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The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Issue 19 3/ 2008
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Future-oriented Medicine: The Language of Cells New Dimensions: Riding the Comet Discovering Asia: All with the Light of a Matchstick Would you like to know more?
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Street address Carl Zeiss AG Innovation Editorial Staff City, Zip/Postal code Renate König
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Company/Institute/Organization Neural representation of learning processes at the synapsis Last name, First name
The genetic expression of the cytoplasmatic Position protein (Arc) associated with learning is induced in a subpopulation of pyramidal Street address Carl Zeiss AG neurons through research into a new en- Innovation Editorial Staff vironment. The specificity and necessity of City, Zip/Postal code Renate König this Arc expression for learning processes were verified in previous papers. Additional Country 73446 Oberkochen studies have shown that Arc RNAs specifi- Germany cally localize in activated, dendritic sub- Email regions after electrical stimulation. Fax: +49 (0)7364 20-3370 If known: subscription or customer number All dendritic trees can be displayed using transgenic mice forming yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in neuron subpopulations. An optimized method of fluorescence in situ Has your address changed? hybridization (FISH) permits the simultane- ous display of Arc and the endogenous YFP signal (e.g. activated neuron subpopula- tions in the hippocampus, see picture on page 16). Efforts will be made to identify synaptic connections and changes using the automated recognition of the dendrite Previous address: New address: structure and the localization of Arc RNA and the Arc protein depending on the behavioral process. Company/Institute/Organization
Dr. Michael Calhoun, Molecular Imaging Last name, First name Group, Hertie Institute, Tübingen
(http://www.hih-tuebingen.de). Position Daniel Eicke, Data Analysis and Visualization Street address Carl Zeiss AG Innovation Editorial Staff City, Zip/Postal code Renate König
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Dear Readers,
It does not even take a trend researcher like Matthias Horx to recognize that health is a subject that truly deserves the label “megatrend.” We all know how miserable we feel even if we are only suffering from a common cold or the odd headache. However, what a diagnosis like cancer or Alzheimer means for the person affected and for their environment can only really be understood by someone who has experienced these diseases at close hand.
In the almost two-and-a-half millennia that have passed since the discoveries of Hippocrates of Kos, many pioneering advances have been made in the field of medicine. Some of these were inextricably linked to instruments from Carl Zeiss. Something which has not changed in all these years, however, is that a disease cannot be diagnosed until it has actually broken out.
With molecular imaging, medicine and medical technology will experi- ence a real revolution: in several years, they will help us to reach a stage where we can find the causes of illness and therefore diagnose diseases long before their outbreak. This will increase the chances of effective therapy and cure.
Therefore, Carl Zeiss has joined the Molecular Imaging Technology Initiative launched by the German government and has become one of five founding partners. As a leading company in the field of optics and medical technology, it is our goal to transfer new molecular imaging techniques from research to their practical use in laboratories, doctors' offices and hospitals and to safeguard Germany’s position as a leading healthcare market with the aid of this future-oriented technology. Optical technologies will be key pacemakers in this process.
I hope this issue of Innovation finds you in the best of health!
Best wishes
Dr. Michael Kaschke Member of the Carl Zeiss AG Executive Board
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Contents
Editorial 3
Panorama 6
Silent Observers 10 The Hobby of Birdwatching
Cover Story: Future-oriented Medicine
The Language of Cells 14
”A Revolution in Medicine“ 22 An Interview with Dr. Michael Kaschke
The Direction of Research 23
14 “Nowhere Near the End of Our Opportunities“ 26
It is considered a revolution in medicine: molecular imaging Guest Article by Dr. Andreas Wunder helps us to better understand the human body.
Essay 50 A Journey Inside
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Features
See in the Dark 36
Discovering Complex Defects in Vision 38
Cover Story: Report: New Dimensions New projector systems Future-oriented Medicine in planetariums invite Riding the Comet 30 the audience to take part in virtual adven- 30 tures into the dark An Eagle Eye for the Nano World 34 depths of the cosmos.
Report: Discovering Asia Images from another world – Mongolia. All with the Light of a Matchstick 40
The Right to Sight 48
Service
Preview 54
Legal information 54 40
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Panorama
Watching videos at total ease – with the cinemizer from Carl Zeiss.
Movies for Your Vest Pocket The cinemizer from Carl Zeiss puts movies at the end of your nose
A long-distance flight, an awful TV lineup at a hotel, a uninvited guests such as the person sitting next to you. late train – business trips can be boring. With the Optimized for iPod with video, the cinemizer can none- cinemizer, Carl Zeiss has landed a winner: an innovation theless be connected to other devices, such as your that puts movies from portable players right in front of home DVD player or a game console, thanks to an addi- your eyes and looks just like a pair of sunglasses. The tional jack. Gamers and movie enthusiasts can indulge in cinemizer simulates a 115 cm display at a distance of their passion without turning other family members into two meters, giving the wearer an authentic movie feel- unwilling participants. The cinemizer celebrated its ing with a private viewing. The smooth adjustment pos- world premiere at this year’s MacWorld Expo in sibilities on both sides for different prescriptions enable San Francisco in January. people with visual defects to also enjoy this exclusive experience. Loudspeakers integrated into the earpieces ensure a good sound. The high-performance battery guarantees four hours of movie enjoyment. You can watch your favorite videos and movies anytime, any- where. Simply connect the cinemizer to the iPod using the practical clip or connect it to another mobile video player via a cable. The main advantage: there are no
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Wonderfully Fossilized Movies and Pixels Living deep-sea oyster discovered The ARRI AG can do both: analog and digital
Successfully hidden: a primitive oyster. ARRIFLEX 35II, 1946
Oysters are sometimes located in the strangest of places. Movie buffs prick up their ears with great interest when Not only in Frank Schatzing’s book “The Swarm”, but they hear that ARRI is now building digital cameras. also in the ocean. The deep sea oyster hid under over- The company that has been working with Carl Zeiss for hanging rocks for decades so successfully from the drag- 70 years is gaining a second foothold with this new nets of researchers that it was considered extinct until technology. the 1970s. By chance, paleontologist Max Wisshak dis- covered a significant cluster of hundreds of oysters near In 1917 August Arnold and Robert Richter founded the the Azores at a depth of 500 meters on a video taken firm “Arnold & Richter Cine Technik” in a former shoe- with his research submarine Lula. At the site of filming, maker’s workshop in Munich. Today, ARRI is the world he discovered living deep-sea oysters and thus a scien- market leader in the field of analog movie cameras. The tific sensation. The primitive oyster was probably 100 new digital technology is not intended to replace the years old and had annual rings made of lime. Wisshak proven analog technology, but to supplement it. In the analyzed these layers of lime under the microscope, a future, other magnificent movies such as The Lord of the ZEISS Axiophot. From their composition, he was able to Rings and Perfume will also be filmed with analog cam- identify fluctuations in the water temperature and other eras. However, digital cameras offer new possibilities. environmental parameters such as nutrient content. “We are utilizing these capabilities,“ says ARRI Product He is currently researching how these oysters can be Manager Marc Shipman-Müller, “but, of course, we are used as a climate archive for the North Atlantic. continuing to build cameras for 16 and 35 millimeter film.“
Cancer Research at Its Best Carl Zeiss opens application center at the German Cancer Research Center
onset of the disease and to determine risk factors. With the opening of the application center last summer, Carl Zeiss is supporting the research work of the DKFZ at the technology park in Heidelberg which is one of Germa- ny’s most important biotechnology locations and one of the global leaders. Research can be performed on com- plex dynamic processes in the lab rooms with a laser scanning microscope, high-quality light and stereo mi- croscopes and automated microscope systems. Scientists develop new approaches for the prevention, diagnosis Dynamic cell processes under the microscope. and treatment of cancer based on the results of these examinations. Carl Zeiss not only provides technology: Cancer is the second most common cause of death in workshops give scientists an opportunity to learn the Germany. The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) latest microscope techniques and enhance their know- in Heidelberg focuses its activities on research into the how. Furthermore, the Advanced Microscopy Forum malignant growth of cells. The goal of the DKFZ is to regularly provides information on current topics in systematically research the mechanisms that lead to the research, science and development.
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 The Perfect Light Color O-INSPECT checks LEDs in the new BMW Museum
Architecture is always a reflection of the times in which Carl Zeiss: none of the 2.5 x 2.5 millimeter large points it is created. Munich is just one example: in 1972 the of light should fail. The solution: the optical and tactile young Federal Republic of Germany wanted to present inspection of the digital light source with O-INSPECT. itself as a cosmopolitan and attractive state for the XX The measuring machine tests the LEDs in high volume Olympics. This was also echoed in the architecture: the serial production – and all at astounding speed and Olympia Stadium with its tent-like roof, the spacious with amazing accuracy. Olympia Park or the high rise BMW building with its famous “Four Cylinders“ and the neighboring BMW Museum – it was all pioneering, contemporary architecture. 35 years and many millions of visitors later the redesigned museum has reopened in the spring of 2008 after four years of renovation work – with LED illumination of the glass facade tested by Carl Zeiss.
A major component within the newly built pavilion be- side the museum is a glass facade with LED illumination extending over 3000 square meters. This lighting con- figuration was created by Zumtobel with the support of the LED specialist Ledon: harmonious light ensures uni- form illumination of the glass surface. The color tem- perature of the light emitting diodes must be adapted so precisely that it can exactly reproduce the light color of the media facade. The most difficult part of this light configuration is the need to create optimal uniformity of the glass facade despite the different distances of the individual LED platelets. The challenge confronting Resplendent in a new light: the renovated BMW Museum.
Analysis Over the Shoulder MAVUS® facilitates work on plant and machinery in distant countries
preferably by experts from the original country because very few other people have their know-how. Long and expensive business trips were the result. However, this can now all be changed: MAVUS (the abbreviation of the German for Mobile Audio-Visual Support Service), a cooperation venture of Carl Zeiss and the HEITEC systems house, facilitates collaboration between the expert at the home service headquarters and a service engineer on site. How does this work?
