TROPICS 3 Ql$:295-308 Issued March, 1994

Llst of Specles ldenttfted ln Kahuzl-Blega Natlonal Park, Za|re

Takakazu YUMOTO Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 651,Japan Juichi YAMAGIWA Research Institute, Kyoto Univenity, Inuyama, Aichi 484, Japan Ndunda MWANZA Cenue de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles, Lwiro, D.S. Bukavu, Zire Tamaki MARIJHASHI Department of Human and Cultural Sciences, Musashi Univenity, Nerima 176, Japan

ABSTRACT The identified , which were collected during the study of eastem lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla grauerD and chimpanzrns ( troglodytes schweinfirthii) in Kahuzi-Biega National Puk,Zahe, from 1987 to 1991, are listed. Kahuzi-Biega National Park includes lowland forest and montane forest, both of which are inhibited by gorillas and . This paper liss 329 species belonging o 83 families that occurred in a two study ueas. 118 species were collected in the Kahuzi region (at an altitude of 1,800 ta 2,6W m ) and 220 species in the ltebero region (at an altitude of 600 to 1,300 m ). Only 9 species were collected in both regions. The foodplans of gorillas and chimpanzees (2fr) species belonging to 69 families), and with diameters of 10 cm at breast height or more were collected intensively. For each plant species, the life form, vernacular name ftirega or mashi) and whether apes and/or elephants utilized it as foods, are given. This list is highly biased towards food plants of , but provides a preliminry inventory of plants to compare with other study sites of great apes.

Key lVords: chimpanzees / eastem lowland gorillas / elephants / food plants / Kahuzi-Biega Park / Zaire

The evolution and adaptive radiation of primates have occurred under the influence of world- wide climate changes during the Tertiary and Quartenary periods. Among non-human primates, habitats of great apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and orang-utans) have been confined to the Eopical rain forests until recently, except for a few populations, which have extended their range into savannatr woodlands. What kind of socio-ecological factors have influenced the evolutionary divergence of apes and produced proto-hominids from their common ancestors? In order tro answer this question, it is necessary to clarify the interspecific relationships among apes who are living sympatrically in various habitats. Our field work aimed to collect data on the correlation between apes' unique life styles and the structure of their habitat" and on the mechanisms of the coexistence and competition between prima0e species. Zai're is situated in cenfial and has an arca of 2,345,000 km2. Approximately 8O Vo of the county is covered by tropical forest. The forest of the eastem Zaire, including Kahuzi- Biega National Park, is a part of the escarpment slope of the African Rift Valley. This forest is one of the hot points of primate evolution in the African continent during the past a few million years when wet and dry environments altemated on the African continent. It has recently been shown that in the most recent glacial age, the vegetation of the Congo Basin was almost all savannah woodland with rain forest only on the escarpment slopes or high mountains in eastern Zaire (Hamilton, 1976, 1981; Samthein, 1978). Under such big changes 296 T. YUIT,TOTO, J. YnunGIwA, N. MwaNZA & T. ManuHAsHI

ZAIRE

Fig. 1. Map of study area.

O stoay Areas 0 50km of the forests rclated to world-wide climate change, many primates might have evolved in this region. We thought that the Kahuzi-Biega National Park would be the best study site for our research project, since the Park covers the vegetation continuity from lowland to montane foresl During the study, we realized that the identification of plant species, which occur in the habitats of primates as well as those that provide their foods, is essential. Most organized taxonomic research inZure has, in recent decades, gone into Flore d'Afrique Centrale (Flore du Congo Belge until 1960). 3,539 species of vascular plants are covered in Flore d'Afrique Centale !o 1970, and these are thought to represent about 35 Vo of the total 10,000 - 11,000 species presumed by Frodin (1984). From the specimens obained in our study, a new species, Keetia ornata Bridson et Robbrecht (Rubiaceae), was described (Bridson & Robbrecht, 1993). A lot of new species are, no doubt, still waiting for the description in this area In this paper, we provide the list of the fully identified plant species collected during our study from 1987 to 1991. The specimens were identified by T. Yumoto !o match with the identified specimen including the types in the herbarium of Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Brussels; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; and Kew Garden, London. All the voucher specimen are kept in the herbarium of Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Japan.

