formation of effective and functional community association. Others emphasized that there should be a sustainable source of water, and existing water tanks should be repaired to make it functional.
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ANNEX 5: SNA SURVEY INSTRUMENT
Enumerator Name(s):
Respondent ID #: Date:
Instructions: 1) If there are multiple people, first confirm that they all work for/belong to the stakeholder identified above. If yes, proceed with the interview. If not, ask people who are not members of the entity to please relocate to another area. Their participation and/or presence during the survey has the potential to skew the results. 2) Provide each participant with a copy of the consent form. Allow them to read it on their own or read it aloud to them if requested. Ensure you have a signed consent form from each participant before you begin. Remember that this is voluntary. DO NOT FORCE ANYONE TO PARTICIPATE. 3) Read aloud the following introduction to begin the survey:
Read: Thank you for your willingness to take part in this study. This survey is part of a larger study that seeks to understand how individuals and organizations in Tublay are working together to provide water services to the community. This survey will take approximately one hour. Do you have any questions for me before we begin?
PART I: Respondent Information
Instructions: Read aloud each prompt. Record the response exactly as stated by the respondent. For all names, ask to ensure the spelling is correct.
Contact Information: We would like to share the results of our study with you upon completion. Can you please provide us with your preferred contact information? This can be either a phone number or e- mail address. We will not share your contact information with anyone else. It will only be used to provide you with the results of this study. 1. Phone: 2. E-mail:
Individual Respondent Information: Ask each person for their name and position (you do not need to fill in a position for individuals/household members).
Person 1: Person 3 (if applicable): 1. First Name: 1. First Name: 2. Last Name: 2. Last Name:
3. Position: 3. Position:
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Person 2 (if applicable): Person 4 (if applicable): 1. First Name: 1. First Name: 2. Last Name: 2. Last Name: 3. Position: 3. Position: Water service provision definition: Read: In the following sections, I will ask you a number of questions about your role and relationships related to water service provision in Tublay . For the purposes of this research, “water service provision” refers to: tasks or functions associated with provision of or access to water and water services for any use (household, potable, agricultural, etc.). This includes but is not limited to: • ownership or management of a water source, • water infrastructure development, • infrastructure operations and maintenance (and associated fee collection), • legal oversight (permitting, water rights, dispute resolution), • water delivery, • water safety/testing, and • any other relevant activities
PART II: Actor Attributes Instructions: Read each question to the respondent. After reading the question, read all responses and ask the respondent to name either one or all that apply (this will be noted in the question). If necessary, repeat some or all answer choices. ALL RESPONDENTS: 1) Which category best describes you? (Select only one; please read all responses before finalizing selection.) a. Government Office (National, Provincial, Municipal, or Barangay) b. Non-Governmental Organization c. Community-Based Organization / Association d. Academic Institution e. Private Sector (including formal companies and MSMEs) f. Individual / private household Instructions : If the respondent selected option f ‘Individual / private household’ from the previous question, please proceed to the next section marked HOUSEHOLDS ONLY. For all other responses, you should skip to the section titled ALL OTHER RESPONDENTS on the next page .
Part II a. HOUSEHOLDS ONLY: 1) Do you have a water source on your property? a. Yes b. No Instructions: If response to question 1 above is no, please end the survey and thank the respondent for their time. If the response is yes, continue with the survey. 2) Do other households avail of your water source? a. Yes b. No USAID Local Systems Practice 61 September 2019
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Instructions: If response to question 2 above is no, please end the survey and thank the respondent for their time. If the response is yes, continue with the survey. 3) The water from your source is primarily used for: (Select one.) a. Household use (drinking, cooking and cleaning) b. Agricultural use c. Both d. Unsure 4) Which of the following activities do you engage in on behalf of your household related to water service provision in Tublay? (Circle all that apply.) a. Monitoring and Regulation b. Training c. Advocacy d. Financing e. Community Organizing / Coordination f. Water Infrastructure Development g. Water System Operations and/or Maintenance (including operating pumps, doing repairs, spare parts provision, waste removal, etc.) h. Water Delivery i. Environmental Conservation j. Wastewater Treatment 5) Which of the following best describes your rights to the water on your property? (Select one.) a. Ancestral rights b. Inherited rights c. Registered water rights d. NWRB water rights application in process e. Other (please specify): .
