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Elimination of Dengue by Control of Aedes Vector Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Utilizing Copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopidae)

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Elimination of Dengue by Control of Aedes Vector Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Utilizing Copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 1, No. 2, 2015, pp. 101-106 http://www.aiscience.org/journal/ijbbe Elimination of Dengue by Control of Aedes Vector Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Utilizing Copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) Muhammad Sarwar * Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Abstract This paper reports on the information and result of long-term laboratory and field studies on copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) as predators for mosquito control inhabiting in tropic and subtropic environments. Mosquitoes have long been vectors of numerous diseases that affect human health and well-being in many parts of the world. Reducing the use of pesticides against insect vectors is one of the big demands of the society because public has always been against the heavy use of insecticides. Copepods are natural and tiny shrimp-like crustacean with a hearty appetite for feeding on mosquito larvae in water holding areas. The copepods thrive in fresh and marine water, and are valuable tool in battling mosquitoes in artificial containers, roadside ditches, small water pools, clogged downspouts and other wet areas that can breed plenty of mosquitoes. These are especially helpful tools in fighting mosquitoes near public places, where use of certain pesticides is restricted. Copepods are relatively easy to culture, maintain and deliver to the target areas, but getting the cultures started requires some effort and time. Copepods are more efficient predator of younger than of older larvae of mosquito and predation drops considerably for 4 days and older larvae. Copepods though prefer to prey on younger larvae, yet also increasingly attack on older larvae as greater predator densities reduce the supply of younger ones. Recent trials show that each copepod might destroy forty larvae per day, cutting Aedes breeding by 99 to 100 percent and in practice these can best be used where most of the local mosquito problem is due to Aedes breeding locations. Once established, copepods are able to survive and reproduce well to maintain viable populations under a wide variety of field conditions. The use of these biological control agents is only one small part of a statewide integrated approach to mosquito control, and not a replacement for long-established procedures. The future additional research can build up new ways of producing and keeping alive copepods that might target specifically dengue vector mosquitoes, but few realistic problems still need to overcome. Keywords Dengue, Copepods, Cyclopoida, Mosquito Control, Biological Control Received: May 24, 2015 / Accepted: June 5, 2015 / Published online: July 23, 2015 @ 2015 The Authors. Published by American Institute of Science. This Open Access article is under the CC BY-NC license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 1. Introduction Throughout the world, mosquitoes transmitted diseases such mosquito is a significant opportunity for the future control of as dengue, malaria and yellow fever are serious threat to vectors borne diseases, principally in view of existing limits on use of pesticides, continuing problems of resistance to human health. Moreover, mosquitoes are also severe chemicals and management of habitat. The public is normally annoyance with noteworthy interference on the economy of not always aware of some of the things protecting them, state and quality of public life. Biological control of particularly a variety of biological control agents making * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 102 Muhammad Sarwar: Elimination of Dengue by Control of Aedes Vector Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Utilizing Copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) attractive to the countries. Quite a lot of species of copepods the ones that behave most aggressively, destroying larvae that (Copepoda: Cyclopidae), in various genera have shown come near even when these do not eat them. Recent tests assurance as biological control agents for control of with the copepod M. albidus in the laboratory and in field mosquitoes (Sarwar, 2014 a; 2014 b; 2014 c; 2014 d). conditions showed similar results, with almost a 90 percent The Cyclops is one of the most common genera of freshwater reduction in larvae. Tests have been done by adding them to copepods, belongs to Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum water in containers, and so far, these have been fairly Crustacea, Subclass Copepoda, Order Cyclopoida, Family successful. Recent trials showed that these kill mostly first instar larvae of Aedes mosquitoes, but each copepod