PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN Di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN Di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap

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PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN Di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN Di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN DAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN PENGENDALIAN PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap Terdampak Komunitas di Wilayah Bambang Hero Saharjo | Lailan Syau na | Ati Dwi Nurhayati Erianto Indra Putra | Robi Deslia Waldi | Wardana PT Penerbit IPB Press Kehutanan ISBN : 978-602-440-581-6 Jalan Taman Kencana No. 3, Bogor 16128 Laboratorium Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan, Divisi Perlindungan Hutan, Telp. 0251 - 8355 158 E-mail: [email protected] Departemen Silvikultur, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor Penerbit IPB Press @IPBpress ipbpress 2018 PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap Bambang Hero Saharjo | Lailan Syaufina | Ati Dwi Nurhayati Erianto Indra Putra | Robi Deslia Waldi | Wardana Penerbit IPB Press Jalan Taman Kencana No 3, Kota Bogor - Indonesia C.01/11.2018 Judul Buku: Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap Penyusun: Bambang Hero Saharjo Lailan Syaufina Ati Dwi Nurhayati Erianto Indra Putra Robi Deslia Waldi Wardana Editor: Aditya Dwi Gumelar Desain Sampul & Penata Isi: Ahmad Syahrul Fakhri Korektor: My Diah Roro Hartaningrum Jumlah Halaman: 170 + 14 halaman romawi Edisi/Cetakan: Cetakan 1, Oktober 2018 PT Penerbit IPB Press Anggota IKAPI Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Bogor 16128 Telp. 0251 - 8355 158 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 978-602-440-581-6 Dicetak oleh Percetakan IPB, Bogor - Indonesia Isi di Luar Tanggung Jawab Percetakan © 2018, HAK CIPTA DILINDUNGI OLEH UNDANG-UNDANG Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi buku tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit Kata Pengantar Buku yang berjudul “PENGENDALIAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN DAN LAHAN DI WILAYAH KOMUNITAS TERDAMPAK ASAP”merupakan salah satu produk kerja sama penelitian antara Departemen Silvikultur (DSVK), Fakultas Kehutanan IPB (IPB), dengan Kantor UNESCO Jakarta di bawah Unit Social and Human Sciences (SHS) melalui Proyek “Addressing Environmental, Social and Ethical Challenges of the Annual Haze in South East Asia: Bioethics and Sustainability Science in Action”dengan dukungan pendanaan Malaysia-Funds-in-Thrust sebagai bagian dari Program Malaysian-UNESCO Cooperation Program (MUCP). Isi buku menggambarkan bagaimana kondisi kebakaran saat ini, dampak merugikan terhadap kesehatan, dampak terhadap flora dan fauna, upaya pengendalian baik menggunakan tinggi muka air tanah hingga pada aplikasi di lapangan yang dilakukan di salah satu Desa yaitu Desa Sungai Rawa, Kecamatan Sungai Apit, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau yang merupakan salah satu daerah terdampak asap serta contoh lain dari Kalimantan Barat, yaitu dari Desa Jungkat, Kabupaten Kubu Raya. Fakta lapangan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat keinginan masyarakat untuk berubah, yaitu tidak lagi mengggunakan api dalam penyiapan lahannya, tetapi tanpa api. Hanya saja yang akan menjadi persoalan mendasar dalam implementasinya ke depan adalah pasar produk hasil Penyiapan Lahan Tanpa Bakar (PLTB), tidak diakomodir oleh pasar yang berakibat terakumulasi produk tersebut yang pada akhirnya akan mengganggu sirkulasi pelaksanaan PLTB tersebut. Tanpa campur tangan Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap yang signifikan terhadap produk hasil PLTB tersebut, akan menimbulkan masalah baru di wilayah yang sudah terbebas dari asap hasil pembakaran tersebut. Semoga buku ini bermanfaatnya bagi yang membacanya. Darmaga, Sepetember 2018 Tim Penulis DSVK-IPB vi Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar ......................................................................................... v Daftar Isi ................................................................................................ vii Daftar Tabel ........................................................................................... ix Daftar Gambar ....................................................................................... xi Bab I. Pendahuluan ............................................................................ 1 Bab II. Dampak Kebakaran Terhadap Kesehatan Manusia ................... 9 Bab III. Dampak Kebakaran Terhadap Flora dan Fauna .................... 27 Bab IV. Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Indonesia ....... 59 Bab V. Pencegahan Kebakaran Berbasis Tinggi Muka Air Gambut (Ground Water Level) ............................... 87 Bab VI. Pengetahuan Tradisional dalam Persiapan dan Pembersihan Lahan ......................................................... 