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A Framework for the Sustainability Assessment of Urban Design and Development in Iraqi Cities

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A Framework for the Sustainability Assessment of Urban Design and Development in Iraqi Cities A Framework for the Sustainability Assessment of Urban Design and Development in Iraqi Cities By Raed Fawzi Mohammed Ameen Supervised by: Prof. Monjur Mourshed Dr Haijiang Li Cardiff School of Engineering Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom September 2017 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Architectural Engineering DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed.............................. (Candidate) Date.................................. Statement 1 This thesis being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed.............................. (Candidate) Date.................................. Statement 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed.............................. (Candidate) Date.................................. Statement 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed.............................. (Candidate) Date.................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Almighty God for giving me the energy, time and strength to complete this degree. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge the Iraqi Government and especially my sponsor the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for giving me this great opportunity to pursue my PhD degree with full financial support. As well as the cooperation by the staff of the Iraqi cultural attaché- London. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Prof Monjur Mourshed, for his delicate and great leadership, and support during my studies. His expertise and supervision have been of great value for me. I am also grateful to my co-supervisor, Dr Haijiang Li, for his valuable advice and views. Without support from both supervisors, this thesis would not have evolved as it has. I owe my thanks to my colleagues and all other staff in Cardiff School of Engineering for organising many important courses and lectures that were instrumental in the progress of my PhD. I wish to extend my gratitude to the panel of experts who took part in the nationwide questionnaire, the Delphi survey and AHP, allowing me to meet the main objectives of this study. Their contributions, time and efforts were of great value when carrying out the fieldwork, making this study possible. I wish I could give individual acknowledgements to all those who have contributed to my work but this would be a tall order. However, I am truly grateful to all those who have directly participated in this mission. ii DEDICATED TO I dedicate this work to my family, especially my wife who has supported me throughout the research period, my children, Maryam, Safa, Mustafa, and Mohammed, and my father and mother. I would like to express my warm thanks to them all; without their support and encouragement, this thesis would not have been accomplished. iii ABSTRACT The assessment of urban sustainability is increasingly being seen as essential to mitigate the undesirable impacts of urbanisation in cities while improving communities’ resilience to environmental, social and economic changes. Several urban sustainability assessment tools (USATs) have been developed to make such informed decision-making. In addition to their role as an enabler for stakeholder engagement and increased public awareness throughout the lifecycle of an urban development project, USATs act as a catalyst to increase market demand for sustainable products and services by providing a mechanism for recognising excellence. Most current USATs have been developed based on the needs of developed nations which are different from those of developing countries, especially those affected by natural disasters and man-made events e.g. wars. Iraq has endured several decades of war and subsequent international sanctions which have affected its overall economy, infrastructure, public services and utilities. In consequence, rebuilding, rehabilitation and the development of new cities and urban areas are currently underway but without evidence of attention to sustainability and public participation in decision- making. This research aimed to investigate the factors affecting urban sustainability in Iraq through a literature review and stakeholder consultations, leading to the development of a comprehensive sustainability assessment framework for urban design and development projects. The proposed framework included attention to the local environmental, social and economic aspects and urban challenges, in addition to how to promote awareness and stakeholder participation. The methodology included: (a) an analytical comparison of a range of global USATs to define relevant urban indicators; (b) determination of the urban challenges in the Iraqi context, through an extensive review of the literature; (c) investigation of key local urban challenges from the stakeholder perspective by conducting a nationwide questionnaire, and (d) identification and prioritisation of local assessment factors by consultation with a panel of experts, conducting a consensus-built method and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to allocate credits and rating formulas. This comprehensive consultation methodology is a unique contribution of the research to identify the key quantitative and qualitative assessment factors. The Iraqi urban sustainability assessment framework (IUSAF) comprises of 89 urban factors, ten of which are mandatory, which can be considered fundamental urban factors to assess the sustainability of a project. The results have revealed that ‘water’ was ranked as the most important factor with 8.5% of the total weight, ‘safety and security’ was second at 7.9 %, followed by ‘transportation and infrastructure’, ‘housing’, and ‘local economy’, demonstrating a link between deficiencies in the provision of environmental and socio-economic infrastructure in Iraq. These findings evidence that the IUSAF is based on an understanding of key local urban challenges and issues, this significantly different from a range of USATs currently in use, regarding urban factors (indicators, sub- indicators), their priorities and weighting systems. The IUSAF was validated using three urban development case studies of varying complexities. The applicability analysis reported the IUSAF as appropriate to assess urban sustainability. The final results of the testing process have validated the need for IUSAF to assess existing urban design and development which has been planned and developed in an unsustainable manner. IUSAF stands to create many substantial benefits as it has the capacity to raise awareness about urban sustainability issues for developers, specialists and decision-makers and to constitute a plan of action for current and new urban development projects in Iraqi cities. iv LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Journal papers: RFM Ameen, M Mourshed (2017), ‘‘Urban environmental challenges in developing countries—A stakeholder perspective’’, Habitat International, 64 (2017): 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.002. RFM Ameen, M Mourshed, H Li (2015), ‘‘A critical comparison of environmental assessment tools for sustainable urban design’’, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55:110-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2015.07.006. Conference papers: RFM Ameen, M Mourshed (2016), ‘‘Environmental, Social and Economic Challenges for Urban Development: Stakeholder’s Perception in a Developing Economy’’: in Proceeding of the 16th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE2016), Osaka, Japan,6-8 July 2016. RFM, Haijiang Li, M Mourshed (2014), ‘‘Sustainability assessment methods of urban design: a review’’: in Proceeding of the 21st International Workshop: Intelligent Computing in Engineering 2014 (EG-ICE 2014), Cardiff, UK, 16-18 July 2014. Under review: The paper entitled ‘‘Urban sustainability assessment in developing cities: The development of a consensus-based framework using Delphi’’ has been submitted to the Cities Journal. Working papers: ‘‘Socio-economic challenges of sustainable urban development in developing countries—A stakeholder perspective’’. To be submitted to World Development Journal in August 2017. ‘‘Urban sustainability assessment in developing economies countries: The ranking and weighting of sustainability factors using analytic hierarchy process (AHP)’’ To be submitted to Expert Systems with Applications Journal in September 2017. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... ii DEDICATED TO .......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ........................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................
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