DOCSLIB.ORG

Russian Strategic Partnership in the 21St Century

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Russian National Strategy and ROK "*3644"&03, 6/*, ب֙ োҳزച ߂ Ҵઁ੸ ҕ؀޹р੹ۚ Russian National Strategy and ROK - Russian Strategic Partnership in the 21st Century "*3644"&6,03/*, ب֙ োҳ FEJUFECZ+VOH)P#BFBOE"MFYBOEFS/'FEPSPWTLJZزച ߂ Ҵઁ੸ ҕ؀޹р੹ۚ Russian National Strategy and ROK - Russian - Russian Strategic Partnership in the 21 Strategic Partnership in the 21st Century st Century "*3644"&03, 6/*, ب֙ োҳزച ߂ Ҵઁ੸ ҕ؀޹р੹ۚ Russian National Strategy and ROK - Russian Strategic Partnership in the 21st Century FEJUFECZ+VOH)P#BFBOE"MFYBOEFS/'FEPSPWTLJZ 3VTTJBO/BUJPOBM4USBUFHZBOE30,3VTTJBO 4USBUFHJD1BSUOFSTIJQJOUIFTU $FOUVSZ 1SJOUFE %FDFNCFS 1VCMJTIFE %FDFNCFS 1VCMJTIFECZ ,PSFB*OTUJUVUFGPS/BUJPOBM6OJGJDBUJPO ,*/6 1VCMJTIFS 1SFTJEFOU ,PSFB*OTUJUVUFGPS/BUJPOBM6OJGJDBUJPO &EJUPS $FOUFSGPS*OUFSOBUJPOBM3FMBUJPOT4UVEJFT ,*/6 3FHJTUSBUJPOOVNCFS /P "QSJM "EESFTT 4BJMHV (JM (BOHCVLHV 4FPVM ,PSFB [JQDPEF 5FMFQIPOF 'BY )PNFQBHF IUUQXXXLJOVPSLS %FTJHOh1SJOU :FBXPO$SFBUJWF)PVTF$P -UE *4#/ 1SJDF Ń 64 $PQZSJHIU,PSFB*OTUJUVUFGPS/BUJPOBM6OJGJDBUJPO "MM,*/6QVCMJDBUJPOTBSFBWBJMBCMFGPSQVSDIBTFBUBMMNBKPSCPPLTUPSFJO,PSFB "MTPBWBJMBCMFBU(PWFSONFOU1SJOUJOH0GGJDF4BMFT$FOUFS 4UPSF 0GGJDF Russian National Strategy and ROK - Russian Strategic Partnership in the 21st Century 5IF BOBMZTFT DPNNFOUT BOE PUIFS PQJOJPOT DPOUBJOFE JO UIF UIJTNPOPHSBQIBSFUIPTFPGUIFBVUIPSTBOEEPOPUOFDFTTBSJMZ SFQSFTFOUUIFWJFXTPGUIF,PSFB*OTUJUVUFGPS/BUJPOBM6OJGJDBUJPO Preface Northeast Asia and the Korean Peninsula are regions where the interests of G4, which are the United States, Japan, China and Russia, are interconnected. The interconnection of these countries’ interests can affect the stability and prosperity of the Korean Peninsula and South Korea’s policy toward North Korea. Therefore, Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) has been actively developing policy exchanges with major countries such as the United States, Japan, Russia, and Germany since its establishment in 1991. In the case of Russia, The Center for North Korean Studies at KINU has been building policy networks with Russia’s major Strategic the 21 Century in Partnership NationalRussian Strategy ROK-Russian and institutes such as Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Institute for Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), and Moscow MGIMO University of the MOFA of the Russian Federation, making efforts in exchanging experts. This is because Russia plays a critical role for the peace and prosperity of the Korean peninsula in the process of working towards, and after, unification. Russia also needs Korea as an important “strategic cooperation partner.” st This study aims to strengthen trust between Korea and Russia through promoting mutual understanding and improving the quality of policy network. The study is the outcome of the joint research of KINU and IMEMO. As the editor of this volume, I hope this study i may help experts, students and readers in Korea and in the countries surrounding the Korean Peninsula to have a clearer understanding of Russia’s national strategy, Northeast strategy, Far East and Siberia strategy, and the importance of the “strategic cooperation partnership” between Korea and Russia. I think this research, along with the participation of representative experts of Korea and Russia, will be useful in grasping Russia’s foreign perspective and strategy and to understand its foreign policy that it pursues. Jung-Ho Bae (Director of the Center for International Relations Studies at KINU) Alexander N. Fedorovskiy (Head of Section for Pacific Studies at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, IMEMO) Preface ii Introduction 1. The Peace and Prosperity of the East Asian Region in the 21st Century and the Strategic Importance of Russia Northeast Asia and the Korean Peninsula are regions where the interests of G4 powers are interconnected. Moreover, the issue of the Korean Peninsula is both an inter-Korean issue and an international issue. In other words, the interconnection of the strong powers’ interests in this region may greatly affect the stability and prosperity of the Korean Peninsula and the policy toward North Korea and unification of the Korean government. Strategic the 21 Century in Partnership NationalRussian Strategy ROK-Russian and The interconnection of Northeast regions such as the United States, Japan, China, Russia, and the Korean Peninsula may also affect the resolution of the nuclear issue, the establishment of a new peace structure, and North Korea’s joining of international society and regime transformation. In light of this perspective, Russia is strategically as important as China. In Korea’s position, the strategic importance of Russia is as st follows: First, Russia is very crucial to strategically hold