OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT (ORM) Objectives

• Provide tools for identifying risk • Understand how to control and mitigate the identified . Taking Risks

• Coast Guard Philosophy: Taking calculated risks is essential for an organization to grow and capitalize on its capabilities. • Operational (ORM): A continuous, systematic process of identifying and controlling risks in all activities according to a set of pre-conceived parameters by applying appropriate management policies and procedures. This process includes detecting , assessing risks, and implementing and monitoring risk controls to support effective, risk-based decision-making. Principles

Accept No Unnecessary Risk: •All operations on the water entail risk. •The most logical courses of action for accomplishing a mission are those meeting all mission requirements while exposing personnel and resources to the lowest possible risk. •ORM provides tools to determine which risk or what degree of risk is unnecessary. Principles

Accept Necessary Risk When Benefits Outweigh Costs: •Compare benefits to costs. •Even high-risk endeavors may be undertaken when sum of the benefits exceeds the sum of the costs. •Balancing costs and benefits may be a subjective process open to interpretation. •Ultimately, the appropriate decision authority may have to determine the balance. Principles

Make Risk Decisions at the Appropriate Level: •Depending on the situation, anyone can make a risk decision. •The appropriate level to make those decisions is that which most effectively allocates resources to reduce the risk, eliminate the , and implement controls. •Commanders at all levels must ensure subordinates are aware of their own limitations and when subordinates must refer a decision to a higher level. Principles

ORM is Just as Critical in Executing as in Planning All Activities: While ORM is critically important in an operation's planning stages, risk can change dramatically during an actual mission. Therefore, supervisors and senior leadership should remain flexible and integrate ORM in executing tasks as much as in planning for them. Symptoms of Fatigue

• Inability to focus or concentrate/narrowed attention span. • Mental confusion or judgment error. • Decreased coordination of motor skills and sensory ability (hearing, seeing). • Increased irritability. • Decreased performance. • Decreased concern for safety. Fatigue Factors • The Red Zone (2300-0500) • Cold-related illness • Heat illness • Motion sickness • Psychological stress • Excessive caffeine use • Eye strain from looking through sea spray-blurred windshields • Effort expended holding on and maintaining balance • Poor physical conditioning • Boredom Prevention Measures

• Adequate rest • Appropriate dress for weather conditions • Rotate crew duties • Provide food and refreshments suitable for conditions • Observe other crewmembers for signs of fatigue Human Factors

• Mission analysis • Communications {effective} • Situational awareness • Assertiveness • Leadership • Adaptability/flexibility • Decision making Mission Execution

• Proper Management techniques involve more than a pre-mission Green-Amber-Red (GAR) model • We operate in HIGH RISK situations, assessing those risk factors and planning mitigation strategies is essential to safe and effective operations Communication

• Clear and effective communication is essential for good team coordination. Situational Awareness

• Know what is happening: • Team • Unit • Mission • Identify, process, and comprehend: • Critical Mission Elements • Information Assertiveness

• Participate actively • State opinions • Maintain a position until changed by the facts • Not by the authority or personality of another Leadership

• Seek input • Motivate the team • Avoid/recover from mishaps • Differences between • Designated leadership • Functional leadership • Team members’ roles in leadership Adaptability/Flexibility Ineffective Effective

More errors Adapt to changes

Poor communications Check and double check

Share less info Synchronized

More reliant on leader Maintain balance

Group think prone Decision Making

• Use all information available • Apply: • Logical and sound judgment • Systematic approach • Define Actions to • Complete the Mission • Solve Problems • Ensure Timely & Effective Action by a Team Calculating Risk • Risk Calculation Worksheet - Calculating Risk Using GAR Model (GREEN-AMBER-RED) • Assign a value of 0 (No Risk) through 10 (Maximum Risk) to each of the six elements. Add the risk scores to come up with a Total Risk Score for each hazard. • Six Elements: • Supervision • Planning • Team Selection • Team Fitness • Environment • Event or Evolution Complexity Supervision

• Supervisory Control considers how qualified the supervisor is and whether effective supervision is taking place. Even if a person is qualified to perform a task, supervision acts as a control to minimize risk. This may simply be someone checking what is being done to ensure it is being done correctly. The higher the risk, the more the supervisor needs to be focused on observing and checking. A supervisor who is actively involved in a task (doing something) is easily distracted and should not be considered an effective safety observer in moderate to high-risk conditions. Planning

• Planning and preparation should consider how much information you have, how clear it is, and how much time you have to plan the evolution or evaluate the situation. Team Selection

• Team selection should consider the qualifications and experience level of the individuals used for the specific event/evolution. Individuals may need to be replaced during the event/evolution and the experience level of the new team members should be assessed. Team Fitness

• Team fitness should consider the physical and mental state of the crew. This is a function of the amount and quality of rest a crewmember has had. Quality of rest should consider how the ship rides, its habitability, potential sleep length, and any interruptions. Fatigue normally becomes a factor after 18 hours without rest; however, lack of quality sleep builds a deficit that worsens the effects of fatigue. Environment

• Environment should consider factors affecting personnel performance as well as the performance of the asset or resource. This includes, but is not limited to, time of day, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind and sea conditions, proximity of aerial/navigational hazards and other exposures (e.g., oxygen deficiency, toxic chemicals, and/or injury from falls and sharp objects). Event or Evolution Complexity • Event/evolution complexity should consider both the required time and the situation. Generally, the longer one is exposed to a hazard, the greater are the risks. However, each circumstance is unique. For example, more iterations of an evolution can increase the opportunity for a loss to occur, but may have the positive effect of improving the proficiency of the team, thus possibly decreasing the chance of error. This would depend upon the experience level of the team. The situation includes considering how long the environmental conditions will remain stable and the complexity of the work. GAR BREAKDOWN GAR