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The English Dominicans Nihil Obstat

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The English Dominicans Nihil Obstat I .. SRSITX OF NIA J DIEGO lHAt ^X "1 jT i 13 THE ENGLISH DOMINICANS NIHIL OBSTAT Fr. Vincent McNabb, O.P. Fr. Robert Bracey, O.P. 4 August 1920. NIHIL OBSTAT C. Schut, D.D., Censor Depvtatvs. IMPRIMATVR Edm. Can. Svrmont, Vicarivs Generalis. Westmonasterii, die 14JANVARI1 1921. PRINTED IN ENGLAND AT THE CHISWlCK PRESS wtm:VHtettutanicKmflnbat cgq ttaitotam auurmtunuflmiotne' HIS II. LL [OHN SIFREWAS, O.P. (about a.d. 1400), OFFERING MINATED LECTIONARYTO LORD LOVEL OF TICHMARSH Museum By kind permission of the Keener of the MSS., British Frontispiece] THE ENGLISH DOMINICANS BY BEDE JARRETT, O.P. BURNS OATES AND WASHBOURNE LTD. LONDON MCMXXI CONTENTS Chapter I. The Foundations, p. i. II. The Priory, p. 24. III. The Studies, p. 44. IV. At Oxford, p. 65. V. The Preachers, p. 86. VI. Royal Confessors, p. 106. VII. Observance, p. 129. VIII. The Reformation, p. 151. IX. The Reorganization, p. 173. X. The Restoration, p. 197. Appendix I. List of English Dominican Provincials, p. 219. II. List of English Dominican Provincial Chap- ters, p. 228. III. List of English Dominican Pre-Reformaton Priories, with References to Articles, etc. p. 231. Index, p. 233. ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE John Sifrewas, O.P. (about a.d. 1400) offering his ILLUMINATED LECTIONARY TO LORD LOVEL OF TlCH- marsh ...... Frontispiece Remains of Blackfriars, Canterbury 16 Dominican Priory at Ipswich in 1746. 24 Plan of London Blackfriars 36 Dominican lecturing in University . 48 Dominican Church, Norwich 66 Tomb of Edward II in Gloucester Cathedral . 80 Nicolas Trivet, O.P. (1258-1328) 96 Blackfriars Preaching Cross and Ruins, Hereford 120 The Cloisters, Dominican Priory, Bristol 138 Woodchester Chapel: choir stalls on gospel side 144 Great Yarmouth: south-west tower of Dominican Priory ...... 172 English Dominican College at Bornhem in Flanders 180 Dominican Noviciate Priory, Woodchester 200 Hawkesyard Chapel: reredos and choir screen 214 TO ERNEST BARKER MY MASTER AND MY FRIEND INTRODUCTION will be immediately apparent to any real student ITof history how very cursory a survey of English Dominican life this volume is. But all I would desire for it is that under its inspiration some such student, with fuller leisure and ampler opportunity, should compile a more detailed and more accurate account of this English Province of the Order of S. Dominic, up till now so curiously ignored. I must acknowledge here my gratitude for patient help and suggestion to Father Walter Gumbley, O.P. Bede Jarrett, O.P. THE ENGLISH DOMINICANS CHAPTER I THE FOUNDATIONS DOMINIC was the first to establish a religious SAINTOrder in the modern sense of the word. Earlier in- deed than he, Saint Benedict and others had written rules of life that had spread among- many abbeys, but these monastic legislators supposed the independence of each house, and allowed to the individual abbot exceed- ingly wide powers for modifying their regulations. The Cis- tercian ideal, as propagated especially by Saint Bernard, more nearly resembled our modern notion, for each abbey of the new reform was affiliated to Citeaux, was subject to its abbot, and had to send a representative thither to attend the yearly chapter. This same system of centralized government was accepted by the Canons Regular of Premontr6, and developed in many details. But Saint Dominic went ahead of them all by his establishment of a thoroughly organized society, divided nationally into Provinces, which had their own as- semblies, and yet could deliberate at a central chapter wherein the whole Order met. These legislative bodies, the provincial and general chapters, acted through an executive, the Prior Provincial and the Master General, who being elected by these parliaments were answerable to them. This centralized government enabled the Order to establish itself at will all through Christendom, for it could in its as- semblies determine new fields of adventure, and had at its back resources of men and influence such as made success assured. In 122 1, at the second General Chapter of the Order {which had been approved by Pope Honorius III on 22 Dec- ember 1 2 16) held in Bologna under the presidency of Saint Dominic, it was agreed by the friars that two new provinces should be set up, England 1 and Hungary. There had been already some connection between this country and the saint, for at one time he held by papal gift a benefice attached to Saint Oswald's Church, Nostell," in Yorkshire, and had among his first band of disciples one whose name betokens his race, Lawrence the Englishman. Tradition, indeed, asserts that the friar chosen actually to begin the English Province, Gilbert de Fresney, was himself a native of this country ; and this gathers some support from the frequency with which the name Fresney appears in the records of Henry Ill's reign. Apparently de Fresney was a French equivalent for Fraxinetus or Ash. A very brief account of the coming of the Preaching Friars 1 Trivet, Annates (edited by Thomas Hog, 1845, London), p. 209. 