The White House wired for electricity a decade later, during the corridor to the east of the entrance lobby and a small gymnasium set up adjoining the swim­ 1949, to decide whether to erect an entirely new the floor of the south portico and Missouri administration of Benjamin Harrison. using the space thus made available for en­ ming pool. In 1946, a balcony was built off the building or preserve as much as possible of the limestone for the steps. larging the State Dining Room; providing a second floor, behind the columns of the south old structure. After careful consideration, the During 1951, the exterior was painted white, few rooms for servants in the attic; erecting an RESTORATION OF 1902 portico, to provide a porch for the President's Commission decided that the old sandstone walls and ceilings were plastered, and the in­ office building at the end of the west terrace; family and also to improve the appearance of walls would be retained, thus preserving the terior woodwork was installed. The WHITE HOUSE and reconstructing the east terrace. No other important structural changes were the portico, the columns of which appeared historical appearance of the famous old structure. In addition to making the White House as made in the house until 1902, in the Theodore too tall and slender for such an important In order to make preliminary surveys, Presi­ fireproof and durable as possible, every effort Roosevelt administration. By this date the in­ architectural feature. OR MORE THAN a century and a half, the ALTERATIONS, 1903-48 dent Truman and his family moved across the was made during the renovation to retain or EARLY HISTORY terior of the house had become something of a White House has been the home of the street into the historic Blair House, and all of restore the original atmosphere and at the same F conglomeration of styles and periods because Few important changes were made in the Presidents of the United States. Here have lived The White House was first occupied by WHITE HOUSE RENOVATION, the furnishings were removed and placed in time to provide a more livable and efficient of the many changes made at various times in White House during this period. The Executive the men chosen by the people to guide the af­ President and Mrs. John Adams in November 1948-52 storage in December 1948. The actual work of home for the President and his family. Where decorations and arrangements. The house was Office building was enlarged in 1910; several fairs of the Nation. It has been the scene of 1800. Some of its interior had not then been reconstruction was begun a year later, and by there were formerly 48 rooms and 14 baths in also badly in need of extensive structural repairs. guest rooms were made in the attic during many brilliant social affairs—weddings, fetes, completed and Mrs. Adams used the unfinished Over the years, piecemeal alterations had the fall of 1950 the most critical phase of the the part of the house used as living quarters, To correct these conditions, Congress appro­ President Wilson's administration; and the roof receptions—and also of sorrowful events. Like East Room to dry the family wash. During weakened many of the old wooden beams and work had been accomplished. The old walls there are now 54 rooms and 16 baths. In all, the priated more than half a million dollars to and third story were remodeled in 1927. Early in the Nation itself, it bears the imprint of succes­ Jefferson's administration, the east and west interior walls, but not until a thorough examina­ were now supported by concrete foundations, White House now has 132 rooms and 20 baths repair and refurnish the house and to construct the administration of Ftanklin D. Roosevelt sive chief executives. Designed originally to terraces were constructed. Jefferson practiced tion of the structure was made in 1948 was the and the wooden beams and brick supporting and showers, compared with 62 rooms and 14 new offices for the President. Work was begun funds were raised by public subscription for the avoid formal display, it has an air of dignity and democratic simplicity in his social life, and it really alarming condition of the house revealed. walls of the interior were replaced by a modern baths prior to the renovation. Formerly, there in June 1902 by McKim, Meade and White, construction of a swimming pool. A few years steel framework. Concrete floors were then laid charm. Now rebuilt to last for centuries, the was his custom to open the house each morning Beams were found to be inadequately sup­ was but one elevator, now there are five—a architects of New York, and was virtually fin­ later a modern electric kitchen was installed, ported; heavy ceilings had dropped several and partition walls erected. White House retains the simplicity of its orig­ to all arrivals. When James Madison became main elevator, a service elevator, and three ished by the end of the year. The improvements and a basement was dug under the north portico inches; and even the foundations were found freight elevators. Altogether, Congress appro­ inal appearance and its rich historical associa­ President in 1809, his wife, the famous Dolly Space for electrical and refrigeration equip­ included rebuilding and strengthening much of to provide space for maintenance shops and too weak to support the walls erected on them. priated $5,761,000 for the renovation, which tions. Madison, inttoduced some of the brilliance and ment was