An advanced camera and headset, which are attached to an ergonomic support on the engineer’s head along with a monocular Head-Mounted Display (HMD), are used to transmit high resolution freeze frames or live images to the expert in real time online. He or she ana- lyzes the situation in an “over the shoulder“ approach and provides the on-site engineer – visually on the Engineer with the MAVUS® system. HMD and via voice communication – with information about what should be done. For a long time, it seemed like an almost insurmountable problem: plant and machinery are built in the home The benefit: excellent availability of experts, fast reac- country and shipped to a far-off region of the world, tion times, efficient startups, minimal downtimes – and where they are then put into service and maintained – low travel costs.
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 An Eye on Gorillas Under Extreme Conditions Carl Zeiss equips game wardens with New sports eyewear offers distortion-free vision binoculars and telescopes
Professional sport has developed at tremendous speed over the past few years: sophisticated training methods, targeted nutrition and optimized sports equipment are propelling career athletes to new dimensions of excel- lence. There is room for even better performance, but for one thing there is not: leaving anything to chance. This also applies to the development of the new sunglass models for road and cross country cycling which are often subjected to extreme conditions.
The eyeglasses took just under two years to develop, a period during which professionals tested the fit, optical quality and sun protection of the models. The result of the collaboration with the sports outfitter GIRO: fash- ionable sports eyewear with 100 percent UV protection Wildlife filmer Matto Barfuss (right) is committed to conserv- which guarantees totally distortion-free vision over the ing an endangered species of apes. entire lens, combined with a special surface coating. The polarizing, exchangeable lenses are repellent to Mountain gorillas are an endangered species. Approxi- water, dirt and oil and are available in seven different mately 300 of them live in the Virunga Mountains tints. Clear lenses are also offered for night driving National Park in Congo. This is half of all the mountain to ensure that cyclists enjoy full visibility during every gorillas remaining in the world. Rebels repeatedly hunt cycling tour. them – out of a desire to kill, out of a desire to make a profit. They murder the adult animals and take the young. Poachers have an easy time of it. Animals in national parks are used to people and are particularly over-trusting. Game wardens must protect them – not an easy task in this spacious region. Artist and wildlife photographer Matto Barfuss, who filmed the mountain gorillas for two years, launched a relief operation for game wardens. Carl Zeiss is doing its part by donating high-performance binoculars and telescopes that Bar- fuss delivered to Africa himself.
A video of the handover to the game wardens is available at www.zeiss.de/innovation Tested by pros: GIRO sports eyewear.
Accurate Down to the Micrometer Jet engine manufacturer relies on ZEISS coordinate measuring machines
The precision of parts is deci- accuracy down to the micrometer. Karl-Heinz Klügl, sive to the quality of the fin- head of Incoming Goods Inspection at MTU Aero ished product. Munich-based Engines, stated during the handover that “We are MTU Aero Engine relies on proud to have the 25,000th ZEISS machine available for measuring machines from our incoming goods inspection. The high demands on Carl Zeiss to inspect its parts. MTU engines, which will also be used in the Airbus In September 2007, MTU A380, require reliable measuring results. Furthermore, received the 25,000th measur- we value the reliability and durability of ZEISS ing machine built by Carl Zeiss: a PRISMO navigator. machines.” Klügl emphasized that all parts are This coordinate measuring machine with integrated measured with measuring machines from Carl Zeiss rotary table measures jet engine components with directly in incoming orders.
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Quiet as a Church Mouse
10 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Quiet as a Church Mouse
The popularity of birdwatching is increasing: Once ridiculed, birdwatching is becoming the new leisure time hobby for people who want to take it a little more slowly.
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 11 Always on the Lookout for Rare Birds
The blackcap is a useful creature: it These hobby ornithologists arm take pictures at the same time. The can be easily identified by its “monks' themselves with spotting scopes, camera is triggered via a remote con- hood” and ideally adapts to chang- binoculars and field guides in their trol. Special software corrects con- ing living conditions. attempts to conquer this list and are trast, definition, exposure and color always on the lookout for rare birds fidelity – even before the image is As many other birds, this small song- which are usually far away and shy by stored on the chip card. The camera bird no longer winters in Spain, but nature. Recently, birdwatchers have eyepiece achieves 40x magnification. heads north to Great Britain. It goes received support in their arduous where the food is: the British are en- work in the form of new technology. Many changes are still to come for thusiastic feeders. Of course they do birdwatchers when a leisurely migra- not do this simply because they are Digital photography, digiscoping in tion from north to south takes place nice. The British love birdwatching as this case, makes it possible. in the near future. In the winter, the do many people in other countries. British have the German blackcaps, Great Britain has the world’s largest Carl Zeiss has developed an instru- but they do not yet have the red kites, bird-lovers club with more than one ment to make picture taking easier. of which more than 70 percent of all million members and newspapers How does this work? A compact digi- pairs in the world nest in Germany. that employ their own bird colum- tal camera is placed in front of the Photo on pages 10/11: Sven Achtermann nists. At first glance, birdwatching eyepiece of the spotting scope and Photos on pages 12/13: Stephen Ingrahm is a peculiar sport in which there are held in place with a camera adapter. neither winners nor losers, only ob- The new solution for digiscoping servers who are as quiet as a church takes it one step further: the DC4 mouse. Real birders get their thrills camera eyepiece. It is mounted to by observing as many different birds the spotting scope in place of a pure as possible and checking them off a observation eyepiece. It allows bird- personal list. watchers to continually observe and
Belted kingfisher European robin Gray heron Yellow-rumped warbler
12 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Yellow-rumped warbler Great egret Blackcap Linnet
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 13 Cover Story
Molecular imaging helps to provide a better under- standing of the body and detect diseases as early as possible.
The Language of Cells
The pain came out of the blue. Klaus Wagner (name changed) had been the picture of health until he suddenly began experiencing terrible headaches. Even worse, he started having problems remember- ing everyday words. After many examinations at the local university hospital, the final diagnosis came as a great shock: Klaus Wagner was suffering from a glioblastoma, one of the most dangerous types of brain tumors.
Text by Carsten Meinke and Volker Lange
14 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 The Language of Cells
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 15 Cross-section of the hippocampus with YFP fluorescent neurons in green and Arc RNA signals in red.
16 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Cover story: Future-oriented Medicine
How Enzymes Stimulate Tissue to Glow
Every year, some 2,400 On the one hand, they want to do as imaging, a research area that is cur- people are diagnosed little damage as possible to healthy rently in the midst of revolutionizing with a glioblastoma brain tissue, and on the other hand medicine. The principle is simple: Sci- in Germany alone. they have to cut deep enough to ex- entists are taking advantage of the Glioblastoma multi- tend the patient’s life. fact that the various tissue types in forme, the precise name, is extremely the human body possess very specific malignant. Most of the tumors are Walter Stummer from the University of configurations with enzymes or oth- enveloped in a type of capsule and Düsseldorf and his colleagues from the er key molecules. Each tissue thus has can therefore be easily distinguished Ludwig Maximilian University in Mu- a very special metabolism that differs from healthy tissue. However, the nich found a way out of this dilemma. from that of the neighboring tissue. glioblastoma infiltrates tissue in a dif- They took advantage of an interest- If the characteristics of a tissue can fuse manner: It has no clear edge and ing phenomenon: If the cells of a be made visible, entirely new possi- can send individual cells far into the glioblastoma are only sufficiently sup- bilities arise for researchers and phy- surrounding tissue. Surgical removal plied with the “5-ALA” amino acid, sicians to understand the body and of the glioblastoma, called resection, they create a preliminary stage of detect diseases at the earliest pos- presents neurosurgeons with a diffi- the respective molecule which binds sible stages. Methods must be found cult predicament: oxygen in the blood pigment hemo- to measure molecular processes in globin. Normal brain cells do not do the living body (in vivo). This is a this. This substance, called protopor- challenging goal, but development is phyrin IX, can be stimulated to glow. proceeding at full speed. It is fluorescent and can therefore be visually differentiated from its envi- Since 2005, researchers in the West- ronment. phalian city of Münster have been de- veloping methods to make molecular Gaining valuable time. For neurolo- processes visible for cardiovascular gists, this is of enormous help. There- diseases. The German Research Foun- fore Carl Zeiss developed the BLUE dation (DFG) established a Collabora- 400 fluorescence module. It illumi- tive Research Center for this purpose nates the surgical area with a deep as diseases such as heart attack, cor- blue light with a wavelength of ap- onary heart disease and stroke are proximately 400 nanometers, causing among the most frequent causes of the protoporphyrin IX to fluoresce. A death in western industrial nations. look through the OPMI Pentero sur- “Physicians can only indirectly as- gical microscope allows the surgeon sess the risks for individuals based to see the degenerated tissue, which on various risk factors,” says Michael has a light red color, while the healthy Schäfers, scientific organizer of the brain tissue remains dark. Recently, Collaborative Research Center. Stummer and his colleagues reported that an especially thorough removal If it were possible to directly depict of the glioblastoma is possible with the changes (atherosclerosis plaques) Picture on page 14/15: the help of this fluorescence contrast. in the vascular wall, this would be a Retina brain complex The life of the patient can there- victory for cardiovascular medicine, (Drosophila larvae) Green: neural cells (GFP) fore be extended by many precious explains Michael Schäfers. Anand Tiwari, Bananas Hindu months. The example of the glioblas- University, Varanasi, India toma tumor leads right to molecular
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 17 An example: Today, physicians can de- termine the status of coronary vessels. They inject a contrast medium into the bloodstream through a catheter. An x-ray or MRI then shows if and how much a vessel has narrowed at a specific location. However, this does not allow a definitive conclusion about how dangerous the deposit is, stresses Schäfers. A deposit does not represent an acute risk as long as the fat core is situated under a stable fi- ber cap. However, plaques in which inflammatory processes are at work are much more dangerous. Not only can a dangerous active ingredient cocktail develop in these plaques, but the inflammation process also dissolves the fiber cap bit by bit. If the plaque subsequently tears and releases its contents, abrupt blood clotting can result. The possible con- Transparent image of a neuron (blue) and the associated Arc signal (red): image seg- sequence: a heart attack. mentation and the use of rule-based algorithms enable differentiation of surrounding dendrites (green, maximal 3D projection). “Hot” plaque. It is exactly this in- flammation activity that Schäfers and his colleagues strive to make vis- ible. They are using a trick for this. Special enzymes (matrix metallo- proteinases, or MMPs) always occur with inflammations. Markings that can be easily detected can be cou- pled to these MMPs – in trade lingo these are called ligands and labels. The slightly radioactive fluor-18 is such a ligand, for example. If a flu- or-18 atomic nucleus degenerates, it releases a positron. If this positron meets its antiparticle in tissue – the electron – then both irradiate while sending out two gamma quants. These quants can be measured with a high degree of sensitivity using posi- tron emission tomography (PET), and Inside view of a neuron: Arc RNA signals (red) within the dendrite structure the precise location where they were localized in 3D.