China in check in the settlement of the Korean Peninsula issue. China neglected the moral of its foreign policy on the Cheonan sinking incident and Yeonpyeong attack where it was busy “siding” with North Korea. iii Such behavior as previously demonstrated by China has disappointed not only the Korean public but also the international society. In other words, so far from helping the settlement of Korean Peninsula issue which is for the peace and prosperity of the Northeast region, China’s foreign behavior is an obstacle. China is promoting the maintenance of the status quo by “stitching up” the North Korea issue rather than actually solving the problem. Russia can take a strategically important role in reversing China’s such policy stance and position towards the Korean Peninsula. Russia is inwardly keeping China, which has risen as G2, in check and has been supporting the peaceful unification of the Korean Peninsula. In other words, Korea and Russia have common interests in terms of the strategies of cooperation and restraint toward China. Second, Russia is strategically important to secure energy resources for the development of Korea. The Far East and the Siberia region are the repository of natural resources such as oil and natural gas; thus, many countries have been competitively advancing projects that reach hundreds of millions or tens of billions of dollars. The resource development of the Far East and Siberia is not only the lifeline of Russia’s future but also of significance to the future of the Korean economy because of Korea’s geoeconomic proximity to the region. Therefore, Korea is discussing the ways to bring the natural gas of Far East and Siberia region through vessels or pipelines passing by North Korea and through linking Trans-Korean Railway (TKR) and Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR). On the other hand, Korea is very important for the national interests Introduction iv of Russia as well. Korea is crucial to Russia in pursuing the development of Siberia and Far East holding China in check. Especially, when “the capital and technology of South Korea + labor of North Korea” is invested in the development of Siberia region, it will contribute to Russia’s economic development, including the inducement of Japan’s investment. Also, the investment of unified Korea into Russia and Russia’s development will effectively keep China in check. Therefore, in light of the strategic significance of Russia, Korea should develop its strategic policy toward Russia and impress on Russia its strategic importance for Russia’s national interest. To accomplish this, Korea should make strategic efforts to harmonize the interests of the Korean Peninsula and Russia, and Strategic the 21 Century in Partnership NationalRussian Strategy ROK-Russian and should, in particular, analyze and study what concerns Russia most in the case of Korea-led unification. In other words, Korea should persuade Russia that a unified Korea is more beneficial than a divided Korea in terms of the national interest of Russia, namely its check policy toward China and its pursuit of the development of Siberia. st v 2. Main Structure and Contents of This Book This book is designed based on the conceptualization described above. The purpose of this joint project between Korean and Russian specialists is to increase the mutual understanding of both countries, to strengthen the trust relationship, and to further the quality of policy networking. In 2010 it has been stressed that specialist viewpoints should be of foremost consideration, and this book is the outcome of a collaborative research effort. This book is the product of a joint project between the Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) in the Republic of Korea and the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) in the Russian Federation. IMEMO is renowned worldwide and especially in Korea, as Korean political elites and scholars had visited IMEMO even before the normalization of foreign relations between two countries on September 30, 1990. IMEMO has a solid reputation in the fields of international relations and economic issues, with the most globalized research capacity in Russia. KINU and IMEMO worked together to research the major problems Russia is facing in international relations and the current issues on 4which Korea and Russia must cooperate in the future. The ultimate goal of this kind of project is to establish a genuine Russia-Korea “Strategic Partnership” through academics. All the articles in this book represent subjects vital to the present and future development of Korea-Russia relations. Its contents can be Introduction vi categorized into two areas. The first subject area is issues of Russia’s diplomacy and general security strategies,
Recommended publications
  • Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law, 6 IND

    Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law, 6 IND

    DATE DOWNLOADED: Sat Sep 25 03:27:50 2021 SOURCE: Content Downloaded from HeinOnline Citations: Bluebook 21st ed. Edward McWhinney, The Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law, 6 IND. L. REV. 202 (1972). ALWD 6th ed. McWhinney, E. ., The moscow summit meeting and the post detente international law, 6(2) Ind. L. Rev. 202 (1972). APA 7th ed. McWhinney, E. (1972). The moscow summit meeting and the post detente international law. Indiana Law Review, 6(2), 202-219. Chicago 17th ed. Edward McWhinney, "The Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law," Indiana Law Review 6, no. 2 (December 1972): 202-219 McGill Guide 9th ed. Edward McWhinney, "The Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law" (1972) 6:2 Ind L Rev 202. AGLC 4th ed. Edward McWhinney, 'The Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law' (1972) 6(2) Indiana Law Review 202. MLA 8th ed. McWhinney, Edward. "The Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law." Indiana Law Review, vol. 6, no. 2, December 1972, p. 202-219. HeinOnline. OSCOLA 4th ed. Edward McWhinney, 'The Moscow Summit Meeting and the Post Detente International Law' (1972) 6 Ind L Rev 202 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at https://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your license, please use: Copyright Information THE MOSCOW SUMMIT MEETING AND THE POST-DETENTE INTERNATIONAL LAW EDWARD MCWHINNEY* I.
  • Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75

    Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75

    A Personal Affair : Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75 Michael V. Paulauskas A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by Advisor: Donald J. Raleigh Reader: David Griffiths Reader: Chad Bryant ABSTRACT MICHAEL V. PAULAUSKAS: A Personal Affair: Diplomatic Negotiations and the Portrayal of Détente in Pravda, 1972-75 (Under the direction of Donald J. Raleigh) This thesis explores how diplomatic relations between the US and the USSR changed during détente , specifically concentrating on the period between the 1972 Moscow Summit and the enactment of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the 1974 Trade Bill . I employ transcripts of diplomatic negotiations to investigate the ways that Soviet and American leaders used new personal relationships with their adversaries to achieve thei r foreign policy goals. In order to gain further understanding of the Soviet leadership’s attitudes toward détente, I also examine how the Soviet government, through Pravda, communicated this new, increasingly complex diplomatic relationship to the Soviet public in a nuanced fashion, with multilayered presentations of American foreign policy that included portrayals of individual actors and not simply impersonal groups . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………..…………………………………………. 1 A Cautious Beginning: Soviet -American Relations before the Moscow Summit ..…………...9 The Lifting of the Veil: The 1972 Moscow Summit …………………………..…………….16 The High -Water Mark of Détente: The 1973 US Summit …..………………………….……30 “Nixon’s Last Friend”: The Watergate Scandal …………………………………………..…37 Détente in Crisis: The Jackson-Vanik Amendment ……………..…………………………..45 Conclusion…………………………………………………..……………………………….53 Appendices ……………………………………………..……………………………………57 Bibliography …………………………………………..……………………………………..65 iii Introduction Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin greeted the news of Richard M.
  • Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004

    Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004

    Arctic Marine Transport Workshop 28-30 September 2004 Institute of the North • U.S. Arctic Research Commission • International Arctic Science Committee Arctic Ocean Marine Routes This map is a general portrayal of the major Arctic marine routes shown from the perspective of Bering Strait looking northward. The official Northern Sea Route encompasses all routes across the Russian Arctic coastal seas from Kara Gate (at the southern tip of Novaya Zemlya) to Bering Strait. The Northwest Passage is the name given to the marine routes between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans along the northern coast of North America that span the straits and sounds of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Three historic polar voyages in the Central Arctic Ocean are indicated: the first surface shop voyage to the North Pole by the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Arktika in August 1977; the tourist voyage of the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Sovetsky Soyuz across the Arctic Ocean in August 1991; and, the historic scientific (Arctic) transect by the polar icebreakers Polar Sea (U.S.) and Louis S. St-Laurent (Canada) during July and August 1994. Shown is the ice edge for 16 September 2004 (near the minimum extent of Arctic sea ice for 2004) as determined by satellite passive microwave sensors. Noted are ice-free coastal seas along the entire Russian Arctic and a large, ice-free area that extends 300 nautical miles north of the Alaskan coast. The ice edge is also shown to have retreated to a position north of Svalbard. The front cover shows the summer minimum extent of Arctic sea ice on 16 September 2002.
  • Main Themes Identified for 5Th International Arctic Forum The