might Cyclopidae, and comprising over 400 species. Together with destroy forty larvae per day, cutting down Aedes breeding by other similar-sized non-copepod fresh-water crustaceans, 99 to 100 percent. These are less effective with Anopheles especially Cladocera, these are commonly called water fleas having a single large eye, which may be either red or black in and least effective with Culex larvae. In practice, these would cyclops. Cyclops individuals may range from 0.5- 5 mm long best be used where most of the local mosquito problem is due to Aedes breeding in known locations, such as pools or water and are clearly divided into two sections. The broadly oval storage containers (Marten et al., 2000; Byer, 2004). front section comprises the head and the first five thoracic segments. The hind part is considerably slimmer and is made up of the sixth thoracic segments and the four legless pleonic 2. Biological Control of segments. Two caudal appendages project from the rear side Mosquito Larvae Using of body and have 5 pairs of legs. Owing to less than a couple millimeters length, these are barely visible to the naked eye, Copepods shaped like a teardrop, have long antennae and an Past studies on use of Cyclopoida have reported varying exoskeleton that is so thin that it is largely transparent. The results depending upon the copepods, mosquito species, long first antennae, 2 in number, are used by the males for weather, and the physical and biological milieu of the water gripping the females during mating. Afterwards, the female holding containers and areas. Six species of cyclopid carries the eggs in two small sacs on its body. The larvae or copepods have been tested for biological control of Aedes nauplii, are free-swimming and unsegmented. Cyclops has a albopictus larvae in discarded tires. Six to 8 weeks after cosmopolitan distribution in fresh water, but is less frequent introduction, Diacyclops navus, Acanthocyclops vernalls, in brackish water. It lives along the plant-covered banks of Mesocyclops ruttneri and Mesocyclops edax reduced the stagnant and slow-flowing bodies of water, where it feeds on number of A. albopictus larvae by 83, 90, 95 and.96%, small fragments of plant material, animals or carrion. It respectively. Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops swims with characteristic jerky movements. Cyclops has the longisetus are the most effective species. Six to 8 weeks after capacity to survive unsuitable conditions by forming a cloak introduction, M. albidus reduced A. albopictus larvae by 99%. of slime and average lifespan is about 3 months (Marten, Three months after introduction, M. albidus reduced A. 1986). albopictus larvae by 100%, and Mesocyclops longisetus Tiny copepods are aquatic crustaceans that are widespread in reduced A. albopictus by 99.8%. Macrocyclops albidus and both fresh and salt water habitats. The kinds of copepods M. longisetus are equally effective at eliminating Aedes proposed for mosquito control are referred to collectively as aegypti (L.), and A. triseriatus larvae (Marten, 1990 a). There cyclopoid copepods. These are voracious predators of is also evidence that natural populations of cyclopoids mosquito larvae and as such can be used to control mosquito eliminated Aedes and Anopheles larvae from ground water production from water holding areas. Particularly, these are habitats (Marten et al., 1989; Marten, 1989; 2000). Further natural enemies of the first and second instars (the smallest filed trials have been conducted to determine whether sizes) of mosquito larvae. The copepods attack and eat larvae, copepods can usefully destroy larval Stegomyia mosquitoes. but can also survive on other food sources in water, so they Copepods (Macrocyclops albidus ) have been released into can live for long periods even after these have eaten all the each of about 200 discarded tires arranged in 2 stacks of larvae, waiting for more progeny to hatch. Several species of about 100 tires, while a third stack remained untreated. copepods, particularly those in the genus Mesocyclops, have Larval A. albopictus that have been numerous in the treated shown promise as biological control agents for container- tires at the beginning of the experiment virtually disappeared breeding mosquitoes. A notable success in the use of within 2 months. Adults disappeared about 1 month later and copepods for reduction of disease vectors is that which remained scarce for at least another year. These predators, reports effective control of Aedes vectors of dengue with however, do not reduce the abundance of Culex salinarius , copepods of the genus Mesocyclops (Kay et al., 2002). Two which is another type of mosquito (Marten, 1990 b). kinds, Mesocyclops longisetus and Macrocyclops albidus, are In laboratory tests, four different strains of Mesocyclops International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering Vol. 1, No. 2, 2015, pp. 101-106 103 aspericornis (Daday) showed potential as biological control appeared
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