STUDY SITES AND METHODS

The Kahuzi-Biega National Park, situated in the eastem part of Republic of Taire (the head- quafier, 2o5" S, 28"45 "E: Fig. 1), includes tropical and montane forests, in which chimpanzees and gorillas live sympatrically. A survey of their ecology and a population census has been progress since 1987 (Yamagiwa et. al, 1992a, 1992b,1993a,1993b, 1994; Mwanza et. al, Plant list in Kahuzi-Biega

1992). The National Park was first established as a Forest Reserve in 1960 and became a National Park in 1970 for the protection of eastern lowland gorillas (Mankoto, 1988). The original part of the Park which is situated in the highland forest zone covers an area of 600 km2 between the altitudes of 1,800 to 3,308 m. This was enlarged to cover lowland forest at altitudes of 600 to 1,800 m in 1975, and today cover a total area of 6, 000 km2. The survey was conducted in the two areas; the Kahuzi region in the original part of the Park, and the Itebero region in the extended part of the Park. The vegetation of the Kahuzi region is composed of bamboo (Arundinaria alpina) forest (.37Vo), primary montane forest (28 7o), secondary montane forest (20 Vo), Cyperus swamps (7 Vo) md other vegetation (8Vo), as described by Goodall (1977) and Murnyak (1981). The topography of this area is mountainous, with well-forested slopes. Several large, flat area are covered by Cyperus swamps. Bamboo forest consisted mainly of Arundinaria alpina is found at altitudes of 2,350 to 2,6W m, and mixed bamboo/ primary or secondary montane forest (mixed bamboo forest) are found at altitudes of 2,2N to 2,350 m. Subalpine vegetation Erica arborea (Ericaceae) appears at altitudes of 2,60O m. Giant senecio (Senecio sp.) and lobelia (Lobelia sp.) are found as dominant species on the top of Mt. Kahuzi (3,308 m). Primary montane forest covers the eastern part ofthe original Park area, and secondary montane forest covers the westem part. Dominant species of trees arc: Podocarpus usambarensis (Podo- carpaceae), Symphonia globulifera (Guttiferae) and Carapa grandiflora () in primary forest; Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae), Myrianthus holstii (Moraceae) and Vernonia spp. (Compositae) in secondary forest; Hypericum revolutum (Guttiferae) and Rapanea rnelanophloeos (Myrsinaceae) in the Cyperus (Cyperus latifulius) swamps; Symphonia globulifera (Guttiferae) and Syzigiurn parvifulium (Myrtaceae) are also found in and around the swamps. , vines and ferns (Urera hypselodendron, Basella alba, Lactuca sp. Pteridium aquilinum, etc.) constitule the dense terresnial vegetation of secondary forest. The Itebero region is situated in the extended part of the Park at an dtitude of 600 to 1,300 m. It is covered with nopical forest, which includes primary forest, secondary forest, abandoned field, and ancient secondary forest. Primary forests are characterizedby Caesal- piniaceae: microphylla, Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, seretii, Dialium polyanthum and Cynornetra alexandrl; Mimosaceae: Piptadeniastrum africanum; and Myristicaceae: Staudtia gabonensis and Pycnanthus angolensis. The Zingiberaceae species include Aframomum spp. and Costus afer, with the Marantaceae species form the generally scarce terrestrial vegetation, but along riverside and in ravines, the density of herbaceous plan6 is quite high. The area was inhabited by local people, the kirega, and used for cultivation and hunting prior to 1985. The secondary forest and abandoned fields have been invaded by Musanga cecropioides (Moraceae) and Macaranga spinosa () and herbaceous plants are dense. Cassava and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) are still found in abandoned fields. Ancient secondary forests are the result of deforestation by a mining company in the colonial era and subsequent successional regeneration. Ficus sur, Uapaca guineensis andCeltis brieyi are commonly found in this forest. Halopegia azurea is one of the dominant herbaceous plants. Uapaca corbisierii is occasionally found in swamps. We conducted the census in the Itebero region in 1989. We measured tree diameters (above 10 cm in DBH) in a belt transect 10 mX8,000 m along the contour line at 650 m above sea level. 6,922 individuals belonging to ca. 150 species were recorded. The most abundant 10 species made up 61.2 Vo of the total basal area, and 6 legume species (5 Caesal- 298 T. Yuuoro, J. YnnaecrwA, N. MweNzA & T. MenuHASHr

Table 1. List of plants collected in the Kahuzi region

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes PTERIDOPHYTA Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn F Lusilisilu (mashi) C (P)

GYMNOSPERMAE Podocarpaceae P odo c arp us usambarensis Pilger T Umutu (mashi)

ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDONEAE Acanthaceae Acanthus pubes c ens Engl. S Lurodu (mashi) G (P) Annonaceae Artabotrys palustris Louis ex Boutique L Mao / Munanga (mashi) G (L) Monnnthotaxis orophila (Boutique) Verdc. L Munanga (mashi) C (t ) Apocynaceiae Baissea axillaris (Benth.) Hua. L Muberebere (mashi) Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf S Buroji (mashi) Tabernaemontana stapfiana Britten S Muberebere (mashi) Araliaceae Polyscia fulva (Hiern) Harms T Ndongi (mashi) G (P) Sc hffiera goetzenii Harms S Chifunanga (mashi) G (8, L) Schefflera myriantfta (Bak.) Drake S Chifirnanga (mashi) G (B, L) Asclepiadaceae Periploca linearifolia . & A. Rich. L Kanondo-nondo-kadogo /Bugaga (mashi) G (L, B) Balsaminaceae Impatiens burtonii Hook. f. H Tondo (mashi) G (L) C (L, P) Impatiens irvingii Hook. f. H Irhonda / Itonda (mashi) G (L) C (L, P) I mpatiens niamniamensis Gilg. H Irhonda / Itonda (mashi) G (L) C (L, P) Begoniaceae