    Main Themes Identified for 5Th International Arctic Forum The

    Main themes identified for 5th International Arctic Forum The business programme working group of the Organizing Committee of the 5th ‘Arctic: Territory of Dialogue’ International Arctic Forum held a meeting in Moscow chaired by Adviser to the Russian President Anton Kobyakov. The meeting was attended by representatives of agencies and institutions involved in organizing the event and creating its business programme. The main theme of the upcoming Forum is ‘The Arctic. An Ocean of Opportunities’. The business programme will consist of three sections: ‘Coastal Territories’, ‘The Open Ocean’, and ‘Sustainable Development’. The central event will be the plenary session attended by Russian President Vladimir Putin. “The programme of the 2019 International Arctic Forum will cover the full range of focuses for the development of the Arctic regions. Experts invited to take part in the Forum’s sessions and discussions will devote attention to both the current state of affairs and the immediate prospects for using these territories to develop industry, energy, construction, shipping, tourism, education, research, and other sectors. I am certain that the topics raised at this international discussion platform will provide an impetus for the further development of the Arctic and the full use of the enormous opportunities offered by this region”, Adviser to the Russian President Anton Kobyakov said. At the same time, Russian Presidential Aide Igor Levitin presented information about the need to invite representatives of the Indian government and business circles to take part in the Forum in order to discuss issues concerning the development of trade and economic relations on an international scale as part of the project to develop the North–South International Transport Corridor.
  • Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf

    Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf

    Roham Alvandi Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Alvandi, Roham (2012) Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: the origins of Iranian primacy in the Persian Gulf. Diplomatic history, 36 (2). pp. 337-372. ISSN 1467-7709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.01025.x © 2012 The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32743/ Available in LSE Research Online: March 2012 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript accepted version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the published version may remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. roham alvandi Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The Origins of Iranian Primacy in the Persian Gulf* On the morning of May 31, 1972, the shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, received U.S.
  • AQUILA BOOKS Specializing in Books and Ephemera Related to All Aspects of the Polar Regions

    AQUILA BOOKS Specializing in Books and Ephemera Related to All Aspects of the Polar Regions

    AQUILA BOOKS Specializing in Books and Ephemera Related to all Aspects of the Polar Regions Winter 2012 Presentation copy to Lord Northcliffe of The Limited Edition CATALOGUE 112 88 ‘The Heart of the Antarctic’ 12 26 44 49 42 43 Items on Front Cover 3 4 13 9 17 9 54 6 12 74 84 XX 72 70 21 24 8 7 7 25 29 48 48 48 37 63 59 76 49 50 81 7945 64 74 58 82 41 54 77 43 80 96 84 90 100 2 6 98 81 82 59 103 85 89 104 58 AQUILA BOOKS Box 75035, Cambrian Postal Outlet Calgary, AB T2K 6J8 Canada Cameron Treleaven, Proprietor A.B.A.C. / I.L.A.B., P.B.F.A., N.A.A.B., F.R.G.S. Hours: 10:30 – 5:30 MDT Monday-Saturday Dear Customers; Welcome to our first catalogue of 2012, the first catalogue in the last two years! We are hopefully on schedule to produce three catalogues this year with the next one mid May before the London Fairs and the last just before Christmas. We are building our e-mail list and hopefully we will be e-mailing the catalogues as well as by regular mail starting in 2013. If you wish to receive the catalogues by e-mail please make sure we have your correct e-mail address. Best regards, Cameron Phone: (403) 282-5832 Fax: (403) 289-0814 Email: [email protected] All Prices net in US Dollars. Accepted payment methods: by Credit Card (Visa or Master Card) and also by Cheque or Money Order, payable on a North American bank.
  • About the Results of the Moscow Summit and Their Impact on U.S

