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World War II and Its Aftermath World p0730-731aspe-0724uo 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 730 UUNNIITT World War II and Its CHAPTER 24 World War Looms Aftermath 1931–1941 CHAPTER 25 1931–1960 The United States in World War II 1941–1945 CHAPTER 26 Cold War Conflicts 1945–1960 CHAPTER 27 The Postwar Boom 1946–1960 UNIT PROJECT Debate As you read Unit 7, pay attention to arguments on either side of a political issue. Work with a group to stage a debate. Write a proposition, such as “Resolved: The U.S. has a responsibility to end its isolationism and enter World War II.” Choose teams to argue either for or against the resolution. Dawn Patrol Launching by Paul Sample 730 p0730-731aspe-0724uo 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 731 p0732-733aspe-0724co 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 732 Flanked by storm troopers, Adolf Hitler arrives at a Nazi rally in September 1934. 1936 Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at Olympics 1931 The Empire in Berlin, Germany. State Building 1932 Franklin 1933 opens in New Delano Roosevelt is Prohibition York City. elected president. ends. 1936 Roosevelt is reelected. USA 1931 1933 1935 WORLD 1931 1933 1935 1931 Japan con- 1933 Adolf Hitler is 1934 Stalin begins 1936 Ethiopia’s Haile Selassie quers Manchuria, appointed German great purge in USSR. asks League of Nations for in northern China. chancellor and sets up help against Italian invasion. Dachau concentration 1934 Chinese camp. communists flee in 1936 General Francisco Franco the Long March. leads a fascist rebellion in Spain. 732 CHAPTER 24 p0732-733aspe-0724co 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 733 INTERACTINTERACT WITH HISTORY In the summer of 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt addresses an anxious nation in response to atrocities in Europe committed by Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Roosevelt declares in his broadcast that the United States “will remain a neutral nation.” He acknowledges, however, that he “cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought.” Why might the United States try to remain neutral? Examine the Issues • How might involvement in a large scale war influence the United States? • How can neutral countries part- icipate in the affairs of warring countries? RESEARCH LINKS CLASSZONE.COM Visit the Chapter 24 links for more information related to World War Looms. 1937 Amelia Earhart mysteriously 1938 Orson Welles disappears broadcasts The War 1940 Roosevelt 1941 United attempting solo of the Worlds, a fic- is elected to a States enters round-the-world tional alien invasion. third term. World War II. flight. 19381937 19401939 19411941 1938 1939 Germany 1941 Japan Kristallnacht— invades bombs Pearl Nazis riot, Poland. Britain Harbor. destroying Jewish and France neighborhoods. declare war. World War Looms 733 p0734-741aspe-0724s1 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 734 Dictators Threaten World Peace MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Terms & Names The rise of rulers with total Dictators of the 1930s and •Joseph Stalin •Adolf Hitler power in Europe and Asia led 1940s changed the course of •totalitarian •Nazism to World War ll. history, making world leaders •Benito Mussolini •Francisco Franco especially watchful for the •fascism •Neutrality Acts actions of dictators today. One American's Story Martha Gellhorn arrived in Madrid in 1937 to cover the brutal civil war that had broken out in Spain the year before. Hired as a special correspondent for Collier’s Weekly, she had come with very little money and no special protec- tion. On assignment there, she met the writer Ernest Hemingway, whom she later married. To Gellhorn, a young American writer, the Spanish Civil War was a deadly strug- gle between tyranny and democracy. For the people of Madrid, it was also a daily struggle for survival. A PERSONAL VOICE MARTHA GELLHORN “ You would be walking down a street, hearing only the city noises of streetcars and automobiles and people calling to one another, and suddenly, crushing it all out, would be the ▼ huge stony deep booming of a falling shell, at the corner. There was no place to Martha Gellhorn, run, because how did you know that the next shell would not be behind you, or one of the first ahead, or to the left or right?” women war —The Face of War correspondents, began her career Less than two decades after the end of World War I—“the war to end all during the wars”—fighting erupted again in Europe and in Asia. As Americans read about dis- Spanish Civil War. tant battles, they hoped the conflicts would remain on the other side of the world. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia The seeds of new conflicts had been sown in World War I. For many nations, peace had brought not prosperity but revolution fueled by economic depression and struggle. The postwar years also brought the rise of powerful dictators driven by the belief in nationalism—loyalty to one’s country above all else—and dreams of territorial expansion. 