B e gonia mey eri-j o lnnnis Engl. H Kalakosa (mashi) G (L) Basellaceae Basella albaL. H Nderema (mashi) G (L) Compositae Bothriocline ruwenzoriensis (S. Moore) B. L. Burtf S ? (mashi) G (B) Lac tuc a attenunra Stebbins H Luvunanga (mashi) G (L) Mikania chenopodifolia (L.) Willd. H Tshigosigosi (mashi) Senecio mnranguensis Oliv. & Hiern. S Mubazi (mashi) V ernonia ho c hs tetteri S ch.-B ip. S Ibumolfumo (mashi) G (P, B) C (P) Vernonia kirungae Rob. E. Fries S ChisholeChishorhe (mashi) G (P, B) C (P) Connaraceae Rowrea erythrocalyx (Gilg. ex Schellenb.) Jonghind L ? (mashi) Convolvulaceae Ipomea involucrata P. Beauv. H Kadwanunka (mashi) C (L) Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria abyssinica (Hook. f.) C. Jeffrey H Ntandagule (mashi) C (L) Peponium vogelii (Hook. f.) Engl. H Jiranga (mashi) C (L) Ericaceae Erica arboreaL. S ? (mashi) Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ornata Hochst & A. Rich. L ? (mashi) G (L) Bridelia brideliifolia (Pax) Fedde S Mujimbu (mashi) G (F) C (F) Cleistanthus micltclsonii J. Leonard S Lushasha / Musase (mashi) Cleistanthw ripicola J. Leonard S Lushasha (mashi) Crotonogyne paggei Pax S ? (mashi) Macaranga kilimnndscharica Pax. T Mushasha (mashi) C (F) Plant list in Kahuzi-Biega 299

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes Guttiferae Hypericrnt revoluturnYahl S Lugeke (mashi) G (R L) C (L) Symphonia globulifuraL. T Muzimba (mashi) c (R L, B, R) C (D Hippocrateaceae Salacia debilis (G. Don) Walp. L Kalisibwe / Mm (mashi) c (L) C (L) Saracia elegans Welw. ex Oliv. L Lola (mashi) Salrciaerecta (G. Don) Walp. L Kanyamungo (mashi) C (L, B) Labiatae Pycnostachys goetzenii Gwke H Chizunguluka / Muzunguluka (mashi) G (L, P) C (L) Solenostemon ocimoides Schum. & Thonn. H ? (mashi) G (L) Lauraceae Ocotea wambarensis Engl. T Chikenzi (mashi) Loranthaceae Agelanthus brunneus (Engl.) Polh. & Wiens PE Bulembo (mashi) G (R L, B, Fl) C (F, L) Agelanthus myrsinifulius (Engl. & K. I(rause) Polh. & Wiens PE Bulembo (mashi) C (F, I. B, Fl) C (F, L) Englerina woodfordioi.des (Schweinf.) M. Gilben PE Bulembo (mashi) G (F, L, B, Ft) C (F, L) Globimetuala kivuensis (Balle) Balle ex Wiens & Polh. PE Bulembo (mashi) G (L, B) C (F, L) Plvagmantlwra banngae @ngl.) Balle PE Bulembo (mashi) G (F, L, B, Fl) C (R L) Tapinanthus cowtrictiflorus @ngl.) Dancer PE Bulembo (mashi) G (F, L, B, Fl) C (F, L) Malpighiaceae Flabellaria paniculan Cavan. S ? (mashi) G (L) Meliaceae Carapa grandifloro Sprague T Muhuluhulu (mashi) G (F, L, P, B) C (F, B) Ekeberia ruppeliana (Fres.) A. Rich. T Kiringe (mashi) C (D Melianthaceae BersanaabysinicaFres. S Kabiranjavu (mashi) Menispermaceae Stephania abyssinica (Dill. & Ruch.) Walp. L ? (mashi) c (B) Mimosaceae Acacia rnontigenc Brenan & Exell S Luoyeoye (mashi) C (S) Newtonia buclwrunii (Baker) Gilb. & Bout T Lukundu (mashi) C (D Monimiaceae Xynwlos monospora (Harv.) Baill. S Chintindi (mashi) G (F, B) C (D Moraceae Ficw artocarpoidcsVrb. T Kafumo (mashi) G (D C (D Ficw craterostonn Mildbr. & Burret. T Kaobeobe-kafumo (mashi) C (D Ficus densistipulataDeWild. T Kafumo (mashi) Ficus oreadryadumMildbr. T Kabumo (mashi) G (F, L) C (D Ficns thonningiiBl. T Katula/Gatula (mashi) c (F, L, B) C (F, L, B) Ficus tremulaWub. T Kafumo (mashi) G (R B) Myrianthus ltolstiiBngl. T Chamba (mashi) G (F, L) C (R L, B) Myriantlus prerzsli Engl. T Chamba (mashi) G (F, L) C (F, L, B) Myricaceae Myrica salicifolla Hochst. ex A. Rich. S Tshiguri-ya-pole (mashi) Myrcinaceae Embelia schimpeiYatke T Kalkolo-ka-batwa / Shalula-batrivu (kirega) C (L) C (L) Maesa lanceohra Forssk. S Mparhi / Mbari (mashi) C (D Rqanea mehnophloeos (L.) Mez T Chichorhe (mashi) G (B) C (D Myrtaceae Eugenia bukobensisFn$. T Kaberambasha (mashi) C (f) Syzygir,unpanifuliwn(Enel.) Mildbr. T Mugorhe (mashi) c (R B) C (D Olacaceae Strombosia schefferiEngl. T Busika (mashi) G (F, L) C (F) Oleaceae Jasminntabyssinicwn(Hochst ex) DC. S Kafulula (mashi) G (L) Papilionaceae Crotalaria lebrunii Bak. f. L Kikumbo (mashi) MilletiaduraDann. T Shungurhi (mashi) C (S) 300 T. YuuoTo, J. YaunGIwA, N. MwENzA & T. MENUHASHI