    About the Results of the Moscow Summit and Their Impact on U.S

    About the Results of the Moscow Summit and Their Impact on U.S. Foreign Policy and Soviet-American Relations. As experience shows, final results of such events as the Soviet-American summits become apparent over more or less extended period of time. So far, we can only talk about preliminary results. Among them, the following are the most significant. First of all, the summit brought substantial political and diplomatic results. It is important that we did not allow any breaks in the process of dialog, even though it was possible and even probably due to the U.S. political calendar (the electoral campaign, the situation in which the outgoing administration now finds itself—according to the American political terminology—the state of “lame duck”). Thanks to the summit, the year 1988 did not fall out of the process of normalization of Soviet-American relations; to the contrary, it already became an important marker in their development, which help ensure the continuity: both most likely presidential candidates are simply forced by the logic of events itself to speak positively about Soviet-American relations, about disarmament and other important issues, which were on the agenda. Thus it is as if they are “taking the baton” from Reagan. Furthermore, the preparation for the summit, the summit itself, and the subsequent realization of those agreements, which were achieved or outlined there, do not just cement the constructive changes in Soviet-American relations, but also give them a new impulse for further development in all the spheres— disarmament, resolution of regional problems, and improvement of bilateral relations.
  • The Antarctic Sun, January 16, 2005

    The Antarctic Sun, January 16, 2005

    Published during the austral summer at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, for the United States Antarctic Program January 16, 2005 Bye plane Russians retrieve their plane By Kristan Hutchison Sun staff Russia sent a big plane to pick up the little one this week. Artur Chilingarov, Deputy chairman of the Russian State Duma, returned to Antarctica to retrieve the biplane he had left there three years ago. He came with a group of mechanics and media on an Ilyushin 76 cargo plane, under the auspices of the Russian polar program. “We were sorry we couldn’t return the same year,” Chilingarov said through an interpreter. Chilingarov had been aboard the Antonov 3T biplane when it originally flew from Patriot Hills to South Pole in January 2002. After landing at the Pole, the biplane had a problem when the pilot tried to restart it and had to be left behind. Chilingarov was waiting at Pegasus ice runway when the biplane landed Tuesday after its 6 1/2 hour flight from the Pole. A strong tailwind helped the plane during the flight, allowing it to complete the journey without refueling. The Antonov 3T biplane landed at McMurdo the same way it originally had at the South Pole, show- ing off first by circling the runway and tipping its wings Photo by Kristan Hutchison / The Antarctic Sun at the small cluster of watchers below. Politician and polar explorer Artur Chilingarov, center, welcomes the pilot of the After celebratory hugs and photos, the Russian Antonov 3T biplane after its flight from South Pole to McMurdo Station while Michael See Biplane on page 10 Orkin, from the independent Russian station NTV, films the moment.
  • Inventory Acc.12696 William Laird Mckinlay

    Inventory Acc.12696 William Laird Mckinlay

    Acc.12696 December 2006 Inventory Acc.12696 William Laird McKinlay National Library of Scotland Manuscripts Division George IV Bridge Edinburgh EH1 1EW Tel: 0131-466 2812 Fax: 0131-466 2811 E-mail: [email protected] © Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Correspondence and papers of William Laird McKinlay, Glasgow. Background William McKinlay (1888-1983) was for most of his working life a teacher and headmaster in the west of Scotland; however the bulk of the papers in this collection relate to the Canadian National Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, and the part played in it by him and the expedition leader, Vilhjalmur Stefansson. McKinlay’s account of his experiences, especially those of being shipwrecked and marooned on Wrangel Island, off the coast of Siberia, were published by him in Karluk (London, 1976). For a rather more detailed list of nos.1-27, and nos.43-67 (listed as nos.28-52), see NRA(S) survey no.2546. Further items relating to McKinlay were presented in 2006: see Acc.12713. Other items, including a manuscript account of the expedition and the later activities of Stefansson – much broader in scope than Karluk – have been deposited in the National Archives of Canada, in Ottawa. A small quantity of additional documents relating to these matters can be found in NRA(S) survey no.2222, papers in the possession of Dr P D Anderson. Extent: 1.56 metres Deposited in 1983 by Mrs A.A. Baillie-Scott, the daughter of William McKinlay, and placed as Dep.357; presented by the executor of Mrs Baillie-Scott’s estate, November 2006.
  • On Thin Ice? (Mis)Interpreting Russian Policy in the High North Roderick Kefferpütz

    On Thin Ice? (Mis)Interpreting Russian Policy in the High North Roderick Kefferpütz