97 Bab VII. Penyiapan Lahan Tanpa Pembakaran di Lahan Masyarakat antara Harapan dan Kenyataan ............................................ 147 Bab VIII. Pernyataan Bersama “Perbincangan Meja Bundar Ilmuwan-Ilmuwan Indonesia dan Malaysia” ........................ 165 Daftar Tabel Tabel 2.1. Jenis hidrokarbon, konsentrasi dan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan ................................................................11 Tabel 2.2. Nilai PSI dan efeknya terhadap kesehatan .............................18 Tabel 2.3. Jumlah penderita asma, bronchitis, ISPA dan kematian di 8 provinsi di Indonesia, September–November 1997 .................................................22 Tabel 2.4. Berbagai Dampak Kesehatan Akibat Haze Kebakaran Hutan di Delapan Provinsi di Indonesia, September-November 1997 .............................23 Tabel 2.5. Beberapa gas dari 90 gas yang berhasil dideteksi dan di analisis sebagai hasil sampling asap dari kebakaran yang terjadi di lahan gambut Kalimantan Tengah tahun 2015 (Stockwell et al. 2016) ............................................................... 24 Tabel 3.1. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis semai dan tumbuhan bawah di lahan gambut saprik pada sebelum dan beberapa periode setelah pembakaran ..............................................................34 Daftar Gambar Gambar 2.1 ISPU tertinggi di 6 Provinsi terdampak asap periode September–Oktober 2015 ....................................23 Gambar 2.2 Jumlah kasus ISPA asap di Provinsi Riau, Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, periode Juli–Oktober 2015 ...............................................24 Gambar 3.1 Kondisi Lahan gambut A. Kondisi awal sebelum pembakaran; B. Kondisi pada saat pembakaran; C. Kondisi tiga bulan setelah pembakaran; D. Kondisi enam bulan setelah pembakaran .....................35 Gambar 4.1 Rekapitulasi jumlah hotspot periode tahun 2006 hingga 2015 (Sumber: NASA) ..........65 Gambar 4.2. Perkiraan emisi karbon rata-rata tahunan akibat kebakaran di Lahan gambut (Hoojier et al. 2006) .........................................................70 Gambar 4.3. Emisi CO2 dari lahan gambut di Indonesia dan negara Asia Tenggara lainnya dibandingkan dengan emisi dari negara lain di dunia (Hoojier et al. 2006) .........71 Gambar 5.1. Hubungan antara curah hujan dan jumlah hotspot di MRP [10] .......................................89 Gambar 5.2. GWL, akumulasi hujan dan kejadian kebakaran di area Ex-PLG, 2006 ......................................................90 Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Wilayah Komunitas Terdampak Asap Gambar 5.3. Hubungan antara curah hujan dan GWL di area Ex-PLG (1978-2007) [10] .....................................91 Gambar 5.4. Hubungan antara kejadian kebakaran dan curah hujan (kiri), dan kejadian kebakaran dan GWL (kanan) ............................................................91 Gambar 5.5. Lokasi penelitian kerja sama IPB, UMCES dan NASA [7] (kiri) dan lokasi dipwells [8] (kanan) .........92 Gambar 5.6. Persentase kejadian kebakaran gambut pada setiap ke dalaman GWL wilayah kerja sama penelitian IPB, UMCES dan NASA, September 2012 .............................................93 Gambar 6.1. Salah satu sudut di Desa Talang Lubuk ..........................114 Gambar 6.2. Areal pertanian tanaman padi di Desa Talang Lubuk ......115 Gambar 6.3. Tumpukan padi setelah panen (5 Mei 2006) ..................117 Gambar 6.4. Pembakaran jerami sisa panen ........................................119 Gambar 6.5. Semai padi yang tumbuh di bekas tempat rentekan padi ..................................................................129 Gambar 6.6. Masyarakat yang masih memanen padi (Mei 2006) ........122 Gambar 6.7. Suasana ketika masyarakat melakukan pembakaran ........126 Gambar 6.8. Suasana pemadaman dengan bantuan helikopter ............127 Gambar 6.9. Penyerahan secara simbolis seperangkat alat penyemprot ...........................................128 Gambar 6.10 Suasana diskusi di tempat Ketua kelompok Tani ............129 Gambar 6.11. Kegiatan penebasan pada lahan bergambut .....................130 Gambar 6.12. Persemaian padi ..............................................................131 Gambar 6.13. Alat pembuatan arang berupa tungku (kiln) drum ..........140 xii Daftar Gambar Gambar 6.14. Alat pembuatan briket arang berupa mesin kempa ..........141 Gambar 7.1. Manajemen air di lahan gambut PLTB Jungkat ..............153 Gambar 7.2. Petani memanfaatkan lahan dengan penanaman palawija ...........................................154 Gambar 7.3. Kombinasi tanaman Tahunan (Jabon) dengan singkong .............................................................154 Gambar 7.4. Kombinasi tanaman Akasia dengan Singkong .................155 Gambar 7.5. Pertemuan anggota kelompok tani ..................................155 Gambar 7.6. Pembuatan cuka kayu secara sederhana ...........................156
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