Part II b. ALL OTHER RESPONDENTS: 1) What is the geographic coverage area of your water-related activities? (Select only one.) Note: If an actor works across multiple Barangays, they should indicate “Municipal” and if they operate across multiple Municipalities in the region, they should indicate “Provincial.” a. National b. Provincial c. Municipal d. Barangay e. Sitio 2) What is the focus of your water-related activities in Tublay? (Circle all that apply.) a. Water for household use b. Agricultural water supply c. Sanitation d. Hygiene e. Monitoring and Regulation 3) Please indicate which activities your organization is engaged in from the list below related to water service provision in Tublay. (Circle all that apply.) a. Permitting b. Monitoring and Regulation USAID Local Systems Practice 62 September 2019
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c. Training d. Advocacy e. Financing f. Community Organizing / Coordination g. Water Infrastructure Development h. Water System Operations and/or Maintenance (including operating pumps, doing repairs, spare parts provision, waste removal, etc.) i. Water Delivery j. Environmental Conservation k. Wastewater Treatment l. Research
PART III: Relationships Read: Now I will ask you some questions about how you / your organization interact with other stakeholders working in the water sector in Tublay. We understand that you may not know all of the interactions that members of your organization / household have with other actors, but please answer to the best of your knowledge. [Instructions: Allow the respondent to thoroughly review the list of stakeholder names before proceeding. Once you begin, repeat back the stakeholder name and the type of support indicated for each relationship identified by the respondent to confirm that the correct boxes have been marked.] SUPPORT RECEIVED: 1) In the past six months, from whom have you received support related to water service provision? What kind of support did you receive? Check all that apply. [ROSTER REDACTED]
SUPPORT PROVIDED: 2) In the past six months, to whom have you provided support related to water service provision? What kind of support did you provide? Check all that apply. [ROSTER REDACTED]
RELATIONSHIP VALUE: 3) How valuable are your relationships with the stakeholders listed below? a. Please select N/A for any stakeholder with whom you do not have a relationship. b. For all others, please indicate the value of the relationship on a scale from 1 to 5: 1 = ‘our ability to provide water services would not change if this relationship did not exist’ 5 = ‘this relationship is critical to our ability to provide water-related services’ [ROSTER REDACTED]
Read: This is the end of the survey. Thank you for your time and contributions to our research. The results of this study will be presented back to all survey participants and local stakeholders at a later date.
(If asked, respond that we expect to be able to share results in August)
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ANNEX 6: ROSTER RESPONSES
[ROSTER REDACTED]
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ANNEX 7: KEY TERMS
• Actor: An entity of interest. For the purposes of this analysis, actors include government offices, individuals, households, CBOs, NGOs, and private sector organizations including Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). • Node: A circle in the map, which represents an actor. The size of each node is based on the total number of connections (both out-ties, or connections named by the actor, and in-ties, or connections where the actor was named by another network actor). • Edge: The lines in the map that represent a connection between two actors. For the purposes of this analysis, edges represent exchanges of support including information, financial, in-kind, labor (paid or volunteer), and other (including expertise and advice). • Sociogram: A map of network actors and their relationships. Network Metrics • Degree: Number of connections an actor has. o In-Degree: The number of linkages into a network actor (named by another actor). o Out-Degree : The number of linkages leaving a network actor (others named by the actor). • Density: The fraction of all potential connections in a network to actual connections; a network where each actor is directly connected to every other actor has a density of 100%. • Closeness Centrality: The shortest distance of each actor to all other actors; actors with high closeness can spread information most easily to the rest of the network. • Betweenness Centrality: The number of times an actor lies on the shortest path between two other actors; elements with high betweenness have more control over the flow of information and act as key bridges within the network. • Eigenvector Centrality: How well connected an element is to other well-connected elements. In general, elements with high eigenvector centrality are the leaders of the network, though they may not have the strongest local influence. • Ego-Network: A network map that focuses on one focal node ("ego") and the nodes to whom ego is directly connected to ("alters") plus the ties, if any, among the alters. • Size: Size measures the number of neighbors an element has (plus the element itself). It's similar to degree but counts the number of elements instead of connections. • Reach : Reach measures the portion of the network within two steps of an actor. • Reach Efficiency : Reach Efficiency divides Reach by the number of direct connections.
