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REPLACING CORPORATE TAX REVENUES with a MARK to MARKET TAX on SHAREHOLDER INCOME Eric Toder and Alan D
REPLACING CORPORATE TAX REVENUES WITH A MARK TO MARKET TAX ON SHAREHOLDER INCOME Eric Toder and Alan D. Viard October 2016 ABSTRACT We propose reducing the corporate tax rate to 15 percent and replacing the foregone revenue with a tax at ordinary income rates on the accrued, or mark-to-market income of American shareholders of publicly traded corporations, accompanied by an imputation credit for U.S. corporate income taxes paid. The proposal would dramatically reduce the tax significance of the source of corporate profits and the residence of corporations, both of which can be easily manipulated. Lowering the corporate tax rate to 15 percent would encouraging a capital inflow to the United States and reduce incentives to shift reported profits overseas and engage in inversion transactions while continuing to impose tax on foreigners who earn economic rents from investing in the United States. The proposal includes provisions for averaging of mark-to- market income, transition relief for firms that move from closely held to publicly traded status, and other measures to address the challenges of mark-to-market taxation. We estimate that the proposal would be approximately revenue-neutral and would make the distribution of the tax burden slightly more progressive. A revised version of the article was been published in the September 2016 issue of the National Tax Journal, Volume 69 (3), 701-731. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Tax Policy Center or its funders. I. INTRODUCTION This paper presents a proposal for reform of the taxation of corporate income. -
Trends in Electricity Prices During the Transition Away from Coal by William B
May 2021 | Vol. 10 / No. 10 PRICES AND SPENDING Trends in electricity prices during the transition away from coal By William B. McClain The electric power sector of the United States has undergone several major shifts since the deregulation of wholesale electricity markets began in the 1990s. One interesting shift is the transition away from coal-powered plants toward a greater mix of natural gas and renewable sources. This transition has been spurred by three major factors: rising costs of prepared coal for use in power generation, a significant expansion of economical domestic natural gas production coupled with a corresponding decline in prices, and rapid advances in technology for renewable power generation.1 The transition from coal, which included the early retirement of coal plants, has affected major price-determining factors within the electric power sector such as operation and maintenance costs, 1 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS capital investment, and fuel costs. Through these effects, the decline of coal as the primary fuel source in American electricity production has affected both wholesale and retail electricity prices. Identifying specific price effects from the transition away from coal is challenging; however the producer price indexes (PPIs) for electric power can be used to compare general trends in price development across generator types and regions, and can be used to learn valuable insights into the early effects of fuel switching in the electric power sector from coal to natural gas and renewable sources. The PPI program measures the average change in prices for industries based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). -
Penalties for VAT, Excise and Landfill Tax Wrongdoings
Compliance checks series – CC/FS12 Penalties for VAT, Excise and Landfill Tax wrongdoings This factsheet contains information about the penalties we may charge you for a VAT, Excise or Landfill Tax wrongdoing. This factsheet is one of a series. For the full list of the factsheets in the series, go to www.gov.uk and search for ‘Compliance checks factsheets’. If you need help If you have any health or personal circumstances that may make it difficult for you to deal with this matter, please tell the officer that’s contacted you. We’ll help you in whatever way we can. You can also ask someone else to deal with us on your behalf, for example, a professional adviser, friend or relative. We may however still need to talk or write to you directly about some things. If we need to write to you, we’ll send a copy to the person you’ve asked us to deal with. If we need to talk to you, they can be with you when we do, if you prefer. VAT, Excise or Landfill Tax wrongdoings VAT, Excise and Landfill Tax wrongdoings are when any person: who is not registered for VAT or is not authorised to issue VAT invoices, issues an invoice that includes an amount shown as VAT makes, knowingly causes, or knowingly permits a disposal of material at an unauthorised waste site from 1 April 2018 uses spirits or hydrocarbon oils for a purpose that attracts a higher rate of Excise Duty (this is called ‘misuse’), for example, red diesel (normally used in farm machinery) carries a lower duty than diesel for road vehicles if someone uses red diesel in a road vehicle, this -
Pressures for the Harmonization of Income Taxation Between Canada and the United States
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Canada-U.S. Tax Comparisons Volume Author/Editor: John B. Shoven and John Whalley, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-75483-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/shov92-1 Conference Date: July 26-27, 1990 Publication Date: January 1992 Chapter Title: Pressures for the Harmonization of Income Taxation between Canada and the United States Chapter Author: Robin Boadway, Neil Bruce Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7478 Chapter pages in book: (p. 25 - 74) 1 Pressures for the Harmonization of Income Taxation between Canada and the United States Robin Boadway and Neil Bruce 1.1 Introduction: The Question of Tax Harmonization The determination of tax policy is among the most sovereign functions of governments. The choices to be made include of the level of tax revenues to be collected (and hence the level of public sector spending), the economic activities to be taxed (the tax bases and the tax mix), the distribution of the tax burden over different groups and income classes in the country, and the distri- bution of the tax revenues to different levels of government in the country. From an economic point of view, there are a number of criteria that might be used in formulating tax policy. These include minimizing the burden on the population of raising the given amount of revenue, minimizing the administra- tive costs of the tax system both to the government and to the taxpayers, achieving the desired amount of income redistribution, increasing the stability and predictability of the revenue base, and using tax policy as an instrument of industrial and regional policy. -