18 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Cover story: Future-oriented Medicine
released can even be calculated. This success or failure of chemotherapy if what exactly occurs in the brain. provides a sort of three-dimensional, the tumor became visibly smaller. infrared image of the tissue:. The From Wunder’s point of view, the ad- “hotter” a plaque is, the more MMPs Now, not everyone is comfortable vantages of optical processes are im- it will contain and the stronger the with the idea of being injected with pressive: the costs of corresponding inflammation process inside will be. radioactively marked substances methods are comparatively low, the Prof. Dr. Dr. Otmar Schober is the – even if the nuclides therein are measurements are fast and they are Spokesman for the Collaborative Re- mostly short-lived and their activity also highly sensitive to detection. Us- search Center in Münster: quickly subsides. Optical processes ing optical tomography, the optical encounter much less hesitancy in this counterpart to computer tomogra- respect and are also much more cost- phy, even three-dimensional images effective when they can be used. This can be obtained from tissue samples “We want to use this is why Christoph Bremer is research- and small animals. ing at the Münster Collaborative in the future to iden- Research Center whether fluores- The disadvantage of optical methods: tify patients who are cent stains can be appended to the light transports much less energy at a high risk for a ligands instead of radionuclides. Flu- than gamma radiation. Therefore, heart attack at a very orochromes are particularly interest- the more tissue it must permeate on early stage. This will ing: they emit light in the longwave, the way to the detector, the more allow us to give them infrared range. The advantage: In- it is dispersed. The consequences: frared light permeates body tissue the deeper the tissue to be exam- preventive and target- very well. However, the modular ined is located in the body, the low- ed treatment.” exchange of labels cannot be easily er the spatial resolution. However, Otmar Schober accomplished. A radioactive atom is the body possesses a multitude of much smaller than a comparatively openings leading to the exterior. large fluorescent molecule group. In Therefore, a fluorescence detector cases where a miniscule radionuclide can be delivered very close to the tar- The search for optical markers. In can attach without any problems, a get organ in a non-invasive manner addition to the MMPs, the Münster fluorochrome may collapse due to its – for example, through the intestine researchers are focusing on another sheer size. After all, a truck will not or esophagus. group of enzymes as well, the so- fit into a normal garage called caspases. These enzymes al- Attaching to defense cells. This is no ways spring into action when a cell Therefore, it may better to look for easy matter for the brain. Therefore, activates its “suicide program” (apop- optical markers from the beginning. researchers in Berlin primarily use tosis). A cell “commits suicide” when Andreas Wunder from the Berlin mouse models although the research- it is poisoned due to chemotherapy, Charité Hospital relies on visual phe- ers at the Charité – together with col- for example. By radioactively marking nomena such as fluorescence in his leagues from the German National caspase enzymes, researchers want work from the outset. The Berlin- Metrology Institute (PTB) in Brunswick to precisely measure their concen- based researcher would like to find – have been able to show that near tration and distribution in the body. out what exactly happens inside the infrared fluorescence can even be In this way, you can determine if a brain during a stroke. In Germany registered through a cranial bone. To cancer tumor is responding to a med- alone, 150,000 to 200,000 people suf- this end, they plant fluorescent mol- ication or not within a few days. This fer from a stroke annually and, in or- ecules in the body and attach them is a great stride forward, as oncolo- der to know how to treat individual to the receptors of defense cells, gists in the past could only assess the patients, information is needed about which play an important role in the
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 19 activation of inflammation processes. Inflammation processes such as those researched by Schäfers group. It is not for nothing that there is intensive ex- change between Berlin and Münster.
At the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research in Tübingen, research- ers also want to look inside the living brain. Neuropathologists in the group led by Mathias Jucker and Michael Cal- houn are interested in knowing how protein clumps typical of Alzheimer’s disease are formed. They hope to learn from the mouse model how the characteristic amyloid plaques grow in nerve tissue and how the “garbage removal” of the brain, the microglia, reacts to it. Today, they can follow this process in real-time with the help of confocal microscopy – through the skull cap and in a living animal.
German Federal Minister of Research Dr. Annette Schavan (center), together with the High detail rendition. Confocal micro- members of the boards of directors of the five participating companies, gave the green scopes, such as the Laser Scanning light in Berlin for the “Innovation Alliance of Molecular Imaging” (from left): Member Microscope (LSM) from Carl Zeiss, of the Board Dr. André Hertkorn (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma), Karl-Christian Storz (Karl Storz), Dr. Michael Kaschke (Carl Zeiss), Prof. Dr. Andreas Busch (Bayer Schering can also “see through” thicker tissue Pharma) and Prof. Dr. Erich Reinhardt (formerly Siemens Medical Solutions). with high resolution. A laser beam is precisely focused on a point. It stimu- lates the fluorescent targets to glow and this glow is then precisely mea- sured. Point for point, level for level, it reads the sample and thus provides virtual cross-section images with a high degree of detail. The Tübingen researchers are working in an area that is of great importance not only to the patient but also for the entire German health care system.
In Germany alone, an estimated 700,000 people are suffering from Alzheimer's disease, the continued and hitherto unstoppable loss of memory and all other mental facul-
20 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Cover story: Future-oriented Medicine
ties. The German Neurological Soci- cells and simultaneously driving them ety estimates that this number will to the programmed cellular death. A The details double by the year 2050. After cancer combined diagnosis and therapy at and cardiovascular diseases, Alzheim- the molecular level would have been er’s disease and other dementia dis- unimaginable for Hippocrates and his Five Are Stronger eases constitute the third-largest contemporaries. Sauerbruch or Wat- group of diseases whose prognosis is son and Crick had at least referred to In order to play on the front expected to be greatly advanced by this idea in the realm of science fic- lines of the molecular imaging molecular imaging. tion. Today things are different. There game, many core competencies are still many hurdles to overcome, be are needed which would over- A dream is coming closer to reality. they chemical, medical or technical whelm an individual company. Of course, diagnosis is one thing. But in nature. Nevertheless, the dream of Therefore, “Innovation Alliance what if molecular imaging could also many medical professionals is within of Molecular Imaging” was be used for treatment? It’s an obvi- reach, even if it will still take much founded on October 9, 2007. ous idea – and indeed there seem time and money until the correspond- to be some fascinating perspectives ing processes are clinically applicable. Five companies make up the in this realm. The general idea: If a Innovation Alliance. Carl Zeiss cell, a cellular component or pro- will contribute its expertise as cess has already been marked with one of the global leaders in the a label, would it be possible to le- field of optical technologies. verage this to exert control – and Bayer Schering Pharma and in the same breath track the suc- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma cess of the measure? This principle will concentrate on the devel- is actually already being employed, opment of molecular probes. namely thanks to those amino acids Siemens will provide its support with which Walter Stummer from the in the area of radiological im- University of Düsseldorf and his col- aging and information systems. leagues cause glioblastomas to glow. The Alliance’s fifth partner is As the scientific world has known for the family business Karl Storz, many years, protoporphyrin not only a global market leader in the emits fluorescent light, it also- pro area of endoscopy. duces aggressive oxygen radicals. If the cells are irradiated long enough An estimated 900 million euros with light, so many oxygen radicals will be needed for this project gather inside that they subsequent- over the next six years. The par- ly activate their suicide program. ticipating companies will invest 750 million euros, with the This photodynamic therapy is currently German Federal Ministry of Re- used primarily for some skin cancers in search providing the remaining their early stages. A range of research 150 million euros. groups is working towards also being able to use this therapy for tumors located deep within the body. Oth- ers, wish to use the radiation emitted by radionuclides for marking target
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 21 Interview
A Medical Revolution Dr. Michael Kaschke discusses the potential of molecular imaging
Dr. Michael Kaschke is to the markers and contrasting agents the member of the manufactured by Bayer Schering, for Carl Zeiss AG Execu- example. tive Board responsible for Medical Systems When the alliance was announced, and Microscopy. In an interview, he the topic of discussion was not only talks about the perspectives of mo- the possibility of being able to diag- lecular imaging. nose diseases in good time. Being able to treat these diseases accord- Which competencies in particular ingly was a continuous subject. What does Carl Zeiss bring to the alliance? is Carl Zeiss’ role in this? Imaging methods are among the The objective of the initiative is not most important competencies of Carl only to detect diseases early on but Zeiss, primarily in the Microscopy and also to determine their causes. This Dr. Michael Kaschke, Member of Medical Systems Business Groups. will allow diseases to be treated be- the Executive Board. These are supported by our central fore their outbreak. Let me explain: research & development depart- proteins are important molecule ment. groups in animals that play a key role in the processes in cells necessary for Is the Alliance also open to other life. Molecular imaging helps clarify partners? If yes, what additional which protein contributes to the on- competencies would you like to see set of a disease. This makes it possible from the new partners? to really understand the cause of dis- The five partners who launched eases. In turn, this information is vital the initiative would like to have ad- for the development of medicines. I ditional partners: both from research can even imagine that person-specific and from industry. It is important for medicines can be used at a very early them to bring solutions and products stage. In my opinion, molecular im- from biotechnology and the life sci- aging is starting a revolution in medi- ences. cine. Unfortunately, we still diagnose most diseases based on symptoms, Normally companies are in heated i.e. once the disease has already bro- competition against each other. Don’t ken out. you see any conflicts of interest? No. Quite the opposite: The ques- Thank you very much for this inter- tions we are working on are so com- view. plex that a single company is not capable of finding a solution. - Fur thermore, the majority of the solu- The questions were presented by tions and products offered by the five Volker Lange and Silke Schmid partners complement each other; they are not competing against each other. Therefore, imaging techniques, which Siemens and Carl Zeiss are de- veloping, are particularly well-suited
22 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 The Direction of Research – a Perspective
Strictly speaking, mo- However, those who search for the economic significance to pharmaceu- lecular imaging is term “molecular imaging” in the tical research. And this is only a new not a new area of re- Pubmed professional article data- starting point for the broad field of search. Nuclear physi- base will notice a remarkable de- medical and pharmaceutical research. cians have been using velopment. The first article contain- If you consider the demographic de- scintigrams for decades to search for ing this phrase appears in the year velopment in industrialized nations inflammation processes and tumors. 1986 and describes a crystallographic and the new tasks for medicine that For example, a patient can be inject- analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus. stem from this development, enor- ed with radioactive iodine that is ex- In 2002, shortly after the publication mous growth potential emerges. clusively concentrated by the cells of of the “rough draft” of the human This can also be gathered from the the thyroid. Using a suitable camera, genome, 161 articles about the topic “Study regarding the Situation of the radiation can be rendered vis- were published and in 2007 this num- Medical Technology in Germany ible, thus providing information on ber rose to 650. No wonder: molecu- Compared to Other Countries,” the metabolism in the affected area. lar imaging is booming. which was published by the German Federal Ministry for Research in 2005. Enormous economic importance. The study’s authors estimate that This is also true from an economic the worldwide demand for medical perspective. Molecular imaging of- products increased by 8.5 percent be- fers a wealth of new approaches for tween 1991 and 2001. Within one de- research and industry. And often the cade, the global trade volume more two areas overlap. An example: Nobel than doubled from $30.1 billion to Prize recipient Prof. Manfred Eigen $67.7 billion. from Göttingen was originally inter- ested in finding out how the reaction speed for very fast chemical processes can be determined. From this he de- veloped an optical process to verify individual molecules. Together with a spin-off of the Göttingen-based Max Planck Institute, the Hamburg- based company Evotec and Carl Zeiss, the first commercially available fluo- rescence correlation spectrometer ConfoCor (see page 25, “The details”) was manufactured in 1995. Since then, it has become possible to use this pro- cess to automatically filter out active ingredient candidates for a new med- ication from a quantity of substances. This is also due in part to the ultra high throughput screening (uHTS) method developed by Carl Zeiss. The original basic research turned into applica- Brain cross-section (multichannel image tion research, which has enormous with ApoTome).