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes Pssifloraceae Adenia staudtii Harms Mufufu (mashi) G (L) capense L. Muborobondo (mashi) G (L, P) C (F) Polygonaceae P oly g o num mil db r ae dii Dammer H Mushomorangoko (mashi) P oly gonum sene galense Meissn. H Mushomorangoko (mashi)

Rwnex aby s sinic us Jacq. H Mubelanaga (mashi) G (L, P) C (L, P) Ranunculaceae Tlnlictrwn rhynchocarpurnDilL & A. Rich. Musheke (mashi) G (L) Rhamnaceae G ouania longipetala Hemsl. L Muvula (mashi) G (L, B) G ounnia longispic ata Engl. L Muvula (mashi) G (L, B) Rhizophoraceae C as sipourea ruw enzoriensis (Engl. ) Alston Nkongo (mashi) C (D Rosaceae Hagenia abyssinica (Bauce.) J. F. Gmelin T Musuzi (mashi) G (P, B) P arinari exc els a S abine T Kahenga (mashi) G (L) Rttbus adenocomus (Focke) C. E. Gust. S Mangaka (mashi) G (D C (F) Rtrbus ado lp hi-friederici Engl. S Makangawa (mashi) G (D C (F) Rttbus pinnatus Willd. S Makangawa (mashi) G (D C (F) Rubiaceae C anthium gueinzli Sond. S Karanda-mashaka (mashi ) Clnsalia suboekreata (De Wild.) Robyns S Kalyamukaka / Kalimpuli (mashi) G (L) Galiniera coffeoides Del. S Kabonobono (mashi) G (F, L, P, B) C (F) Keetia ornata Bridson & Robbrecht, sp. nov. S ? (mashi) P ry c hotia leonardiana Petit S Tshigurhi (mashi) P syclwtria palusrris Petit S Kalyambo (mashi) C (P) Rubia cordifuliaL. L Lukelangafu (mashi) G (L, P, B) Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam T Kafungofungo / Kalume (mashi) Sapotaceae Gambeya gorungosana (Engl.) Liben T Mushingi (mashi) G (F, B) C (F) Solanaceae

S o I an um acul e a s tr urn Danal S Ntobolobo (mashi) E (F) Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn. H Manguruma (mashi) E (F) Solanum incanumL. H Kasongo (mashi) Tiliaceae Triwnfetta annu.aL. L Chafunga / Chaunga (mashi) G (B) C (L, P, B) Triurnfetta cordifulia A. Rich. L Chaunga (mashi) C (L, P) Theaceae Balthasaria schliebenii (Melch) Verd. ? (mashi) Urticaceae U rera hypselodendron (A.Rich.) Wedd. L Mushe (mashi) G (L, B) C (L) Urera thonneri De Wild. & Th. Dur. L Mushe (mashi) G (L, B) C (L) Urera trinertis (Hochst.) Friis & Immelman L Mushesha (mashi) Vitaceae Cissrzs barbeyanaDe Wild. ex Th. Dur. Mumala (mashi) G (L)

MONOPCOTYLEDONEAE

Agavaceae D rac aena laxis sima Engl. Lukenge (mashi) C (D Araceae

Ar i s aema midb r a e di i Engl. Soli (mashi) C (L) Commelinaceae Commelina cecilae C. B. Clarke H Mudege (mashi) G (L) C (L) Commelina droogmansiana De Wild. H Mudege (mashi) G (L) C (L) Cyperaceae Cyperus latifuliwL. Mushasha (mashi) G (L) Plant list in Kahuzi-Biega 301

