University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-18-2012 Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of the Neotropical Butterfly Genus Hamadryas (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) Ivonne J. Garzon University of New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Recommended Citation Garzon, Ivonne J., "Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of the Neotropical Butterfly Genus Hamadryas (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)" (2012). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 1438. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1438 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Phylogenetic Relationships and Character Evolution of the Neotropical Butterfly Genus Hamadryas (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation Biology by Ivonne Janeth Garzón Orduña B.S. Universidad Industrial de Santander, 2004 May, 2012 Dedicado a mi familia, ii Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................Page v List of Tables .........................................................................................................Page vi Abstract..................................................................................................................Page vii Introduction ............................................................................................................Page 1 References ............................................................................................................Page 8 Chapter 1: Phylogenetic evidence for loss of sound production and a shift in sexual recognition signals in Hamadryas butterflies (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) ...................................Page 10 Abstract ............................................................................................................Page 10 Introduction ......................................................................................................Page 11 Methods ...........................................................................................................Page 13 Results .............................................................................................................Page 15 Discussion ........................................................................................................Page 19 Closing remarks ...............................................................................................Page 22 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................Page 24 References .......................................................................................................Page 25 Appendix 1.1 ....................................................................................................Page 31 Appendix 1.2 ....................................................................................................Page 35 Appendix 1.3 ....................................................................................................Page 41 Appendix 1.4 ....................................................................................................Page 44 Chapter 2: Phylogenetic analysis of Hamadryas (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) based on the combined analysis of morphological and molecular data ........................................Page 53 Abstract ............................................................................................................Page 53 Introduction ......................................................................................................Page 55 Materials and methods .....................................................................................Page 56 Results .............................................................................................................Page 59 iii Discussion ........................................................................................................Page 62 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................Page 67 References .......................................................................................................Page 68 Chapter 3: Using geometric morphometrics to study correlated character changes: sound production and wing shape of Hamadryas butterflies (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae) ....Page 82 Abstract ............................................................................................................Page 82 Introduction ......................................................................................................Page 83 Methods ...........................................................................................................Page 85 Results .............................................................................................................Page 88 Discussion ........................................................................................................Page 90 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................Page 93 References .......................................................................................................Page 94 Appendix 3.1 ....................................................................................................Page 107 Vita ........................................................................................................................Page 111 iv List of Figures Figure 1.1 ...............................................................................................................Page 45 Figure 1.2 ...............................................................................................................Page 46 Figure 1.3 ...............................................................................................................Page 47 Figure 1.4 ...............................................................................................................Page 48 Figure 1.5 ...............................................................................................................Page 49 Figure 1.6 ...............................................................................................................Page 50 Figure 1.7 ...............................................................................................................Page 51 Figure 1.8 ...............................................................................................................Page 52 Figure 2.1 ...............................................................................................................Page 76 Figure 2.2 ...............................................................................................................Page 77 Figure 2.3 ...............................................................................................................Page 78 Figure 2.4 ...............................................................................................................Page 79 Figure 2.5 ...............................................................................................................Page 80 Figure 2.6 ...............................................................................................................Page 81 Figure 3.1 ...............................................................................................................Page 99 Figure 3.2 ...............................................................................................................Page 100 Figure 3.3 ...............................................................................................................Page 101 Figure 3.4 ...............................................................................................................Page 102 Figure 3.5 ...............................................................................................................Page 103 Figure 3.6 ...............................................................................................................Page 104 Figure 3.7 ...............................................................................................................Page 105 Figure 3.8 ...............................................................................................................Page 106 v List of Tables Table 1.1 ................................................................................................................Page 30 Table 1.2 ................................................................................................................Page