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 23 CAD view of complete chromosomes.
Many experts are convinced that the High-pressure research. It is not a lion’s share will fall upon molecular coincidence that the Center for Mo- imaging. Market research company lecular Imaging Research (CMIR) was Kalorama Information estimates that founded at Harvard University in an application-suitable PET label for Boston in 1994, for example. Based the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer pa- on the square footage of its labora- tients would have a market value of tories, it has experienced equally ex- around $1.8 billion – during the pat- plosive growth since that time. Sev- ent-protected phase alone. Such per- eral years after the founding of the spectives have startled companies and CMIR, competition came from Cali- research institutes around the globe. fornia in the form of the Molecular
24 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Cover story: Future-oriented Medicine
The details
Search for active ingredients on the fast track
Ferreting out active ingredi- ents for medications was still extremely costly several years ago. The objective was to fil- ter out from large quantities Fluorescence fluctuation analysis Neuron in the cortex of the brain, of molecules those specific fluorescence substances that might be able to form the basis for the development of new active ingredients. Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS). It is exactly this intensive cooperation Both centers are financed not only between research and practice that is Thanks to ultra high through- with public funds, but also draw on a not-to-be-underestimated advan- put screening (uHTS), today monies provided by industry. Intense tage in making the leap to medical more than 100,000 samples research is also being carried out in application. can be examined daily. In so- Japan, Korea and Singapore. called microtiter plates with a A long wish list. However, clinicians few microliters of sample vol- It could seem belated that five leading would have to work closely together ume, protein structures that companies, among them Carl Zeiss, with their colleagues from other disci- play a key role in a disease can established the German “Innovation plines, says Schäfers: “It is not enough be systematically examined. Alliance of Molecular Imaging” in to have a medical issue. We also need They are tested for their inter- 2007 together with the Federal Min- the tools to work on this issue.” And action with potential active in- istry for Research. Perhaps that ship this is where industry comes in. The gredients. As with molecular has already set sail? Michael Schäfers wish list of practitioners like Michael imaging in medicine, fluores- from the University of Münster does Schäfers or Berlin researcher An- cent probes also play a central not think so at all. He believes that dreas Wunder is long: for example, role here. If they dock on to Germany is essentially well-positioned suitable animal models had to be the sought molecules, weak in the molecular imaging area. found, ligands and labels had to be luminescence can be mea- synthesized and the required detec- sured. This occurs at lightning tion techniques had to be developed. speed and can be precisely “Although the American And then, of course, there is the need quantified. For example, an for a software system so that the col- innovative uHTS process was centers are very capable lected data can be visualized and developed by Carl Zeiss in Jena when it comes to basic re- analyzed. Then, German research in together with pharmaceutical search, our advantage still the area of molecular imaging will company Roche and then sold lies in our comprehensive reclaim its rightful place: at the top to Hamburg company Evotec clinical expertise.” of the winner’s podium in 2005. Michael Schäfers
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 25 Guest Article
“Nowhere near the End of the Possibilities”
By Dr. Andreas Wunder, Researcher at the Berlin Charité
Heidi Cartwright, Circuit Collage, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, Australia, 2000
Optical technologies spatial resolution at a cellular or sub- are essential to medi- cellular level. cine and biomedical research. In the past, Intensive Research and Develop- they have made valu- ment. In recent years, researchers able contributions to clinical diag- have increasingly succeeded in dis- nostics and in decoding biological playing biological processes non- processes. This led to the develop- invasively at the cellular/molecular ment of numerous endoscopic and level using optical methods. The term microscopic techniques that provide molecular imaging is being increas- important information on the inter- ingly used to describe several partial- nal workings of the body and permit ly competitive imaging technologies research into the biological processes that enable the visualization of bio- of cells or tissue samples with high logical processes in intact organisms.
26 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Cover story: Future-oriented Medicine
“Nowhere near the End of the Possibilities”
In the future, this will lead to earlier riety of microscope techniques, opti- and more exact diagnoses, as well as cal methods offer the possibility of The person more specific therapies for diseases. examining the distribution of a sub- However, this requires intensive re- stance non-invasively and also with search and development which is also high spatial resolution at the cellular Dr. Andreas Wunder the objective of the molecular imag- or sub-cellular level. Thus, stroke-in- ing innovation alliance launched in duced inflammatory processes can be October 2007 in Berlin. examined non-invasively at the cel- lular level following the injection of The mouse model. Let us take an ex- a fluorescently labeled inflammatory ample of what we are working on marker and after removal of tissue at the Center for Stroke Research in samples (ex-vivo). Berlin (CSB) at the Charité: how can you non-invasively display inflamma- Deep into the brain. An example of tory processes in the brain follow- this is white light and fluorescence ing a stroke? We are first working images of a mouse with a stroke in on a mouse model for this purpose. the left hemisphere (see page 29). We Initially, highly specific marker sub- injected the mouse with a fluores- stances must be developed to visu- cence dye with which the stroke-in- Dr. Andreas Wunder is Group alize inflammatory processes in the duced inflammatory processes can be Leader of the Molecular Imag- brain. The first step is to identify suit- imaged. The high fluorescence inten- ing Work Group in the Experi- able molecular targets that play a sity above the hemisphere affected by mental Neurology Department key role in inflammatory processes. the stroke (see page 29, fluorescence at the Berlin Charité. The second step involves developing image of the head of the mouse, low- Andreas Wunder (43) studied molecules (ligands) that very precisely er left) can be seen in the living mouse biology at the University of bond to the identified targets. In the even deep into the brain and through Kaiserslautern. Later he third step, these ligands are marked the cranium. This image was recorded qualified as a professor at the for imaging, e.g. with radioisotopes in only a few seconds. Mannheim Hospital in the area for nuclear medicine or fluorescence of experimental medicine. dyes for optical imaging. The removal of tissue samples shows From 1994 to 2002, he was a that the fluorescence dye actually im- scientist at the German Cancer Optical methods provide enormous ages the inflammatory processes in Research Center (DKFZ) in advantages in the development of the brain. We succeeded in verifying Heidelberg. He then worked such marker substances. However, the marker in the tissue affected by for two years as a Research Fel- they are not only ideal tools for the the stroke (see page 29, brain sec- low at the Center for Molecular evaluation of targets and ligands in tion; the color of the stroke tissue is Imaging Research (CMIR) at the model systems, but are also suitable clearly less intense than living tissue Harvard School of Medicine. He for use on patients as long as the tar- after staining). Furthermore, using a returned to Germany in 2004 get tissue is not too deep in the body. microscope, we were able to verify and then conducted research at This is where optical procedures reach the specificity of the marker at the the Regensburg University Hos- their limitations. On the other hand, cellular level for certain inflamma- pital. Since 2005, he has been optical methods are known for their tory cells after preparing thin tissue working at the Center for high level of sensitivity: very minute sections and specific cell staining The Stroke Research (CSB) in Berlin. traces of a fluorescence dye can be yellow-edged cell is an inflammatory detected. As a result of the wide va- cell that has bonded with the marker
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 27 Original preparation by Alois Alzheimer, 1907, presenile dementia, cortex of the brain, Bielschowsky’s silver impregnation. MIRAX digital slide scanner. and that belongs to the stained sub- stances in the affected tissue. Thus, a surement of several fluorescence dyes type. The white-edged cell is also an major part of the detected signal is are also needed. Much will happen in inflammatory cell, which belongs to attributable to unspecific accumula- the area of imaging systems in the fu- another sub-type. tion. In order to estimate this portion, ture. This includes the development multi-channel imaging can be used to of new fluorescence tomography sys- Marking and examining. Optical tech- mark and simultaneously examine an tems that deliver 3D and quantitative nologies are not only relatively easy, unspecific marker substance and the data sets and are adjusted to the re- affordable and fast, they also offer specific marker substance with differ- quirements for use in model systems the possibility of examining several ent fluorescence dyes. and the needs of patients. These ex- biological processes simultaneously. amples show that optical technolo- Additionally, the different marker The new filter systems. However, gies still have enormous development substances are stained with differ- we are nowhere near the end of the potential for the future. ent fluorescence dyes and detected possibilities offered by optical tech- separately (multi-channel imaging). niques. Improved fluorescence dyes This technique can also be used if that display less bleaching or have a marker substances are to be tested higher fluorescence quantum yield for their specificity: with a number of can make the measurements even diseases such as tumors or inflamma- more sensitive. New filter systems tory processes there is a malfunction that better separate the excitation of the blood-tissue barrier. This leads light and the fluorescence light or to an unspecific accumulation of sub- enable improved simultaneous mea-
28 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Cover story: Future-oriented Medicine
Non-invasive imaging Invasive (ex-vivo) imaging (Examination of removed tissue samples)
Head of mouse Brain Brain cross-section Microscopy
White light Eye Stroke Stroke Brain Ear
Fluorescence Stroke
Ear Green: Injected marker for inflammation Red: Cell staining
White light and fluorescence images of a mouse with a stroke in the left hemisphere after injection of a fluorescence marker for the specific visualization of stroke-induced inflammatory processes.