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes Gramineae Arundinaria alpina K. Schum. Bamboo Mulonge (mashi) G (P) C (P) Pennisetum purpureum K. Schum. H Matete / Tshibingu (mashi) G (L, P) C (P) Musaceae Ensete ventric osum (Welw.) Cheesman Banana Butembe (mashi) G (P) C (L) Smilacaceae Smilax anceps Willd. L Lushuli (mashi) G (F, L, B) C (F, L)

Thble 2. List of plants collected in the Itebero region

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes PTERIDOPSIDA Cyatheaceae Cyathea manniana Hook. f. TF Kisangayele (kirega) G (L, P) Marattiaceae Marattia fraxinea J. F. Gmelin Kimekemeke (kirega) G (P) C (P) Polypodiaceae Drynaria laurewii (Christ) Hieron. Nyamwima (kirega) ANGIOSPERMOPSIDA DICOTYLEDONEAE Acanthaceae

B rillantaisia c ic atr ic o s a Lind. H Lughayi (kirega) G (L) B r i ll ai s ia s p ic ata Lind. H Lughayi (kirega) G (L) Hypoestes verticillaris R. Br. H ? (kirega) Mimulopsis arborescens C. B. Clarke S Munkolankola (kirega) G (L) P s e udo r ant hemwn I ud ov i c ianurn (B u ttn. ) Lind. Nangegeno / Nyangiyinyo (kirega) G (L, P) Thomandersia hensii De Wild. & Th. Dur. Imbesembese (kirega) G (L, B) Anacardiaceae Antrocaryon nannanii De Wild. T Buberia (kirega) G(DC(F)E(F) Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. T Kyungu (kirega) Annonaceae Anonidium mnnnii (Oliv.) Engl. T Bombi (kirega) G (F) C (F) E (F) N e o s te nant her a my ris tic ifu lia (Oliv. ) Exell. T Mukuba (kirega) P olyalthia suav eolens Engl. T Mwanpu (kirega) G (F) C (F) Uvariopsis congolana (De Wild.) Fries T Munanga (kirega) G (F, L, P) C (F) Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. T Lusangi (kirega) Apocynaceae Alstonia boonei De Wild. T Muntonko (kirega) Ancy lo b otry s py r tformis Pierre. L Nsimbi (kirega) G (F) C (F) Baissea mortehanii De Wild. L Kakanda-mibale (kirega) G (L) Baissea multiflora A. DC. L Nondo (kirega) G (L, P) Funtunia africana (Benth.) Stapf T Moha (kirega) Landolfia owariensis P. Beauv. L Mulunda (kirega) G (L, B) C (F) Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K. Schum.) Stapf S Kitangondo (kirega) T ab ernaemontana e glandulo s a S tapf S Kaperepere (kirega) V oac anga brac teata Stapf T Muiya (kirega) Araliaceae S c hffi e ra uro s tac hy a Harms E Kinanduka (kirega) G (L) Aristolochiaceae P araristolochia promissa (Masters) Keay L ? (kirega) Burseraceae C anar ium sc hw e infur t hii Engl. T Musuku (kirega) G(DC(F) Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam T Bukobe (kirega) G (F) c (F) Caesalpiniaceae Anthonotha gilletii (De Wild.) J. Leonard T Kikokote (kirega) G (L) Cynometa alexandri C. H. Wright T Bubalaka (kirega) hankei Harms T Mukungula (kirega) 302 T. YurraOTO, J. YNUEGTWA, N. MWENZA & T. MANUHASHI

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes Dialium polyanthumHums T Lukaku (kirega) G (F) C (F) Erythrophleum guineense G. Don T Ishega (kirega) Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J. Leonard T Limbaru (kirega) G (S) (De Wild.) Troupin T Musoke (kirega) Michelsonia miuophylla (Troupin) Hauman T Musisi (kirega) Monopetalanthus microphyllus Harms T Lusele (kirega) Tessmannia anomala (Micheli) Harms T Ngale (kirega) Combretaceae Quisqwlis falcara Welw. & Hiern. L Lusike (kirega) Compositae V ernonia c onferta Benth. S Mupukumpuku (kirega) Cucurbitaceae