2 Palmer, Life of Philip Thomas Howard (1867, London), p. 14. B 2 Zhc jBnglisb Dominicans to England can be given in the words of an English Domini- can born within a generation from the date: "At the second Chapter General of the Order of Friar Preachers which was held at Bologna under the blessed Dominic, there were sent into England Friar Preachers to the number of thirteen, having as their Prior Friar Gilbert of Fresney. In company of the venerable Father, Lord Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester, they reached Canterbury. After they had presented themselves to Lord Stephen, the Archbishop, and he had understood that they were Preachers, he straightway ordered Gilbert to preach before him in a certain church where he was himself that day to have preached. The prelate was so edified by the Friar's sermon that henceforward during all his episcopate he favoured and promoted the Order and its work. " Leaving Canterbury the Friars came to London on the feast of Saint Lawrence, and finally reached Oxford on the feast of the Assumption of the glorious Virgin to whose honour they built their oratory. "They held the schools, which are now called Saint Edward's, and settled in that parish for some time, but find- ing that they had there no room for expanding they removed to another site given them by the King, where now outside 1 the city-walls they still dwell." It is impossible not to see in this first settlement at Oxford the purpose for which Saint Dominic had sent them to England, for it was part of his scheme of preaching to establish priories in the University towns. It will be seen when we come to trace the actual preaching work accomplished in England that the ideals of the saint were revolutionary in the West of Christendom, and had up to his own time resulted always in disorder and heresy, for his whole ambition was to set going the detailed exposition of Catholic faith, and spread its in- telligent appreciation over all the Church. In what sense this was really proper to Saint Dominic will appear later, but it helped to make him insist on a university education for all his brethren. Even the little band of seven that grouped itself round him in Toulouse, men chiefly in middle life, were taken off to the theological lectures of an English professor there, Alexander de Stavensby (afterwards in England, as Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, their most devoted cham- pion), and when later the discipleship was scattered over Europe it was sent to Paris, Bologna, Rome, etc., to attend the schools as well as to occupy the pulpit. Eventually the friars came themselves to be professors, but this was rather the result of circumstances than of set design, though the alert mind of the founder seized on it and developed the idea. Hence we can be almost sure that Saint Dominic, near to his 1 Trivet, p. 209. TTbe ^foundations 3 death, sent his friars to England with the direct intention of their establishment immediately at the university centres of the country. With Oxford and London as their base the friars gradually spread over England. Sometimes they arrived on invitation of some benefactor, ecclesiastical or lay, sometimes entirely on their own initiation, but with the certainty of finding local patrons as soon as their presence and work became manifest. Matthew Paris, 1 the Benedictine Chronicler whose animus against them is apparent, but who probably had genuine grounds for his vehemence, asserts that they used many de- vices for the purpose of settling in districts that were populous and would secure them much influence. With rather pictur- esque humour he describes how they strayed into the domain of the larger abbeys, professing to be merely preaching a passing sermon, and to be willing to leave as soon as that was over, but they invariably grew so ill that they had to linger on in the houses of those that sheltered them, and set up altars secretly at which they said mass in a very low tone, until people had grown accustomed to their presence, when they boldly started to build a church, and when interfered with retorted by saying evil things about the lives of the monks. He gives a definite instance in the case of Dunstable, 2 where we have a great deal of evidence from the royal records by which to control and estimate at its value his accusation. Perhaps he was referring more particularly to country places where on the whole the monastic influence was most strong, for in the towns there is abundant evidence of their instant success, and the open way in which their priories were founded and benefactors came forward to their support.
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