As can be seen using the high fluorescence intensity above the hemisphere affected by the stroke (see fluorescence image of the head of the mouse, lower left), the fluorescence marker can even be non-invasively detected with high sensitivity deep in the brain through the cranium. This image was recorded in only a few seconds.
After removal of tissue samples, the marker was successfully ver- ified in the tissue affected by the stroke (see brain section; the color of the stroke tissue is clearly less intense than living tissue after staining). Furthermore, using a microscope, it was possible to identify cell types that bind the marker and thus verify the specificity of the marker at the cellular level for certain inflam- matory cells after the preparation of thin tissue sections and specific cell staining.
The cell with a yellow border is an inflammatory cell that has bonded with the marker and belongs to the stained sub-type. The cell with a white border is also an inflammatory cell that belongs to another sub-type.
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 29 Report
New projector systems in planetariums invite the audience to take part in virtual adventures in the dark depths of the cosmos.
Hurtling boulders of ice and stone compel the pilot of the spaceship to make evasive maneu- vers, during which the passengers are jolted back and forth in their seats.
Riding the Comet
Deafening alarm sirens warn of impending colli- sions, and finally the nucleus of the comet fills the entire field of view of the panorama dome which arches over the viewers' heads. The engines roar for a last time, and billows of smoke blur visibility. This is followed by a truly icy silence. With 200 passengers on board, starship Walther Bauersfeld has landed on the icy nucleus of the Shoemaker Levy 9 comet.
30 Innovation 19, 3/ 2008 Riding the Comet
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 31 Report
Virtual Space Flights into the Depths of the Cos mos
During the next few min- Carl Zeiss at that time, surprised his utes, the armchair space client with the pioneering concept of travelers will “age” by a projection planetarium. With this more than 50 years. In quick mo- ingenious idea, he banished earlier tion, they are propelled on the comet attempts to visualize the heavens and through the solar system until, when planetary motion into the museum flying past the huge planet of Jupiter, for all time and simultaneously cre- they are catapulted onto a new or- ated a self-contained “star theater.” bit. After a few loops around Jupiter the flying iceberg is ultimately torn Since then, the opto-mechanical ap- apart by the planet’s tidal forces and, paratus equipped with many lenses in the end, the debris plunges into and gears has been enhanced into a the storm-lashed atmosphere of the complex, highly modern projection huge celestial body. Literally in the system that leaves (practically) noth- last minute, the space travelers can ing to be desired. This can be wit- save their skins and embark on a new nessed not only by visitors to the space adventure ... Olympics in Peking (where the new planetarium was opened on Xi Zhi The future has already begun. With Men Wai Street in 2004), but also by the exception of the billows of smoke vacationers to the Austrian town of and the jogging effects which can Judenburg. From 2008, the new tech- currently only be imitated by space nology from Carl Zeiss can also be ex- simulators in leisure parks, such a perienced at various locations in the show could already be presented in USA: Peoria in Illinois, Fort Worth today’s planetariums from Carl Zeiss. in Texas and in Kingsport, Tennessee. Originally, a planetarium was only in- In the Japanese city of Nagoya, the tended as an instrument that could UNIVERSARIUM planetarium projec- reproduce the celestial motions in tor is being installed in the world’s the Earth’s sky. At least this was what largest planetarium dome with a dia- Oskar von Miller, the founder of the meter of 35 meters as part of a new Deutsches Museum in Munich, “or- science center. The new building is dered” from Carl Zeiss. Professor due for completion in 2011. Walther Bauersfeld, head engineer at Glass fiber stars – as radiant as the real sky. The glass fiber projection now used for all projector sizes guar- antees a realistic star-lit sky, the like of which is difficult to find in today’s light-polluted centers of civilization. Thanks to modern electronic control, the planet projectors are no longer brought into (approximately) the right position in a time-consuming procedure using slowly moving gear mechanisms, but are activated digi-
32 Innovation 19, 3/ 2008 Report: New Dimensions
Virtual Space Flights into the Depths of the Cos mos
manages all image and sound data. Powerdome® was developed in col- laboration with the Fraunhof Insti- tute for Computer Architecture and Software Technology in Berlin and permits intuitive operation, regard- less of whether the traditional con- trol panel or a keyboard and mouse are used. This allows practically lim- itless navigation in the universe, the seamless transition from a terrestrial view of the sky to virtual spaceflights into the depths of the cosmos.
The development continues. The former planetarium originally devel- oped for the newly founded Deutsch- es Museum in Munich has therefore become a “Universarium” in the true sense of the word. And Carl Zeiss is still constantly devising new ideas for improving and expanding its spec- Longing for a night sky: Planetariums are becoming increasingly popular. trum of applications. Wilfried Lang, Manager of the Planetariums busi- tally by step motors. This allows any or four projectors containing SXRD ness unit: “All-dome or full-dome desired journeys through time and technology (Silicon Xrystal Reflective projection is still in its infancy. Carl space within a single program – even Display) can be used. They combine Zeiss concentrates on projection so- a ride on the nucleus of a comet or a SONY’s wealth of experience in the lutions which promise high image trip to one of the many moons in the field of digital movie projector tech- quality. The applications will contin- solar system. nology with the ZEISS DIGIGON wide- ue to far exceed current planetarium angle lenses specially developed for presentations. These include, for ex- These new possibilities of sky and dome projection. ample, possible uses in the entertain- planet projection are supported ei- ment and health fields.“ ther by the powerdome®ADLIP HD Complex electronics allow simple laser-supported, all-dome projec- operation. Powerful software is re- tion system (All Dome Laser Image quired for the precise simultaneous Hermann-Michael Hahn Projection High Definition) or by the control of the planetarium projector powerdome®SPACEGATE system also and all-dome projection in pre-pro- developed by Carl Zeiss. Their two duced programs and for live shows or five digital projectors – needless in particular. Carl Zeiss offers the to say, featuring high quality ZEISS powerdome® system for this purpose. DIGIGON lenses – illuminate the en- Behind this name is a comprehensive tire dome surface (360° x 180°) evenly control platform that combines the and practically without any discern- opto-mechanical systems with the ible transitions. Alternatively, two digital projectors and simultaneously
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 33 Report
An Eagle Eye for the Nano World The new helium-ion microscope generates particularly high-resolution images.
ORION™ had to pass its first test right when it was delivered. Because the doors in Building E at the Man- fred von Ardenne Ring were not wide or high enough, it was forced to take the more tedious route through the window. Thanks to the active support of dedicated employ- ees, a crane and many wooden pal- lets, it was possible to nonetheless complete this difficult procedure with the heavy instrument. This new type of microscope that goes by the brand name ORION has resided in its Display of a defect on a semiconductor structure with helium-ion technology: the rightful place at the Carl Zeiss Inno- ORIONTM helium-ion microscope (left) stands out, in particular, as a result of its brilliant vation Center in Dresden since the contrast which scanning electron microscopes (right) cannot achieve with their very high resolution. end of October.