C uc ume op s is manii Naud. H Naligele (kirega) E (F) Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f. L Muhile-hile (kirega) E (F) Dilleniaceae Tetracera poggei Gilg. L Ishenge (kirega) G (L) abyssinica (Hiern.) F. White T Kabungo (kirega) Diospyros bipidensis F. White T Kabungo (kirega) Diospyros hoyleena F. White T Mwindianama (kirega) G (L) D io spy ros zenkeri Gurke T Kabungo (kirega) Euphorbiaceae cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Muell'-Arg. S Lungusu (kirega) E (L) AlclwrneafloribundaMuell.-Arg. S Lusuna (lorega) G (F L' P) C (L' P) E (L) Alchornea hirtellaBenth. S Kiletaleta ftirega) G (L) E (L) Brideli.amiuantln (Hochst) Baill. S Mugimbu ftirega) Bridella stenocarpaMvell.-Atg. S Mugimbu ftirega) Euphorbia hirnL. H Itongota (kirega) Grosseramultinemis!.Leonard T Indwa (kirega) C (D Macarangamorundra Muell.-Arg. T Isalasala (kirega) G (P) Macaranga spizosa Muell.-Arg. T Nitenge (kirega) Phyllanthus ovalifoliusForssk. S Ngilingi ftirega) G (L) heudelorti Gaill.) Piene ex Heckel T Bukombola (kirega) G (D Sapium cornutwnPax S Mutalangoko (kirega) Uapaca corbisieriDr-Wild. T Kisela-sela (kirega) G (D C (F) IJapaca guineensis Muell.-Arg. T Musela (kirega) G (R L' P) C (D E (F) Uapaca pahtdosc Aubrev et. Leandri T Kaselakulongo (krrega) G (D C (F) Guttiferae Garcinia epunctata Stapf T Bukombo (kirega) G (F, L) Garcinia kola Heckel T Bukumbu (kirega) G (F, L) Garcinia ovalifolia Oliv. T Bukumbu (kirega) G (R) Garcinia smeatlunannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. T Kitushi (kirega) G (F, L) Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. T Mutungulu (kirega) G(D Lebrunia bishaie Staner T Buseyi (kirega) G (L) Mammea africana Sabine, T Mulila (kirega) E (F) Pentadesma lebrunii Staner T Kyonsonso (kirega) G (F, L, B, R) C (F) Symphonia globuliferaL. T Mulungu (kirega) G (F, L, B, R) C (F) Hippocrateaceae Cuervea racrophylla (Vahl) Wolcz. ex Halle L Katilubuwu (kirega) G (D Loeseneriella apiculan (Welw. ex Oliv') Wilcz. L Kibea ftirega) G (D Loeseneriella apocynoidcs (Welw. ex Oliv.) Hatle ex J. Raynal L Kibea (kirega) G (D Prtstimeria graciflora (Welw. ex Oliv.) Halle L ? (kirega) Salacia adolf-fridericii Loesener ex Harms L Kyanina-lubuwu (kirega) G (L) Saracia bangalensis Verm. ex Wilcz' L Ikosa (kirega) Salrcia chlorantlw Ohv. L Kingusu ftirega) Salac ia kivuensis R.Wolcz. L Kalume-ka-kingusu (kirega) G (L) Salac ia ndalcala R.Wolcz. L Nakachi (kirega) (B) Salac ia staudtiana Oliv . L Kati-lubugu (kirega) G Plant list in Kahuzi-Biega 303

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes Icacinaceae Iodes africarn Welw. ex Oliv. L Pepayi (kirega) G (L) Irvingiaceae K lainedoxa gabonensis Pierre T Musombo (kirega) G (F, L) C (F) E (F) I rtt in gia rob ur Mildbr. T Uimbi (kirega) E (F) I rttin gia w omb ohr Verm. T Uimbi (kirega) E (F) Leeaceae Leea guineensis G. Don S Butunga-mbale (kirega) Linaceae Hugonia platysepalaWelw. ex Oliv. L Lusimbambake (kirega) G (L, P) Loganiaceae Mostuea brunonis Didr. S Kaliankongo (kirega) Stryc hnos congolana Gilg. L Lubambali (kirega) G (F, L) Strychnos memecyloides S. Moore L Kyanina-kya-kabi (kirega) Strychnos schffieri Gilg.ex Gilg. & Busse L Kyanina-kya-kabi (kirega) Melastomataceae Dicellandra barteri Hook. f. H Tanganyika (kirega) G (L) Meliaceae excelsurn (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague T ltongwa (kirega) Guarea thompsonii Sprague & Hutch. T Kisanda (kirega) H eckeldora staudtii (Harms) Staner S Nkulumanya (kirega) G (L) Tric hilia gil giana Harms T Mukudja-mbeo (kirega) Tric hilia rubesc ens Oliv. T Kigahi (kirega) Trichilia welwitschii C. DC. T Iyundi (kirega) G (F, L) C (F) Turraeanthus afric anw (Welw. ) Pellegr. T Kisanda / Kisesha (kirega)G (R) C (F) Menispermaceae P enianthus longifolizs Miers L Kakubya (kirega) Penianthus zenkeri @ngl.) Diels L ? (kirega) Mimosaceae Albizia gummifera (J. F. Gmel.) C. A. Sm. T Nkungu (kirega) G (R) C (S) C athormion lep top hyllum (Harms) Keay T Musegesege (kirega) Entada pursaetln DC. L Mushangashange (kirega) Mimosa pudicaL. s Kufa (kirega) Parkia bicolor A. Chev. T Lulele (kirega) Parkiafilicoidea Welw. ex Oliv. T Lulele (kirega) E (L) P entac le thr a mac r op hy lla Benth. T Bubala (kirega) Piptadeniastrum africanun (Hook. f.) Brenan T Lukundu (kirega) G (L, B) Pseudoprosopis claessensii (De wild.) Gilvert & Bout. S Kamukuta (kirega) Tetrapleura tetraptera (Thonn.) Taub. T Busekenumpa (kirega) E (F) Monimiaceae Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill. S Nyalubombo (kirega) G (F, B) C (F) Moraceae Antiaris toxic aria Leschen. T Mulundu (kirega) G (F, L) Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. & Hook. f. T Muvula (swahili) G (L) Ficw arcu"atoneryata De Wild. E Nsulu / Lukole (kirega) G (L) Ficw asperifoliaMiq. T Kashisha-ba-tumbu (kirega) F icw dry epondtiana Gentil E Kabisu-hshulu (kirega) G (F, L) C (F) Ficw emsperataYahl. T Lukenga (kirega) Ficrc lingw Warb. E Kafumo (kirega) G (L) Ficrc natalensis Hochst. T Kahumo (kirega) Ficw ovata Vahl. T Kafumo (kirega) Ficw sar Forssk. T Kafumo (kirega) Ficus vogeliarn Miq. T Kafumo (kirega) Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv. T Bwamba (kirega) G (F, L, B) C (F, L) Musanga cercopioides R. Br. T Musayi / Musagi (kirega) G (F, L, P) C (F) T r ilepi s iwn mada g as c ari ens is DC. T Busuhu (kirega) G (F, L) C (F) T re c ulia afr ic ana Decne. T Bushingu (kirega) G(DE(F) 304 T. YuuOTO, J. YAUEGIWA, N. MWENZA & T. MANUHASHI