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ANNEX 8: KEY NETWORK METRICS FOR MOST ACTORS
[Some data redacted]
Actor Type Size Degree InDegree OutDegree Closeness Betweenness Eigenvector Municipal Planning and Development Office Government 66 212 31 181 1.00 0.14 0.03 Municipal Agriculture Office Government 47 126 40 86 0.82 0.07 0.03 Municipal Health Office Government 47 107 54 53 0.73 0.12 0.03 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Caponga Government 35 69 7 62 0.76 0.00 0.01 Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office Government 33 100 45 55 0.67 0.04 0.03 Municipal Engineering Office Government 32 69 31 38 0.72 0.01 0.03 National Irrigation Association (NIA) Government 31 103 66 37 0.65 0.03 0.04 Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Office (DRRO) Government 31 66 54 12 0.57 0.04 0.04 Kalahi -CIDSS Government 29 84 57 27 0.62 0.04 0.04 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Daclan Government 25 47 11 36 0.65 0.01 0.01 Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office Government 22 55 28 27 0.52 0.01 0.02 Barangay Council of Caponga Government 22 56 25 31 0.64 0.03 0.02 Barangay Council of Tuel Government 20 52 26 26 0.62 0.01 0.02 Barangay Council of Ambassador Government 20 58 31 27 0.60 0.04 0.02 Barangay Council of Daclan Government 19 45 27 18 0.58 0.02 0.03 Water Den Purified Refilling Station Private Sector 19 34 34 0 0.00 0.00 0.02 Barangay Council of Basil Government 18 65 34 31 0.62 0.01 0.03 Barangay Council of Ba -ayan Government 18 38 24 14 0.58 0.01 0.02 Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Government 17 23 23 0 0.00 0.00 0.02 Cutflowers and Vegetable Association CBO 16 29 15 14 0.50 0.00 0.01
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Actor Type Size Degree InDegree OutDegree Closeness Betweenness Eigenvector Barangay Council of Ambongdolan Government 16 50 30 20 0.58 0.01 0.03 SHAKDIG Association CBO 15 38 17 21 0.58 0.00 0.02 Ambongdolan Tour Guide Association (ATGA) Government 15 36 26 10 0.44 0.00 0.02 Benguet State University - College of Community Development Academic Institution 14 26 26 0 0.00 0.00 0.02 Palew Waterworks Association CBO 14 18 16 2 0.43 0.00 0.01 Barangay Council of Tublay Central Government 14 39 26 13 0.47 0.00 0.02 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Basil Government 14 37 12 25 0.58 0.00 0.01 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Tuel Government 14 31 14 17 0.58 0.00 0.01 Sayatan Community Farmers Association CBO 13 33 18 15 0.52 0.00 0.02 Basil Mandiyeng Domestic Association CBO 13 45 22 23 0.57 0.00 0.02 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Tublay Central Government 13 42 15 27 0.58 0.00 0.01 Mountain Quench Water Refilling Station Private Sector 13 35 12 23 0.51 0.00 0.01 J&C Water Delivery Private Sector 12 26 13 13 0.57 0.00 0.01 Junora's Water Filling Station Private Sector 12 21 17 4 0.53 0.00 0.02 Tepdew Ambongdolan Waterworks Sanitation Association (TAWSA) CBO 11 26 14 12 0.46 0.00 0.01 PABEBO Association CBO 10 33 19 14 0.50 0.00 0.02 National Water Resources Board (NWRB) Government 10 15 15 0 0.00 0.00 0.01 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Ambassador Government 10 16 13 3 0.44 0.00 0.01 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Ambongdolan Government 10 21 13 8 0.46 0.00 0.01 Suyoc Waterworks Association CBO 9 14 12 2 0.40 0.00 0.01 Shekdan Farmers Association CBO 9 17 15 2 0.41 0.02 0.01 USAID Local Systems Practice 67 September 2019
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Actor Type Size Degree InDegree OutDegree Closeness Betweenness Eigenvector Inter -regional Watershed Council Government 9 19 10 9 0.54 0.00 0.01 Shaduan Association CBO 8 10 7 3 0.43 0.00 0.01 Agriculture and Fishery Council of Ba -ayan Government 8 14 12 2 0.02 0.00 0.01 Ongpin Foundation NGO 8 12 12 0 0.00 0.00 0.01 Western Lower Acop Community Organization CBO 7 11 7 4 0.46 0.00 0.01 Municipal Trial Court Government 6 8 8 0 0.00 0.00 0.01 Tokjaw Water Delivery Private Sector 6 9 7 2 0.38 0.00 0.01 Capongan Water Delivery Private Sector 6 10 8 2 0.03 0.00 0.01
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ANNEX 9: PRIVATE SECTOR – GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIPS
Network Metrics Overview Actors 37 This view of the relationships between the 31 government actors and the 6 Connections 775 private sector actors in the network. There are 775 connections, but 671 are Density 58 % between government actors. Only one connection is between private sector actors, and 103 connections are between the private sector and government. There is no separate network among private sector actors. This network has a Density of 58%, but this is driven by the high level of Density among government actors. Five of the six private sector actors are visibly on the periphery of the network. Water Den Purified Refilling Station is more central to the network and is connected to several municipal government offices that the other private sector actors are not (see table below). All of the private sector actors are connected to the MPDO, [redacted], and the Municipal Health Office.
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Connections between Private Sector and Government Junora’s Caponga Water Den J&C Mountain Tokjaw Water Water Purified Water Quench Water Water Filling Delivery Refilling Delivery Refilling Delivery Station Station Station Municipal Government MPDO X X X X X X [redacted] MHO X X X X X X Kalahi -CIDSS X Municipal X X X Agriculture Office Engineering X DRRO X X DENR X DSWD X Municipal X Trial Court Barangay Councils Ambassador X Ambongdolan X Ba -ayan X X Basil X X Caponga X Daclan X X Tublay Central X Agriculture and Fishery Councils Ambassador X Ambongdolan X Ba -ayan X Basil X X Daclan Tublay Central X Other ATGA X DILG X Private Sector Water Den X Purified Refilling Station Caponga X Water Delivery
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