Behind the stellar name is a pioneer- structures, it is the heart of the Inno- ing technology that generates heli- vation Center that will advance the um-ion images from the nano world, development of future chip genera- in which the dimensions of a billionth tions as part of the joint Nanoanalysis of a meter are the measure of all project. In addition to Carl Zeiss SMT, things. The development of this new the project sponsored by the German microscope can be traced to the pat- Federal Ministry of Education and Re- ented work of ALIS in Peabody, Mas- search (BMBF) with a total of 12 mil- sachusetts, under the management of lion euros also includes semiconductor Bill Ward. This start-up company was manufacturers AMD and Qimonda. acquired by Carl Zeiss SMT during the summer of 2006 and has now been Increasingly complex structures in fully integrated. “With ORION, we ever smaller dimensions. Imaging have launched a truly revolutionary procedures have repeatedly provided product,” says proud inventor Ward, the foundation for new insights into Chief Technologist of Carl Zeiss SMT the natural sciences. Images, whose in the USA that is now also headquar- resolution and contrast set standards, tered in Peabody to the north of Bos- can be generated with an intensive ton. The helium-ion microscope at the beam of single helium ions. The most Technopark Nord in Saxony’s capital important element for the micro- is the only one of its kind in Europe. scope is a durable source for the heli- Together with a microscope based on um ions in which a sharp tungsten cross beam technology (CrossBeam needle is placed in a high vacuum at 1540 EsB) that uses electron and ion very low temperatures. The applied beams for imaging and material pro- high voltage generates an extremely cessing of the smallest particles and thick electrical field around the nee-
34 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Report: New Dimensions
dle tip, whose strength is sufficient to we are faced with the challenge of ionize the helium atoms flying by. producing increasingly more complex During this process, an electron is re- structures in ever smaller dimensions leased via the tunnel effect on the tip with maximum yield,” says Dr. Udo so that positively charged helium ions Nothelfer, Vice President of AMD Fab are created which are accelerated 36, explaining the commitment of away from the needle. The ion beam the three partners. “With the struc- is then guided through a column with tural dimensions that we have now a series of focusing, adjusting and achieved, the current storage cells probing elements before it is bundled can only be seen under an electron on an almost unimaginably small sur- microscope,” confirms Frank Prein, face with a diameter of only 0.75 President of Qimonda Dresden GmbH nanometers. Here, the beam scans and Global Head of Technology at Qi- the probe pixel by pixel, similar to a monda AG. scanning electron microscope. “The Extremely heavy, leading-edge gray scale value of each single image Biological specimens and semicon- instrument: the ORIONTM helium-ion element is determined by the num- ductors. The new cutting-edge tool is microscope ber of secondary electrons detected,” not only available to the project part- explains Ward. The potential of the ners but all interested companies and new method can be estimated based institutes in greater Dresden. All of for its Center for Nanoscale Systems on the dispersion pattern created the approximately 250 employees of (CNS). Harvard has ordered eight when the helium ions scatter while the Silicon Saxony Network, which in- electron and ion microscopes from penetrating the specimen: its cross cludes the technical university in Carl Zeiss SMT, including an ORION. section is clearly smaller than with an Dresden and the Fraunhofer Center “This order, which also means a long- electron beam and ensures the high for Nanoelectronic Technologies term strategic partnership for our resolution. In this regard, ORION is (CNT), for example, can ask and re- company, is a great honor and acco- clearly superior to a scanning elec- ceive answers to nanotechnology ap- lade,” says Dirk Stenkamp, Member tron microscope. plication questions. Furthermore, bi- of the Board at Carl Zeiss SMT. Hope- ological specimens from the natural fully the “scientific heavyweights” “The size of the specimen is ap- science and medical institutes at the will also fit through the doors at proximately one square centimeter University of Tübingen (NMI) are cur- the CNS. where we can examine up to six of rently being examined in Dresden. the objects at the same time. The largely automated change takes less Strategic Alliances. The use of the Klaus Jopp than 10 minutes, the processes thus new precision instrument from Carl permits very good throughput,” em- Zeiss is not limited to leading mi- phasizes Dr. Heiko Stegmann, head cro-electronic companies in Europe. of the Carl Zeiss team at the Inno- There is also enormous interest from vation Center in Dresden. Together across the Atlantic. Systems have al- with partners from the chip industry, ready been installed at key custom- the group of scientists is working on ers such as the National Institute for the 3D characterization of semicon- Standards and Technology in Gaith- ductor structures and new materials ersburg, Maryland. Harvard Universi- for chip fabrication. “As a manufac- ty in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also turer of innovative microprocessors, relies on technology from Carl Zeiss
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 35 Report
See in the Dark
The new UCM thermal imager cam- country, with estimates reaching up era makes invisible infrared radiation to 115 billion tons. South Africa is the visible world’s sixth largest producer of coal and the fourth largest exporter. Min- A gray-brown blanket seamlessly ing conditions are favourable: strip covers unending grooves and craters. mining and shallow depths make the Thick dust absorbs the sunlight. Over- local coal an internationally impor- sized excavators with their heavy tant export commodity – when the buckets rumble around the mining conditions are right. Darkness, dirt, See what is hidden to the human eye: the UCM. site like giant toys, scraping off the dust and fog rob the sight of the top layer of rock and freeing the lay- drivers of the giant excavators and ers of coal. The fossil fuel lies near 200-ton dump trucks. This is not only the surface, making strip mining pos- dangerous but inefficient. The giant sible. The world’s enormous hunger machines must be able to safely ma- for coal forces the monster excava- neuver, and excavate and transport tors and dump trucks to work non- the coal. The uncooled UCM (un- stop, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year: cooled module) thermal imager from South Africa is in a rush for resources. Carl Zeiss has been recently integrat- More than 28.2 million tons of coal ed into the driver’s compartments in reserves have been verified in the a box no larger than a hand to make
The monitor displays the surrounding area.
36 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 See in the Dark
visible what the human eye cannot by the UCM captures the spectral see. The UCM detects minute tem- region between 7-14 micrometers perature differences and displays and thus even the minutest, invisible them as a visible image. Uncooled thermal differences between every in this sense means that the infrared object. A meaningless raw image is detector in the UCM does not have transformed into a picture and dis- to be cooled and is immediately played on the screen. The UCM uses ready for use. so little energy that it can be pow- ered by a battery. The miniature camera features ther- mal resolution of 0.06° C and op- tionally displays the thermal images More information at: in black/white or false color in real www.zeiss.com/innovation time. The high sensitivity of the 200 g device enables it to generate infor- mative images even when normal cameras are blind: at night or under poor lighting and weather condi- tions. Unlike x-rays that penetrate objects, the infrared radiation used
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 37 Discovering Complex Defects in Vision
View of a road without i.Scription® lens optimization.
With new measuring techniques and From the scientist’s viewpoint, the ed, but not every visual defect can a totally new type of lens optimiza- eye is a truly abysmal visual instru- be explained with excessively long or tion for practically all ZEISS eyeglass ment. “If someone offered me an short eyeballs or a malformed cornea. lenses, it is now possible to reduce optical instrument with such errors, More complex refractive errors, so- complex defects in vision. I would certainly turn it down,” said called higher order aberrations, exist Hermann von Helmholtz. In the 19th in all optical systems. They also occur Everything appears to be crystal-clear century the doctor and natural scien- in the eye and are specific to each in daylight. However, when the light tist invented the ophthalmoscope for individual person. Traditional (sub- starts to fade, things begin to blur. examining the retina and the oph- jective) refraction, the process used This is something that quite a large thalmometer for measuring the cur- to determine what lens powers are number of eyeglass wearers experi- vature of the cornea, and therefore required, reveals simple defects only. ence, especially when driving. The knew exactly what he was talking Here, the patient is required to reason: normal eyeglasses can correct about. Eyeglasses had already been only simple visual defects, and this invented a long time before in 1750. is primarily due to the fact that only They were used to correct shortsight- these can be detected by standard edness, farsightedness and astig- eye exams. A technique incorporat- matism, an abnormal change in the ing wavefront measurement and corneal curvature. These are simple the i.Scription® lens optimization de- visual defects which can be effective- veloped from it makes it possible to ly corrected with eyeglasses. also detect complex visual defects, al- lowing eye care professionals to pro- About half of humankind does not vide their patients with considerably enjoy optimal vision. Most of these Vision is always multidimensional: a com- better correction than in the past. people are shortsighted or farsight- parison with and without i.Scription.
38 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 The same road with i.Scription® – with considerably sharper definition.
identify increasingly smaller numer- ina which scatters them back again. tion expresses her satisfaction in the als and letters on a brightly lit chart If the system identifies a deformed “Besser sehen“ blog as follows: “Es- which is responsible for making the wavefront, this indicates aberrations pecially now when it's starting to get pupils smaller. Therefore, only visual in the eye. The i.Profiler determines dark earlier, I can see with astound- performance in optimal light condi- the distribution of the aberrations ing clarity. I would recommend it to tions is taken into account. Higher or- across the entire aperture of the pu- anyone: it was well worth it.” Look- der aberrations are of major impor- pil. The visual defect, or ametropia, ing back at his three months of us- tance when the pupil is fully open. is measured to the nearest one hun- ing the new technology, her eye care This explains why eyeglass wearers dredth of a diopter – 25 times more professional Niels Rebin, who oper- may have no problems during the precise than in the past. These mea- ates a Relaxed Vision Center in Liech- daytime, but see everything blurred sured values also reveal what the tenstein – i.Scription is only available or feel dazzled in poor light or at conditions are like in poor light and in these centers – writes the follow- night when their pupils dilate. darkness and what higher order aber- ing: “I must say I’m really impressed.“ rations the eye displays. The i.Profiler Impressed, as he then adds, at how In wavefront measurement, Carl Zeiss data and the values obtained in tradi- impressed his patients are. scientists found the key to a consider- tional refraction are used to calculate ably more detailed method of deter- i.Scription lens optimization. Lens de- You can find eye care professionals mining visual performance. This paved signers at Carl Zeiss have developed who offer i.Scription at: the way to more precise eyeglass cor- a special algorithm for this purpose: www.zeiss.de/i.scription rection. With the i.Profiler® measur- i.Scription provides eyeglass wearers ing system, eye care professionals can with a considerably enhanced visual use wavefront measurement for lens experience in many cases. For ex- optimization. The i.Profiler projects ample, the happy owner of a pair of Ursula Walther low intensity light rays onto the ret- glasses featuring i.Scription optimiza-
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 39 Report
40 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 All with the Light of a Matchstick
Images from Mongolia – photographed with the Zeiss Ikon
Four times larger than Germany and only 2.5 million inhabitants, one third of whom live in the capital Ulan-Bator – that is Mongolia, the steppe landscape between Russia in the north and China in the south. Breathtaking landscapes stretch from the foot of the four thousand meter high Altai mountain in the northwest to the Gobi desert in the southeast.
Photos from Sven Zellner Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 41 42 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Report: Discovering Asia
Mountain forests, grasslands and semi-deserts. in the Mongolian language. They are barely discern- Half of the country is covered by it. Since 1990, ible in the endlessness of this vast landscape. They 5.3 million hectares have formed one of the earth’s seem to cower away from the flickering haze of largest biosphere reservations. The region is the 40 degree midday heat under the huge expanse shared by snow leopards, Gobi bears, Bactrian of the sheltering sky, away from the yellow-gray camels, saiga antelopes and 400 people living in a clouds which herald the advent of the fine, handful of settlements. These settlements gener- all-pervading dust of the next sandstorm. ally consist of a few “ger,“ as the yurts are known
Report: Discovering Asia
Understanding the Language and Way of Life
A return to its cultural roots. In 1990 Mongolia was the first state in Asia to abandon communism and 70 years of a centrally planned economy. Under a democrat- ic constitution, the population re-em- braced its old culture and tradition. Some of the inhabitants resumed their traditional form of existence and occupation as livestock raising nomads. Perfectly adapted to the bar- ren landscape and extreme climatic conditions, they had lived and sur- vived freely and without ties before being collectivized and compelled to After the wrestler has won in the Naadam, a Mongolian festival, lead a sedentary life. he presents himself to the public.