Plant species Life Local nilme Part-eaten form by apes Myristicaceae Pycnanthus angolensfs (Welw.) Exell T Lukalakala (kirega) G (L, B) C (F) Staudtia gabonensis Warb. T Bukaki (kirega) G (L, B) Myrtaceae Syzygiwn congolense Verm. ex Amsh. T Kikuti / Muwote (kirega) G (F, L) C (F) Syzygiwn intermedium Engl. & V. Brehm. T Kikuti (kirega) G (F, L) C (F) Sy zy giwn r ow landii Sprague T Mugorhe / Mvote (kirega) G (F, B) C (F) Olacaceae

H ei st e ria p art ifolia S mith T Kisale (kirega) Strombosia schffiri Engl. T Bwika (kirega) G (F, L) C (F)

S tromb osfopsis te trandra Engl. T Bwika (kirega) Papilionaceae M illetia psilop etala Harms T Mwinya ftirega) Passifloraceae Adenia bequaertii Robyns & Lawalree L Kalonga (kirega) G (L) (L) Eful e ns i a mo nt ana De Wild. L Mputi / Lwenda (kirega) G Polygalaceae Carpolobia glabrescens Hutch. & Dalz. S Isisa (kirega) G (F, L) C (F, L) Rhamnaceae Maesopsis eminil Engl. T Mumgungule / Lushogo (kirega) C (D Rosaceae Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance T Biribiri (kirega) G (P, B) C (P, B) (L) P arinari exc elsa Sabine T Mulanga (kirega) G Rubiaceae Aidia micranthaK. Schum. S Nkindi (kirega) Belonophora conacca Hoyle S ? (kirega) Bertiera dewevrei De Wild. S Lushala (kirega) Canthium connatumDe Wild. & Th. Dur. S Katika-bu sise (kire ga) Canthium hispido-nervosumDe Wild. L Katika-bu sise (kirega) Cremaspore tiflora (Schum.) Schum. S ? (kirega) Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bull. ex Hoyle S Mukesa-nkingi (kirega) G (F, L) Mitranga stipulosa O. Krause T Kitubu (kirega) Morinda titanophyllaPetit L Ngambo (kirega) Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild.) Merr. T Kitubutubu (kirega) Nauclea vanderguchtii (De Wild.) Men. T Kitubutubu (kirega) Oryanthus troupinii Bridson S Kaserakulungo (kire ga) Pampletantha viridiflorc (Hiern) Brem. S Lweku (kirega) Pavetta oliverarn Hiern. S Kitabikengele (kirega) G (L) Rothmannia fischeri (K. Schum) Bullock S Mu sesankingi-kabu sa (kire ga) Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lind.) Dandy S Imbuza (kirega) G (F, L) Rubia cordifuliaL. L Lukera-batuzi (kirega) G (L, P, B) Sabicea dewevrei De Wild. & Th. Dur. S Tsumya (kirega) Sabicea iohnstonii Wernh. S Tsumya (kirega) (Jncaria africana G. Don L ? (kirega) Rutaceae Teclea nobilis Delile T Kalume -ka-kasabumbu (kire ga) Vepris louisii G. Gilbert T Bahumba ftirega) (F, L) Zant lw ry lum inaeqwlis Engl. T Kimanga (kirega) G Kasabumbu (kirega) Zant lw ry I um lemnir ei De Wild. T Zanthorylum macrophy lla (Oliv.) Engl. T Kasabumbu (kirega) G (F, P) Sapindaceae B li g hia welwits c hii (Hiern) Radlk. T Kibambi (kirega) Blighiopsis pseudostipularis Van Der Veken T Bwasese (kirega) G (F) P anc ovia harmsiana Gilg. T Bundinga (kirega) Sapotaceae ifrosersalisia cerasifera (Welw.) Aubrev. & Pellegr. T Kisengesenge / Kigomba ftirega) G (F) C (F) Autranella congolensis (De Wild.) A. Chev' T Bulungu (hrega) E (D Donella pruniformu @ierre.ex Engl.) Aubrev. & Pellegr. T Muzingi (ktrega) Plant list in Kahuzi-Biega 305

