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Diptera: Limoniidae) 2020 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA 60(2): 449–461 MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE doi: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.29 ISSN 1804-6487 (online) – 0374-1036 (print) www.aemnp.eu RESEARCH PAPER Taxonomic study of the genus Epiphragma of Japan (Diptera: Limoniidae) Daichi KATO1,2,*), Takeyuki NAKAMURA3) & Takuji TACHI2) 1) Echigo-Matsunoyama Museum of Natural Sicences, ‘Kyororo’, 1712-2 Matsunoyama, Tôkamachi, 942-1411, Japan 2) Biosystematics Laboratory, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] 3) The Shirakami Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki City, Aomori 036-8561, Japan *) corresponding author Accepted: Abstract. Japanese species of the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860 are revised. Epi- 22nd July 2020 phragma amamiense sp. nov. is described, and E. gracilistylus Alexander, 1933 and E. kempi Published online: Brunetti, 1913 are recorded from Japan for the fi rst time. It is revealed that records of E. 1st August 2020 evanescens Alexander, 1940 from Japan were based on misidentifi cations of E. gracilistylus and E. trichomerum Alexander, 1955. Therefore, a total of six species are recognized from Japan, and the previous records which based on misidentifi cations are corrected. Male and female terminalia of these six species are illustrated and a key to these species is provided. Key words. Diptera, Tipuloidea, Limoniidae, Limnophilinae, Epiphragma, crane fl y, new species, new record, Japan, Palaearctic Region Zoobank: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5CF7D8D7-2AEF-4AFB-9DB2-80A8FB525144 © 2020 The Authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Licence. Introduction Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860 is one of the genera In Japan, four species of Epiphragma have been re- belonging to the subfamily Limnophilinae. This genus corded: E. evanescens Alexander, 1940, E. subfascipenne was fi rst established as a subgenus of Limnophila Mar- Alexander, 1920, E. subinsigne Alexander, 1920, and E. cquart, 1834 and was subsequently raised to a genus by trichomerum Alexander, 1955. All Japanese species belong O S (1869). Epiphragma is distinguished from to the subgenus Epiphragma. the other genera by having wings with supernumerary Despite the importance of wing markings in the taxo- crossvein(s) in cell c and peculiar spotted and banded nomy of the group, all Japanese species of Epiphragma markings. It consists of four subgenera, Epiphragma were described without illustrations of these markings. (widespread except for the Afrotropical Region, 115 spe- Moreover, the male genitalia of the species other than cies), Eupolyphragma Alexander, 1948 (the Oriental and E. trichomerum have not been illustrated in the original Australian Regions, 25 species), Lipophragma Alexander, descriptions. Although Epiphragma species were fi gured in 1978 (the Australian Region, 1 species), and Parepiphrag- some Japanese literature (E. subfascipenne and E. subinsig- ma Alexander, 1960 (the Australian Region, 1 species) ne in E (1932), E. evanescens and E. trichomerum in with one Indonesian species whose subgeneric position T (1965) and N (2008), E. evanescens is uncertain (O 2019). In temperate regions, in K (2006) etc.), the identifi cations were uncertain adults of the genus inhabit forests and appear from spring for the above-mentioned reasons. to summer. They are often observed resting on the upper In this study, we investigate the type specimens of surface of leaves or fallen trees keeping their wings out- regional Epiphragma species preserved in the National spread horizontally. The male fl ies swarm in the evening Museum of Natural History, Washington D. C., specimens before sunset. The larvae and pupae inhabit moist decaying from various localities in Japan, and we clarify the Japanese wood (A 1920, 1948, K 2009). species of the genus. Kato.indd 449 01.08.2020 14:34:38 450 KATO et al.: Taxonomic study of the genus Epiphragma of Japan (Diptera: Limoniidae) Materials and methods – Wing markings on inner and outer ends of cell d with subhyaline areas, center of cell d with brownish mar- Most specimens used in this study were collected in the king (Figs 2, 9, 24, 38). ................................................... 3 fi eld by the authors using insect nets and Malaise traps (MT). 