Economic Instruments to Improve Waste Management in Greece
ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TO IMPROVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GREECE INCLUDING A PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY ON A DEPOSIT REFUND SYSTEM FINAL REPORT VOL.1 21 FEBRUARY 2020 ISSUED BY: I.FRANTZIS & ASSOCIATES LTD AND BLACKFOREST SOLUTIONS GMBH BACKGROUND The Greek government asked the GIZ commissioned BlackForest European Commission (EC) for Solutions GmbH (BFS), which support in specific areas (including formed a consortium including the improvement of municipal waste international and national management, regulatory issues of experts from envero GmbH, INFA the waste sector, the management GmbH, Ressource Abfall GmbH, of specific waste categories) in order BlackForest Solutions GmbH and to raise the quality and quantity of I. Frantzis & Associates Ltd. to recycling, to improve data quality provide specific technical expertise and to effectively use economic to GIZ and YPEN from July 2019 instruments. To achieve the to mid-2020 by supporting four aforementioned goals, the Deutsche areas of intervention (AI) linked to Gesellschaft für Internationale the optimization of municipal waste Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) management in Greece. The areas provides “Technical support for of intervention are: the implementation of the National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) of Greece” from 2018 to 2020. The 1. SEPARATE COLLECTION OF project is funded by the European MUNICIPAL WASTE Union (EU) via the Structural Reform 2. IMPROVEMENT OF COST Support Programme (SRSP) and ACCOUNTING IN MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT the German Federal Ministry for 3. USE OF ECONOMIC Environment, Nature Conservation INSTRUMENTS FOR WASTE and Nuclear Safety (BMU), and MANAGEMENT jointly implemented by GIZ and the 4. SEPARATE COLLECTION OF Hellenic Ministry of Environment BIO-WASTE and Energy (YPEN), in collaboration with the European Commission. -
A Review of Energy Storage Technologies' Application
sustainability Review A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration Henok Ayele Behabtu 1,2,* , Maarten Messagie 1, Thierry Coosemans 1, Maitane Berecibar 1, Kinde Anlay Fante 2 , Abraham Alem Kebede 1,2 and Joeri Van Mierlo 1 1 Mobility, Logistics, and Automotive Technology Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.M.) 2 Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-485659951 or +251-926434658 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector. -
2021 \ E Urope
Q2 Q22021\ Europe PPA PRICE INDEX 341 Q2 2021 LEVELTEN ENERGY Table of Contents About the LevelTen Energy PPA Price Index 3 Q2 2021 Methodology 4 About LevelTen Energy 5 Contributors 6 Key Takeaways 7 Industry Insights 8 How the Solar Industry is Responding to Xinjiang and Rising 9 Module Costs LevelTen Developer Survey: Solar PPA Prices Likely to Increase Due to Rising Costs 11 Renewable Project Development is a Relay Race: 12 Here’s How We All Get Faster LevelTen Developer Survey: Asset Divestiture Takes Upwards of 6 Months 14 Q2 2021 PPA Price Index 15 Price Index Comparison by Technology 16 Solar PPA Offer Prices by Country: Q2 2021 17 Solar P25 Price Indices by Country: Q2 2020 to Q2 2021 18 Wind PPA Offer Prices by Country: Q2 2021 19 Wind P25 Price Indices by Country: Q2 2020 to Q2 2021 20 Markets with the Highest % of Offers from Developers 21 Project Sizes 22 PPA Prices by Target Commercial Operation Date 23 PPA Price Ranges by Technology 24 PPA Term Lengths 25 Additional Resources 26 2 Q2 2021 LEVELTEN ENERGY About the LevelTen Energy PPA Price Index An Unprecedented Look at the Renewable Energy Market How to Use the LevelTen Energy PPA Price Index Each quarter, the LevelTen Energy PPA Price Index reports the prices By tracking how the P25 Index changes over time, LevelTen can alert the that wind and solar project developers have offered for power purchase industry to changes in the market that may make it more or less attractive. agreements (PPAs) available on the LevelTen Energy Marketplace, the We also give the industry a tool to see how macro-level factors, like world’s largest collection of PPA pricing offers, spanning 21 countries in increased competition or regulatory changes, are impacting renewable North America and Europe. -
Biomass Basics: the Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day
Biomass Basics: The Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day Energy is essential in our daily lives. We use it to fuel our cars, grow our food, heat our homes, and run our businesses. Most of our energy comes from burning fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. These fuels provide the energy that we need today, but there are several reasons why we are developing sustainable alternatives. 2 We are running out of fossil fuels Fossil fuels take millions of years to form within the Earth. Once we use up our reserves of fossil fuels, we will be out in the cold - literally - unless we find other fuel sources. Bioenergy, or energy derived from biomass, is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels because it can be produced from renewable sources, such as plants and waste, that can be continuously replenished. Fossil fuels, such as petroleum, need to be imported from other countries Some fossil fuels are found in the United States but not enough to meet all of our energy needs. In 2014, 27% of the petroleum consumed in the United States was imported from other countries, leaving the nation’s supply of oil vulnerable to global trends. When it is hard to buy enough oil, the price can increase significantly and reduce our supply of gasoline – affecting our national security. Because energy is extremely important to our economy, it is better to produce energy in the United States so that it will always be available when we need it. Use of fossil fuels can be harmful to humans and the environment When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. -