provided by excavating an area north­ the interior of the house; redecorating and storage. World War II saw an air raid shelter Consequently, a Commission on Renovation of was scheduled to be completed in 1951, but The cornerstone of the White House, the glitter of old-world courts into the social life of east of the White House. A new floor and steps Entrance Lobby and Main Stairway refurnishing the entire main floor; removing constructed off the new East Wing, a motion the Executive Mansion was established, accord­ various difficulties delayed its completion. Presi­ first public building to be erected in Washing­ the White House. Then, on August 24, 1814, for the north portico were constructed of the main stairway from the west end of the picture theater put in under the east terrace, and ing to an act of Congress approved April 14, dent Truman and his family resumed residence ton, was laid on October 13, 1792. President British forces captured Washington and burned Tennessee marble. Georgia marble was used for in the White House on March 27, 1952. Washington selected the site which was in­ the building in retaliation for the destruction by The Green Room cluded on the plan of the Federal City prepared American troops of some public buildings in The East Room The Blue Room by the French engineer, Maj. Pierre L'Enfant. Canada. Although only the partially damaged THE FIRST FLOOR The plans for the house, approved by Washing­ sandstone walls and the interior brickwork ton, were drawn by James Hoban, an Irish-born remained when the work of reconstruction was In general, furnishings and decorations are architect. Hoban superintended the construc­ begun in the spring of 1815, the building was predominantly eighteenth-century Georgian in tion of the house, its rebuilding after burning ready for occupancy by President Monroe in style, but furnishings of historic interest have by British forces in 1814, and the erection of the December 1817. The south portico, the domi­ been retained, and much of the old furniture has north and south porticos some years later. nant architectural feature of that side of the been refinished and re-covered to harmonize In the classical style of architecture, the main house, was built in 1824; the large north portico with the color scheme of various rooms. Some facade of the White House resembles the Duke over the entrance and driveway, in 1829. of the new furnishings were given by anony­ of Leinster's house in Dublin, on which the mous donors. design was supposedly based. Details of other IMPROVEMENTS, 1830-1902 faces and the interior arrangement were prob­ ENTRANCE LOBBY AND MAIN ably derived from contemporary houses in Eng­ Throughout its history the White House has CORRIDOR land and Europe. Built of sandstone quarried on kept pace with modern improvements. Spring Aquia Creek, Va., the exterior walls were water was piped into the building in 1834, and Six classic columns separate the entrance painted during the course of construction, caus­ gas lighting was introduced in 1848. A hot lobby from the main corridor. The columns and ing the building to be termed the "White water heating system was installed 5 years the pilasters spaced along the walls are of vari­ House" from an early date. For many years, later. During Johnson's administration the east colored Vermont marble; floors are of gray and however, it was generally referred to as the terrace was entirely removed. In 1882, the pink Tennessee marble. The entrance to the "President's House" or the "President's Palace." first elevator was put in, and the house was main stairway, which was formerly from the corridor, is now from rhe east side of the lobby. K. Polk. The crystal chandelier was presented draperies of red silk damask, and a red chenille north wall is an "over mantel," a painting of from the old beams of the White House, and, Seals of the Thirteen Original States are carved by an anonymous donor during Herbert rug on the oak floor. The white marble mantel flowers framed in gilt over a mirror, presented in places, show old nail holes. Across the hall on the marble-faced opening of the stairway. Hoover's administration. is a duplicate of that in the Green Room. On it for the late King George VI of England by the is the original kitchen of the White House in Portraits of recent Presidents are seen in both are two eighteenth century candelabra and a present Queen Elizabeth II when she was a which the old sandstone fireplaces have been musical clock presented in April 1952 by the Princess. The the lobby and the main corridor. THE BLUE ROOM restored, some stones on display bearing the President of France. A new crystal chandelier Masonic symbols cut by the original workmen. Famous for its elliptical shape, this room has hangs from the ceiling. The portraits are of THE PRIVATE DINING ROOM THE EAST ROOM This room is now used for conferences and for usually been considered the most beautiful room William McKinley, Grover Cleveland, Calvin television and radio broadcasting, and has This room has a vaulted ceiling, white en­ Used for state receptions and balls, the East in the White House. The walls above the white Coolidge, and Woodrow Wilson. This room is soundproof walls and ceiling. Adjoining it is White House ameled wainscoting, and walls paneled in Room is the largest room in the White House. enameled wainscoting are covered with bright used by the First Lady to receive guests, and the