2 Each femur usually with two bands distally; medioter- Specimens were examined in dry condition. The genitalia gite without V-shaped lighter area; male genitalia with were observed in glycerol after being boiled in a solution interbase slender, bearing several teeth near tip (Fig. of 10% KOH and then rinsed in a solution of 70% ethanol 33); female ovipositor with sternite 8 bearing linear with 3% acetic acid for neutralization. The treated genitalia apodeme on its entire length (Fig. 34). ........................... were preserved in genitalic tubes fi lled with glycerol and the ..................................... E. subinsigne Alexander, 1920 tubes were pinned with their bodies. Wings were photogra- – Each femur with one brown band near tip; medioter- phed from slides mounted in Euparal. Terminology follows gite with V-shaped lighter area; male genitalia with mainly that of C W (2017). interbase somewhat stout, curved medially and fl atte- The following acronyms of museums and collections ned near tip (Fig. 19); female ovipositor with sternite 8 are used in this paper: bearing linear apodeme on posterior half (Fig. 20). ..... BLKU Biosystematics Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; E. kempi ELEU Entomological Laboratory of Ehime University, Matsuyama, ................................................ Brunetti, 1913 Japan; 3 Each femur usually with two bands distally; male geni- ELKU Entomological Laboratory of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, talia with interbase stout on base, rod shorter than base Japan; (Fig. 11); female ovipositor with furca slender Y-sha- SIHU Shirakami Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hirosaki ped (Fig. 13). ............. E. gracilistylus Alexander, 1933 University, Hirosaki, Japan; USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, – Each femur with one brown band near tip; male geni- Washington, D.C., USA. talia and female ovipositor not as above. ..................... 4 4 Femoral band at tip or almost so; wing markings dis- Taxonomy tinctly outlined with darker margins (Fig. 24); halter entirely light yellow; male genitalia with interbase long Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860 and straight (Fig. 26), extending beyond tip of aedea- Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860: 238 (as subgenus of Limnophila gus (Fig. 25); female ovipositor with sternite 8 bearing Macquart, 1834). Type species: Limnophila pavonina Osten Sacken, linear apodeme in whole length (Fig. 27). ..................... 1860. Epiphragma: O S (1869): 193 (elevated to genus). ............................... E. subfascipenne Alexander, 1920 – Femoral band subapical; wing markings bordered with Remarks. In the Japanese species, the following characters darker margins on anterior half of wing or without are shared: medium sized, brownish fl ies; head with vertex darker margins (Figs 2, 38); halter darkened at base of bearing indistinct dark markings or longitudinal line; eye knob; male genitalia with interbase not as above. ...... 5 dichoptic in both sexes; antenna relatively long, if bent 5 Circular marking enclosing base of Rs with distinct backward, reaching near base of halter, scape cylindrical, marking inside, cell d with three subhyaline spots (Fig. fl agellum with 13 segments, fi rst two fl agellomeres fused 38); male genitalia with interbase S-curved (Fig. 40); or partly so; thorax with prescutum bearing three or four female ovipositor with furca strongly widened and indistinct darker stripes, pleuron variegated with darker membranous on anterior part (Fig. 42). ......................... areas and pruinescence; legs yellowish brown; each femur .................................E. trichomerum Alexander, 1955 with one or two brown bands; fore tibia with one, succee- – Circular marking enclosing base of Rs with narrow ding tibiae with two apical spurs; wing with characteristic seam inside, restricted at base of Rs, cell d with two brownish pattern, forming several circular markings in line, subhyaline spots (Fig. 2); male genitalia with interbase tips of all longitudinal veins, crossvein h, and supernume- L-shaped (Fig. 4); female ovipositor with furca nar- rary crossvein in cell c with brown spots; Rs long, distal rowed and sclerotized on anterior part (Fig. 6). ............ part parallel with R1; crossvein r-r situated about its length .................................................. E. amamiense sp. nov. before tip of R1; MA absent; cell d closed; cell m1 present; m-cu at basal 1/6–1/2 of cell d; male genitalia with tergite 9 produced into pair of small lobes at posterior margin; Epiphragma (Epiphragma) amamiense sp. nov. outer gonostylus claw-shaped, tip sharply tapered and (Figs 1–7, 45) curved inward; inner gonostylus slightly longer than outer Type material. H: (BLKU), JAPAN: N I: gonostylus, obtuse at tip, slightly curved inward; interbase A I: K: Amami Island, Setouchi-chô, Mt. Eboshi, prominent, rod extending posteriorly; female ovipositor Shinokawa, 3.x.2013, D. Kato (pinned, one hindleg missing). P with cercus shorter than tergite 10, curved upwards; hypo- (6 5 ): JAPAN: N I: A I: K- gynial valve relatively short, subequal in length to sternite : 2 1 , Amami Island, Setouchi-chô, Mt. Eboshi,
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