Commercialization and Deployment at NREL: Advancing Renewable
Commercialization and Deployment at NREL Advancing Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at Speed and Scale Prepared for the State Energy Advisory Board NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Management Report NREL/MP-6A42-51947 May 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. -
Doing Business in Canada 2017
Doing Business in Canada About Goodmans LLP Goodmans LLP (“Goodmans”) is internationally recognized as one of Canada’s pre-eminent business law firms, offering market leading expertise in M&A, corporate, securities and finance, private equity, real estate, tax, restructuring, litigation and other business-related specialities. Goodmans is located in Toronto and has over 195 lawyers. Goodmans represents a broad range of Canadian and foreign clients, from entrepreneurial businesses to multinational corporations, financial institutions, pension funds and governments. The firm has a reputation for handling challenging problems, often international in scope, that demand creative solutions. We are committed to providing our clients with the highest quality legal services -wherever they do business. About This Guide Doing Business in Canada: A Concise Guide (the “Guide”) was developed by Goodmans to provide executives, counsel and potential U.S. and foreign investors with a practical overview of Canada’s legal framework and key business legislation. The discussion in this Guide is confined to the laws of the province of Ontario, as well as the federal laws of Canada that apply in Ontario as of June, 2017. Because the laws and policies of governments and regulatory authorities change, some of the information may not be accurate after that date. This Guide provides general information only and should not be relied upon as legal advice. The “Business Visits and Relocation” section of this Guide was prepared by PwC Law LLP (Toronto). For further information, please contact Janet L. Bomza or Melodie Hughes Molina at 416.598.8849 or visit: http://www.pwc.com/ca/en/law/immigration- law.html. -
Overview of Sustainable Aviation Fuels with Emission
energies Article Overview of Sustainable Aviation Fuels with Emission Characteristic and Particles Emission of the Turbine Engine Fueled ATJ Blends with Different Percentages of ATJ Fuel Paula Kurzawska * and Remigiusz Jasi ´nski Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The following article focuses on sustainable aviation fuels, which include first and second generation biofuels and other non-biomass fuels that meet most of environmental, operational and physicochemical requirements. Several of the requirements for sustainable aviation fuels are discussed in this article. The main focus was on researching the alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) alternative fuel. The tests covered the emission of harmful gaseous compounds with the Semtech DS analyzer, as well as the number and mass concentration of particles of three fuels: reference fuel Jet A-1, a mixture of Jet A-1 and 30% of ATJ fuel, and mixture of Jet A-1 and 50% of ATJ fuel. The number concentration of particles allowed us to calculate, inter alia, the corresponding particle number index and particle mass index. The analysis of the results made it possible to determine the effect of the content of alternative fuel in a mixture with conventional fuel on the emission of harmful exhaust compounds and the concentration of particles. One of the main conclusion is that by using a 50% blend of ATJ Citation: Kurzawska, P.; Jasi´nski,R. Overview of Sustainable Aviation and Jet A-1, the total number and mass of particulate matter at high engine loads can be reduced by Fuels with Emission Characteristic almost 18% and 53%, respectively, relative to pure Jet A-1 fuel. -
The Financial Secrecy Index: Shedding New Light on the Geography of Secrecy
The Financial Secrecy Index: Shedding New Light on the Geography of Secrecy Alex Cobham, Petr Janský, and Markus Meinzer Abstract Both academic research and public policy debate around tax havens and offshore finance typically suffer from a lack of definitional consistency. Unsurprisingly then, there is little agreement about which jurisdictions ought to be considered as tax havens—or which policy measures would result in their not being so considered. In this article we explore and make operational an alternative concept, that of a secrecy jurisdiction and present the findings of the resulting Financial Secrecy Index (FSI). The FSI ranks countries and jurisdictions according to their contribution to opacity in global financial flows, revealing a quite different geography of financial secrecy from the image of small island tax havens that may still dominate popular perceptions and some of the literature on offshore finance. Some major (secrecy-supplying) economies now come into focus. Instead of a binary division between tax havens and others, the results show a secrecy spectrum, on which all jurisdictions can be situated, and that adjustment lfor the scale of business is necessary in order to compare impact propensity. This approach has the potential to support more precise and granular research findings and policy recommendations. JEL Codes: F36, F65 Working Paper 404 www.cgdev.org May 2015 The Financial Secrecy Index: Shedding New Light on the Geography of Secrecy Alex Cobham Tax Justice Network Petr Janský Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague Markus Meinzer Tax Justice Network A version of this paper is published in Economic Geography (July 2015).