    No. 205/February 2010 On Thin Ice? (Mis)interpreting Russian Policy in the High North Roderick Kefferpütz limate change in the Arctic is expected to make the ice cap dwindling to a record-low minimum extent the region a lot busier as new strategic of 4.3 million square km in September 2007.2 resources become available. The Russian C These developments open up an array of intractable Federation is a key player in this context, having put challenges, including threats to biodiversity and the forth a comprehensive Arctic strategy. Russian policy traditional way of life of autochthon communities in towards the so-called High North, however, is the Arctic region. Of particular danger to global oftentimes not seen in its entirety and has received a environmental stability, however, is the threat to low- plethora of criticism in the Western media and foreign lying coastal regions posed by rising sea levels. This policy community. This paper aims to contribute to a would not only have immense political, environmental better understanding of Russian actions in the High and social consequences; the economic effects would North by providing a succinct overview of Russian also be tremendous. According to Allianz financial policies in the region and identifying the fundamental services, a rise of half a metre by the middle of this rationale behind them. The paper concludes that century could put at risk more than 28 trillion dollars’ Russia’s Arctic policy is not only a lot more nuanced worth of assets in the world’s largest coastal cities.3 In but also not very different from the policies conducted addition, increasing temperatures in this volatile region by other riparian states.
  • THE WASHINGTON SUMMIT: General Secretary Brezhnev's Visit to the United States, June 18-25, 1973

    THE WASHINGTON SUMMIT: General Secretary Brezhnev's Visit to the United States, June 18-25, 1973

    THE WASHINGTON SUMMIT: General Secretary ~rezhnev 1 s Visit to the United States, June 18-25, 1973 DEPARTMENT OF ST ATE Leonid I. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Com­ mittee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, arrived in the United States on June. 16 for an official visit June 18-25, 1973. This pamphlet consists of documentaJion, reprinted from The Depcirtrnent of Stcite Bulletin of July 23, relating to that visit. Contents June 18 ____ Welcoming Remarks, White House 1 Exchange of Toasts 2 .Tune l9____ Agreements 5 Agriculture 5 Studies of World Ocean 7 Transportation 8 Contacts, Exchanges and Cooperation 9 June 20 ____ Convention on Matters of Taxation 13 June 2L ___ Agreements 17 Strategic Arms Limitation 17 Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 18 Dr. Kissinger's News Conference, Washington 19 Exchange of Toasts at the Soviet Embassy 26 June 22 ____ Agreement on Prevention of Nuclear War 30 Dr. Kissinger's News Conference, Washington 31 Protocols 3 7 U.S.-U.S.S.R. Chamber of Commerce 37 Commercial Facilities 3 7 June 23 ____ Protocol on Expansion of Air Services 38 Remarks at Reception, San Clemente 40 June 24 ____ Departure Remarks, San Clemente 41 General Secretary Brezhnev's TV and Radio Address 43 June 25 ____ Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Communique 49 Dr. Kissinger's News Conference, San Clemente 53 Cover: President Nixon greets General Secre­ tary Brezhnev at the White House on June 18. Standing behind the General Secretary is V .M. Sukhodrev, Counse­ lor and Interpreter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  • Rhetoric of Richard Nixon

    Rhetoric of Richard Nixon

    Madman 1 Running Head: Madman The "Madman" Rhetoric of Richard Nixon: An Alternative Means to Establish Geopolitical Ethos. David K. Scott Department of Communication Arts Northeastern State University Tahlequah OK 74464 A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the 2005 Central States Communication Association (Kansas City, MO April 6-10). Madman 2 Abstract In a geopolitical context, the means of establishing deterrence is premised on the military capability of a country and the perceived willingness of a leader to use force as a means to achieve policy goals. A key function of rhetoric is to establish the personal ethos of a leader regarding their willingness to use force. During the Cold War the rhetorical context of geopolitical discourse was premised on a rational choice model of decision-making based on a strategic calculation of the relative strength of each country. This paper argues that rhetorical strategies need to change relative to the strategic situation facing each leader. Further, the rhetorical burden of building and maintaining strategic credibility inversely increases relative to a country's military power. This paper explores Richard Nixon's innovative rhetorical strategy of cultivating irrationality and uncertainty as a means to maintain and enhance "deterrent credibility" during a period of national decline. Madman 3 Introduction Aristotle identified "ethos" or speaker credibility as a key component of successful rhetoric. One particular context of ethos can be referred to as "geopolitical credibility." Geopolitical credibility concerns the reputation of countries and leaders in relation to one another. In this context, credibility can be defined as a form of power and deterrence.