Sven Zellner was attracted by this spe- cial breed of human being – self-con- fident, open and hospitable. Here, the German photographer found Note in his diary : “No roads, no sign- goats, camels and horses. During the new friends. He returns to visit them posts, not even dirt tracks! Neverthe- night, the animals are kept close to time and time again. He has come to less, my companions find their way the “ger”, away from the howling understand how they live and their with admirable certainty. We reach a wolves in the background. We eat language. This makes it easier for him maximum of 30 kilometers an hour and sleep on the floor of the ger to embark on his many excursions and are constantly shaken around in which has only one large room. In its and explorations, far away from the our jeep. Water bottles and apples, center a fire blazes in a simple tin beaten track. Sometimes he uses the our provisions for the journey, are container. The dried dung of the ani- mail bus, sometimes he travels in one stacked in heaps on the floor. Now mals is used as fuel. There is practi- of the heavily loaded trucks that link and again, nomads pass by, with their cally no firewood available in the places and towns over long distances. entire possessions on the backs of steppe. Water is obtained from deep Occasionally, when his friends make it their camels. Sometimes we can also wells. The sparing use of resources is possible, he takes a cross-country ap- see a herd of animals on the horizon. an absolute must. This is why our usu- proach with their expert guidance. As dusk draws in, we head in that di- al morning hygiene rituals are slightly rection, reach the yurts of their own- shorter than usual. We then proceed ers and are greeted with great into the first rays of the morning sun- warmth and hospitality. The simple light ...“ dinner consists of boiled mutton, ac- companied by a type of yogurt and cheese from the milk of their sheep, Having a break in the dangerous quest for gold. The gold-diggers force tunnels and shafts into the rocky ground of the Gobi. Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 45 In the late summer of 2007 Sven Zell- cigarette break, seven meters under eign exploitation triggered outrage ner visited the “Ninjas“, the gold- the earth. The light of a matchstick in yurts right across the company. An diggers of Mongolia. The name is had to suffice as a light source. unwritten law of the steppe says that an allusion to the “Ninja Turtles” everything that is offered by the bar- because the men are reminiscent of Future problems: “Ninjas“ reveal a ren earth belongs to those who live these comic figures when carrying problem that endangers the nature on and from it. It should be shared their large metal gold panning dishes of the steppe landscape and the fairly. This sharing process is the an- on their backs. But maybe the term culture of the Mongolian nomads: cient principle of survival and hence means even more! Hidden to every- when one of the Earth’s largest gold an important value in how the in- one and usually illegally, the gold- deposits was discovered in the Gobi habitants see themselves and their diggers fight what they consider to region, but the state did not have the existence. The nomads demand their be a battle for a just cause. Sven Zell- means and technology for the min- share of the natural resources. Some ner photographed them with his Zeiss ing process, the mining rights were are starting to dig for gold on their Ikon during their work, or during a sold to foreign companies. This for- own initiative and are forcing unsafe shafts and tunnels into the earth. The number of accidents is increasing.
A further source of concern is also the high water consumption and the use of poisonous chemicals involved in both industrial and manual gold mining. The consequences are al- ready evident. There is a shortage of drinking water, and the unique flora and fauna are suffering.
The photos taken by Sven Zellner in Mongolia were created with a Zeiss Ikon and the Biogon 2.0/35 mm and Sonnar C 1.5/50 mm lenses. Sven Zell- ner swears by the robust quality and good handling properties of the cam- era, which has never let him down – even after adventurous journeys through sandstorms or heavy down- pours. He uses it primarily for sponta- neous documentation. His images re- flect not only impressive landscapes, but also – and with the same sensitiv- ity – the reality concealed behind the more beautiful side of this attractive country.
Tired and exhausted: a nomad child after finishing its work in the yurt. Manfred Schindler
46 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Report: Discovering Asia
The person
Sven Zellner
Discovering countries and cultures and capturing their uniqueness for longer than a fleeting moment is the goal of photographer Sven Zellner, 30.
His travels have led him to al- most all corners of the earth: Mongolia, Armenia, Israel, Latvia, Poland, Brazil, Tasmania. Australia, USA and Canada.
The former student of the University of Television and Film in Munich has received second place in the renow- ned BBC Wildlife Photo- grapher of the Year Award on two occasions (1995 and 2000). Zellner has published his photographs in numerous books and magazines. He also works as a documen- tary and movie cameraman.
Current projects of Sven Zell- ner include a new collection of photos on the subject of Mongolia, photographic work for a music video and a movie project as a camera- man in the USA.
A bright location: the rocks on the Kahn Bogt Mountain.
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 47 Report
The Right to Sight Carl Zeiss is supporting a center for ophthalmology in India.
Poverty leads to blind- Both come from the World Health age of doctors, nurses and eye care ness, and anyone who is Organization (WHO), the Interna- professionals, but also inadequate blind stays poor. This is tional Association for the Prevention technical and logistic conditions for the vicious circle that the of Blindness (IABP) and from compa- proper eye care. In Germany, there is inhabitants of developing nies like Carl Zeiss. Their vision for one ophthalmologist to every 13,000 countries can only escape through the next twelve years: preventable people, in Africa one to every million. external aid. Many people could re- blindness is to be overcome by the Therefore, the training of experts is tain their sight if preventive action year 2020, as everyone has a right to just as important as the setup and were taken in good time beforehand. sight. One adult goes blind every five expansion of infrastructure. This costs money and demands com- seconds, and one child every minute, mitment. The good message is: the according to the Christoffel Mission The dream of treatment for every- commitment is there, and the money for the Blind in Germany. 80 percent one. India is one of the countries most too. of these people could be spared this afflicted by blindness. As far back as fate through prevention and early 1987, Gullapalii N. Rao founded the surgery. The WHO and IABP there- L V Prasad Eye Institute in Hyderabad, fore created the “Vision 2020 – The today a center for ophthalmology and Right to Sight” campaign in 1999. medical training. The founder had ex- The goal: In 2020 no one should go perienced eye clinics in the USA and blind for reasons that can be elimi- was impressed. ”It was my dream to nated or prevented. Making sure the offer all Indians this type of treatment vision does not remain a utopia. right on their doorstep, regardless of their social or economic status.“ He Vitamin A deficiency.Half of all blind won the support of movie maker L V people suffer from cataract and could Prasad for his idea. Prasad provided be cured by surgery. In industrialized premises in Hyderabad and financed countries this procedure has been the setup of the facility which now routine for several years now. In de- bears his name. veloping countries it only costs about 30 euros, but it is nevertheless unaf- Study and scholarships. Today, the fordable for many people. Children L V Prasad Eye Institute is one of the often lose their sight through infec- most important Vision 2020 institu- tious diseases such as river blindness tions. The hospital treats more than or conjunctivitis. They also suffer from 600 patients – also free of charge if cataract, and premature babies fre- they cannot pay – and performs 70 Every day more than 600 patients are quently display retinal damage similar operations every day. The children’s treated in the institute. to that caused by diabetes. The most ward is the first of its kind in a devel- common cause of blindness in chil- oping country. At the same time, the dren is a vitamin A deficiency usually institute is a national center for clini- attributable to a lack of money, and cal research and is currently working often also to insufficient knowledge. on the world’s largest patient study Children need clean water, better on corneal transplantation. The af- sanitary conditions, a basic supply of filiated L V Prasad ZEISS International medication and vitamin supplements, Academy for Advanced Ophthalmic and health education. In the develop- Education offers very practical train- ing countries there is not only a short- ing and a Carl Zeiss scholarship for
48 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Report: Discovering Asia
The details
Vision 2020 In Anglo-Saxon countries normal visual performance is called 20/20 vision. This means: if you can see the same letters and numerals as most test persons at a dis- tance of 20 feet from the test chart, you are said to have normal vision. The 20/20 in the name of the campaign therefore has two meanings. By the year 2020, all people should have normal vision if this can be achieved with medical and social measures.
WHO and IABP The World Health Organiza- tion is a United Nations orga- nization. Since its foundation in 1948, it has been commit- ted to healthy living condi- tions in all countries of the earth. It has a membership of 193 states. Since 1975, the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness has bundled a wide variety of of- Definitely worth seeing in Hyberbad: the Charminar in the Old Town. ficial and unofficial institu- tions and groups which are dedicated to the fight the best students. The donation made against blindness. by the Carl Zeiss Foundation to the institute in 2004 reflects the signifi- Information at: cance of the work against blindness. www.iapb.org The money is being used to train eye surgeons in India.
Ursula Walther
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 49 Essay
A Journey Inside A look at the body’s interior in post 1960 art © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2008
Timm Ulrichs, An Endoscopic Journey Color video, silent, 86 minutes 42 seconds Idea: 1971; Realization: 2004
Timm Ulrichs: “I swallow a tiny camera that documents its journey through my digestive tract. Swallowing and excret- ing the recording device marks the beginning and end of the introspective-autobiographical movie.”
Actual recording time: 9 hours.
50 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 Gurgling, smacking noises emanate from the video Even later, after autopsies became an accepted part of booth separated from the exhibition room by a black research, it was primarily the corpses of those sen- curtain. Out of curiosity, a couple of visitors stick their tenced to die that made it to the operating tables of heads in before bravely disappearing into the darkness. doctors. The reproduction of this intimate situation is intention- al. Behind the curtain is a projection of a journey into The discovery of imaging procedures in medicine also the body’s interior made by artist Timm Ulrichs (*1940). had a profound effect on art. There has be a great deal Those daring to venture inside are met with the circular of interest in natural science methods since the late projection of a forwards movement in a dark abyss 1960s as the body moved to the center of artistic activi- that is both mysterious and threatening. To realize this ties following socio-political developments. With new introspective-biographical work, Ulrichs swallowed an art forms such as body art, happening and performanc- endoscopic camera enclosed in a capsule which docu- es, artists strived to eliminate obsolete moral ideas. mented the trip through his digestive tract. Ulrichs first Used as artistic material, the naked body became a thought of this 86 minute color movie back in 1971. political tool to make public what was once private. However, the technology required did not exist at the In the beginning, the performances and actions dealt time. The capsule endoscopic procedure that is used for with being satisfied with your body and your sexuality. medical diagnostics has only been around for a few This changed in the 1980s when the interests of artists years. began focusing on the dangers to the body caused by diseases.