present modern electric kitchen, in which plaster. Over the marble mantel is a mirror, It has been the scene of several famous wed­ blue silk damask with a gold motif. Draperies also as a reception room for small dinners. Presi­ almost all the equipment is of stainless steel. while on the west wall is a portrait of Presi­ dings, including those of Nellie Grant and Alice and upholstery are of the same material. The dent Rutherford B. Hayes took his oath of office dent John Tyler. A new crystal chandelier, Roosevelt. Funeral services were held here for furniture is white, matching the woodwork. The here on March 3, 1877. lighted with candles, hangs in this room. To the BASEMENT AND MEZZANINE William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, uncovered oak floor is laid in herringbone west is the butler's pantry, which opens also FLOORS Abraham Lincoln, Warren G. Harding, and design. On the white marble mantel, which THE STATE DINING ROOM into the State Dining Room and is connected Franklin D. Roosevelt. dates from 1902, are a French Minerva clock and with the kitchen on the ground floor by a Excavating done in the course of renovation gilt candlesticks purchased by President James The East Room is decorated in white and Except for the East room, this is the largest servants' elevator, dumb-waiters, and a staircase. provided these additional floors. Here are the gold. Window draperies are of lemon-gold and Monroe. The crystal chandelier was anony­ room in the White House and can comfortably machinery and electrical equipment for heating, white silk damask. White enameled wood mously presented several years ago. In this seat 100 guests at large dinners or luncheons. lighting, and air conditioning the building, and paneling covers the walls, in which are set six room the President receives guests at state Paneling of English oak extends from floor to THE SECOND FLOOR space for storage and service facilities. low-relief panels done in 1902 by Piccirilli dinners and receptions. Grover Cleveland and ceiling. Originally installed in 1902, it has been The Red Room The second and third floors are reserved for Brothers. The large crystal chandeliers hanging Frances Folsom were married in the Blue Room painted pale green in order to set off the gold the family and guests of the President. Several GROUNDS from an elaborately decorated plaster ceiling on June 2,1886, the only wedding of a President silk damask window draperies and provide an changes were made to make the rooms on the also date from 1902. The floor is oak parquetry. to take place in the White House. effective background for the famous Healy por­ second floor more livable, but perhaps the The impression of simple dignity conveyed On the east wall is seen the most notable por­ trait of Abraham Lincoln over the verd antique The State Dining Room greatest single improvement was to provide by the White House is enhanced by the natural trait in the White House, that of George Wash­ THE RED ROOM Vermont marble fireplace. A green chenille rug much-needed closet space. The Lincoln bed­ beauty of its informal but carefully landscaped ington painted by Gilbert Stuart. It is the one covers the oak floor. In the center of the room room, in which stands the enormous bed used grounds. Many of the trees are of historical Dolly Madison ordered removed when the In size and shape the Red Room is identical is an antique mahogany table. Hanging from by the Civil War President, was restored in the interest, such as the magnolias planted by British burned the White House in 1814. A to the Green Room. It has white enameled the elaborately decorated stucco ceiling is a Victorian period. Andrew Jackson. In front of the north portico, portrait of Martha Washington also hangs on wainscoting and wood work, wall covering and silver chandelier which dates from 1902. On the English boxwood, as old as the White House the east wall. itself, has been planted. New trees have been South Front THE THIRD FLOOR selected for their beauty and variety. Flower gardens and well-kept lawns add to the beauty THE GREEN ROOM During the renovation the roof was recovered with green slate and raised at the corners to pro­ of the grounds about the White House. This room is used for informal receptions. vide additional rooms on the third floor. There The walls are covered with green silk damask, are several guest rooms on this floor, most of UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR them furnished with reproductions of eight­ and the draperies are of the same material. The Douglas McKay, Secretary white marble mantel, imported from Italy when eenth-century pieces. A ramp leads to the new the White House was rebuilt after the War of sun parlor, or solarium, over the south portico. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Conrad L. Wirth, Director 1812, was originally in the State Dining Room. The Hannibal clock and gilt vases on the mantel THE GROUND FLOOR were purchased in France during Monroe's ad­ ministration. On the oak floor is a Savonnerie A corridor with vaulted ceiling and vari­ rug bearing the President's seal in its center. colored Vermont marble walls gives access to The portraits are of Thomas Jefferson, John the rooms on this floor. The library, china

Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, and James room, and cloak rooms are paneled in pine U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I9S3 O-F—248831