734 CHAPTER 24 p0734-741aspe-0724s1 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 735 ▼ Germany was expected to pay off huge debts while dealing with widespread poverty. By 1923, an inflating economy made a five-million German mark worth less than a penny. Here children build blocks with stacks of useless German marks. FAILURES OF THE WORLD WAR I PEACE SETTLEMENT Instead of securing a “just and secure peace,” the Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment. Germans saw nothing fair in a treaty that blamed them for starting the war. Nor did they find security in a settlement that stripped them of their overseas colonies and border territories. These problems overwhelmed the Weimar Republic, the democratic government set up in Germany after World War I. Similarly, the Soviets resented the carving up of parts of Russia. (See map, Chapter 19, p. 606.) The peace settlement had not fulfilled President Wilson’s hope of a world MAIN IDEA “safe for democracy.” New democratic governments that emerged in Europe after the war floundered. Without a democratic tradition, people turned to authoritar- Identifying Problems ian leaders to solve their economic and social problems. The new democracies A Why did the collapsed, and dictators were able to seize power. Some had great ambitions. A new democracies set up after World JOSEPH STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION In Russia, hopes for War I fail? democracy gave way to civil war, resulting in the establishment of a communist A. Answer state, officially called the Soviet Union, in 1922. After V. I. Lenin died in 1924, A lack of demo- Joseph Stalin, whose last name means “man of steel,” took control of the coun- cratic tradition, try. Stalin focused on creating a model communist state. In so doing, he made failure of the Treaty of both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Versailles and Union. Stalin abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collec- economic dev- tives—large government-owned farms, each worked by hundreds of families. astation. Stalin moved to transform the Soviet Union from a backward rural nation into a great industrial power. In 1928, the Soviet dictator outlined the first of several “five-year plans,” to direct the industrialization. All economic activity was placed B. Answer under state management. By 1937, the Soviet Union had become the world’s sec- Complete con- ond-largest industrial power, surpassed in overall production only by the United trol over citizens and ruthless States. The human costs of this transformation, however, were enormous. suppression of In his drive to purge, or eliminate, anyone who threatened his power, Stalin opposition. did not spare even his most faithful supporters. While the final toll will never be known, historians estimate that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of 8 million MAIN IDEA MAIN IDEA to 13 million people. Millions more died in famines caused by the restructuring Summarizing of Soviet society. B What are the By 1939, Stalin had firmly established a totalitarian government that characteristics of a totalitarian maintained complete control over its citizens. In a totalitarian state, individuals state? have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition. B World War Looms 735 p0734-741aspe-0724s1 10/17/02 9:08 AM Page 736 N The Rise of Nationalism, 1922–1941 W E S 75°N Joseph Stalin grabs control of the Fascist dictatorship 0° 45°E Soviet Union in 1924 and squelches 165°E Communist dictatorship all opposition after V. I. Lenin, founder of the communist regime, dies. Imperialist military regime Adolf Hitler offers economic stability Arctic Circle to unemployed Germans during the 0 750 1,500 miles ATLANTIC Great Depression and becomes OCEAN SOVIET UNION 0 750 1,500 kilometers chancellor in 1933. 60°N Moscow GREAT BRITAIN Berlin London GERMANY Paris Benito Mussolini rises to power FRANCE 45°N in 1922 and attempts to restore CHINA ITALY Italy to its former position as a SPAIN Rome world power. Sea of Japan Madrid editerra M ne JAPAN a n Sea Yellow Sea Tokyo Hideki Tojo, the force behind Japanese Francisco Franco leads the strategy, becomes Japan’s prime East China PACIFIC rebel Nationalist army to victory minister in 1941. Emperor Hirohito Sea OCEAN in Spain and gains complete becomes a powerless figurehead. Tropic of Cancer control of the country in 1939. GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER 1. Region In which countries did authoritarian leaders come to power? Skillbuilder Who were the leaders? Answers 2. Location What geographic features might have led Japan to expand? 1. Germany— Adolph Hitler; Spain— Francisco Franco; Italy— THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY While Stalin was consolidating his power in Benito the Soviet Union, Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Mussolini; Soviet Union— Italy, where unemployment and inflation produced bitter strikes, some commu- Joseph Stalin; nist-led.
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