“Images were unearthed that no Timm Ulrichs, who gives us an intimate look at his in- travel guide has been able to offer, sides in his work “Looking through me – an endoscopic no Baedecker can explain.” journey” (2004), has been working on bodily related actions since the late 1960s. In “Checked Baggage” Timm Ulrichs (1975-1987), he was x-rayed like a piece of luggage on a conveyor belt at an airport. He later exhibited the Medical imaging procedures have made it possible to photographic findings. fulfill mankind’s desire of looking into the body. Until the discovery of invisible electromagnetic radiation Many artists use x-rays as a metaphor to question the (x-rays) by Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen, the body was a credibility of images. In her work “Global Lines II“ type of black box. If you wanted to learn more than (1997), photographer Katharina Sieverding (*1944) just the exterior image of a person, you had to dismem- shows an x-ray of her lungs onto which she projects ber the body. However, until the time of the Renais- a section of her brain. This work initially irritates the sance, looking into the human body entailed consider- observer as it is not possible to clearly distinguish the able risks. If artists wanted to study the anatomy of images. As the daughter of a radiologist, she knows people, they were forced to sneak into execution sites how problematic it is to interpret x-rays. With her work, in the middle of the night and abscond with the re- she not only challenges the visual habits of the observer mains of the hangman’s work. Even Leonardo da Vinci but also criticizes the truth of medical imaging proce- (1452 – 1519) is rumored to have participated in such dures. Felix Droese (*1950) stated his criticism some- illegal autopsies. Art historians have come across an en- what more radically when he used thick brushstrokes to try in his diaries that confirms these suspicions: “And if write “Everything's a lie“ (1990) on two x-rays. you are interested in such things, maybe you are re- strained by nausea. And if this doesn’t stop you, maybe Like an animal, an endoscopic camera attacked the you are inhibited by the fear of being with the op- body of Lebanese artist Mona Hatoum (*1952). She pressed, dissected and horribly mutilated dead…”. arranged the images of a gastroscopy and colonoscopy
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 51 Essay © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2008 Photo: Klaus Mettig © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2008 Photo: Klaus Mettig
Katharina Sieverding, Katharina Sieverding, WELTLINIE I, 1997, A/D/A Process, WELTLINIE II, 1997, A/D/A Process Acrylic, steel 300 x 375 cm. Acrylic, steel 300 x 375 cm.
to create an impressive film, “Corps étranger” (1994). Images from medicine have always had a particularly The camera initially probed her naked body until it en- fascinating effect on artists. Jean-Michel Basquiat’s tered an opening and continued its journey inside. In (1960-1988) drawings were influenced by Gray’s Anato- the beginning, the film shows close-ups of her sensory my Textbook. His mother gave him a copy of this Ameri- and sex organs which are later replaced with images of can benchmark of medicine in 1968 while he was laid the organ walls and mucuous membranes. “I wanted,” up in a hospital following a traffic accident. Recently, explained Mona Hatoum, “my work to show how the new imaging procedures in medicine have become body is examined, attacked, injured and deconstructed increasingly important in addition to the pictures in by scientific eyes.” books. In particular, magnetic resonance images (MRI), in which the body is examined and recorded slice by Artists who show their insides in exhibitions always slice, fascinate many artists. This technique inspired launch a debate, of course, about what is public and Timm Ulrichs to create his film “Journey to the Center what should remain private. Australian performance of Me“ (1987) which is based on the reconstruction of artist Stelarc (*1946) has probably been the most radi- an MRI of his skull. cal in his work. He declared his stomach an exhibition room for his work “Stomach Sculpture” (1993). He swal- Marilène Oliver (*1977) used an MRI to measure her lowed a 50 x 14 mm capsule combined with a control entire family. Her 192 x 50 x 70 cm portraits from her unit. Inside his stomach, the capsule unfolded to reveal “Family portrait” series (2001) comprise 92 equally an 80 x 55 mm sculpture that buzzed, peeped and spaced Plexiglas plates stacked on top of each other. emitted light signals. Everything was recorded using Each of them contains a medical image transferred an endoscopic camera. using the screen printing technique. Although this technique enables you to look at the core of a person,
52 Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2008
Timm Ulrichs, Journey to the Center of Me; 1995/97; black and white movie, silent, 7 minutes 53 seconds 3D digital visualization of the lowest point of the head of the artist using automatic segmenting and volume rendering (ray casting) based on a magnetic resonance image and fixation of the calculated markers on the scalp using tattoos.
the pure addition of the images cannot reproduce the tion. Heather Barnett thus presents existential ques- wholeness. The human body appears in her sculpture tions about the origin and meaning of human life that, only as a dim gray silhouette. in the end, cannot be answered through medical imag- es but only philosophically. Medical images are produced to convey knowledge Timm Ulrichs, who has dealt with the exploration of about people. However, with the development of new people in his artwork his entire life came to the techniques, specialists and amateurs alike are fascinat- following conclusion: ed by the brilliance and beauty of the images of the mysterious inner world. As an “artist in residence,” Brit- ish artist Heather Barnett visited many hospitals and medical facilities to explore the duality of scientific “The deeper we look into ourselves, knowledge and the beauty of medical images. She used the more we sink in our physique microscopic images of her own cell structure as a tem- and psyche, the more mysteriously, plate for her “Cellular Wallpaper” series (2000) to de- abysmally, eerily and strangely we velop wallpaper patterns. The most intimate secretions appear to ourselves and we realize of her body such as a cervical smear, blood and sweat are examined microscopically and enlarged for decora- what we are: a foreign body.” Timm Ulrichs
Dr. Cornelia Gockel
Born in Düsseldorf in 1963, she is an art critic and lecturer of art history. As a scientific assitant, she teaches at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and as a guest lecturer at the University of Newcastle (UK).
Innovation 19, 3 / 2008 53 Service
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Innovation – The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Issue 19, March 2008 Publisher: Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany Corporate Communications Jörg Nitschke Editors: Silke Schmid (Editor-in-Chief) Dr. Dieter Brocksch, Gudrun Vogel http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/artist.html Carl Zeiss AG Corporate Communications Carl-Zeiss-Str. 22 73446 Oberkochen, Germany [email protected] Phone +49 (0) 7364/ 20-8208 Fax +49 (0) 7364/ 20-3122 Translation into English by: Carl Zeiss Communication Services Contributors to this issue: Interview: NASA's Stardust project Maren Becker, Manfred Schindler, MSW Hermann Michael Hahn, Klaus Jopp, went on a research expedition to the Volker Lange, Carsten Meinke, origins of the solar system 4.5 billion Ursula Walther years in the past. One of the “travel- Concept and design: Overall coordination: Nicola Schindler ers” was Prof. Dr. Falko Langenhorst MSW, Manfred Schindler from the University of Jena and the Werbeagentur OHG, Aalen 2007 Leibniz Award winner who re- www.msw.de ports on the results in an interview. Pictures courtesy of: Carl Zeiss Cover photo and pages 16, 18, 23, 25 left: Reader survey: Issue 18 marked the Hertie Institute, Tübingen Pages 14, 15: Anand Tiwari, Bananas Hindu relaunch of Innovation. Is it to your University, Varanasi, India liking? A reader survey gives you the Page 24: Clanggestaltung Page 25 right: Max Planck Institute for opportunity to let us know what you Medical Research, Heidelberg think. Page 26: Heidi Cartwright Page 49: www.wikipedia.org, GNU-FDL, Rainer Haessner, February 2003 Pages 50, 52, 53: VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2008, Page 52: Klaus Mettig Page 54 top: http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/ Look at Laureates: Ahmed Zewail photo/artist.html, and Eric A. Cornell have made it to Page 54 left: www.istockphoto.com Printing: the top – they received the Nobel C. Maurer Druck und Verlag, Prize. But other winners of the Carl Geislingen an der Steige Zeiss Research Award have also Innovation – The Magazine from been busy – we will report on them Carl Zeiss appears twice a year in German and English. regularly in the “Look at Laureates” ISSN 1431-8040 category beginning with issue 20. The contents of the articles do not always reflect the opinion of the publisher. Reprint only with the exclusive written
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The genetic expression of the cytoplasmatic Position protein (Arc) associated with learning is induced in a subpopulation of pyramidal Street address Carl Zeiss AG neurons through research into a new en- Innovation Editorial Staff vironment. The specificity and necessity of City, Zip/Postal code Renate König this Arc expression for learning processes were verified in previous papers. Additional Country 73446 Oberkochen studies have shown that Arc RNAs specifi- Germany cally localize in activated, dendritic sub- Email regions after electrical stimulation. Fax: +49 (0)7364 20-3370 If known: subscription or customer number All dendritic trees can be displayed using transgenic mice forming yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in neuron subpopulations. An optimized method of fluorescence in situ Has your address changed? hybridization (FISH) permits the simultane- ous display of Arc and the endogenous YFP signal (e.g. activated neuron subpopula- tions in the hippocampus, see picture on page 16). Efforts will be made to identify synaptic connections and changes using the automated recognition of the dendrite Previous address: New address: structure and the localization of Arc RNA and the Arc protein depending on the behavioral process. Company/Institute/Organization
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The genetic expression of the cytoplasmatic Position protein (Arc) associated with learning is induced in a subpopulation of pyramidal Street address Carl Zeiss AG neurons through research into a new en- Innovation Editorial Staff vironment. The specificity and necessity of City, Zip/Postal code Renate König this Arc expression for learning processes were verified in previous papers. Additional Country 73446 Oberkochen studies have shown that Arc RNAs specifi- Germany cally localize in activated, dendritic sub- Email regions after electrical stimulation. Fax: +49 (0)7364 20-3370 If known: subscription or customer number All dendritic trees can be displayed using transgenic mice forming yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in neuron subpopulations. An optimized method of fluorescence in situ Has your address changed? hybridization (FISH) permits the simultane- ous display of Arc and the endogenous YFP signal (e.g. activated neuron subpopula- tions in the hippocampus, see picture on page 16). Efforts will be made to identify synaptic connections and changes using the automated recognition of the dendrite Previous address: New address: structure and the localization of Arc RNA and the Arc protein depending on the behavioral process. Company/Institute/Organization
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(http://www.hih-tuebingen.de). Position Daniel Eicke, Data Analysis and Visualization Street address Carl Zeiss AG Innovation Editorial Staff City, Zip/Postal code Renate König
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Future-oriented Medicine: The Language of Cells New Dimensions: Riding the Comet Discovering Asia: All with the Light of a Matchstick