Plant species Life Local name Part-eaten form by apes Englerophytwn congolense (De Wild.) Aubrev. & Pellegr. T Mukunya (kirega) Gambeya africana (A.DC.) Pierre T Bulonge (krega) C (D E (F) Gembeya lacourtiara (De Wild.) Aubrev. & Pellegr T Kanbaku (kirega) G (F) C (F) E (D OmplwlocarpurnmortelnniDeWild. T Bunkaga ftirega) E (F) Scytopetalaceae B raz zeia lo n g ip e dic e llata Verd. T Bosangango (kirega) Sterculiaceae Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schotr & Endl. T Ngongoliya (kirega) Cola congolanaDe Wild.& Th. Dur. T Ngongoliya (kirega) Scaplnpetalurn dewevrel De Wild.& Th. Dur. S Lubateka (kirega) S t e r c ulia t ran g at ha Lind. T Mpondoholo (kirega) Tiliaceae Anc istro carpus b e guaertii De Wild. S Changa (kirega) Grewia mnlacocarpoides De Wild. L Chaunga (kirega) Grewia mildbraedii Burret T Mulwa (kirega) G(DC(F)E(F) Grewia trineryia De Wild. T Mulwa (kirega) G(DC(F) Grew ia u gartdensis Sprague T Mulwa (kirega) G (F) C (F) Thymelaeaceae D icranolepis distic ha Planch. S Lulimba (kirega) Ulumaceae Celtis africana Burn. f. T Ngehe (kirega) Celtis brieyi De Wild. T Ansa (kirega) C(D Trema orientalis Bl. T Musonsoli (kirega) Urticaceae Urera hypselodendron (A. Rich.) Wedd. L Kitumbe / Kakoko (kirega) G (L, B) C (L) Violaceae Rinorea oblongifolia (C. H. Wright) Marquand ex Chipp. S Kikao / Kikaghu (kirega) c (L) C (L) Vitaceae Cissrs dinklagei Gilg.& Brandt L Muntembwe (kirega) G (F) C (F) E (F)

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Aracrcae Anubis heterophylla Engl. H Bigelana-nshumbo (kirega) G (L) C ulc as ia angolensLs Welw. H Ikoma-lia-kabile (kirega) G (P) Rlnphidophora africana (N. E. Br.) Engl. E Kilulu (kirega) G (L, P) Commelinaceae Palisota ambigna C. B. Cl. H Kalume-ka-kimokomoko (kirega) G (P) C (p) Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) C. B. Cl. H Kamokamko (kirega) G (P) C (P) Palisota schweinfurthii C. B. Cl. H Kalume-ka-kimokomoko (kirega) G (P) Cyperaceae Mapania mannii C. B. Cl. H Kyanina-kia-kikeshi (kirega) Gramineae Leptaspis c onchifera Hack. H Isasa-mula (kirega) G (F, L) P asp alurn c onj ugatwn Ber g. H Kandanda (kirega) Marantaceae Halopegia azurea (K. Schum.) K. Schum. H Tulembalemba ftirega) G (p) Haunania liebrechtsiana (De wild.& Th. Dur.) J. teonard H Nkobal.ldulu (tirega) G (F, p, R) c (D Marantochloa holostachya @ak.) Hurch. H Kinpenda (kirega) C

Anc is tr op hy I lum s e c undifl o r um Wendl . P Lububi (kirega) c (P) Calmus deerratrzs Mamm. & Wendl. P Mukolo (kirega) G (P) C (P) Eremo spatln lnullevilleana De Wild. L Limpame (kirega) G (L, P) S c ler o sp ermt mannii Wendl. P IVIbya (kirega) Mangobo (swahili) G (L, P) Zingiberaceae Afrarnomun laurentii K. Schum. H Ntolo (kirega) G (F, L, P, R) C (F, P) Afrarnomun sanguineum K. Schum H Kibunga (kirega) G (F) Costw afer Ker. Gawl. H Binanpuli (kirega) G (P, L, R) Renealmia congolana De Wild.& Th. Dur. H Myose / Miosa (kirega) G (F, P) 306 T. YuuOTO, J. YnUAGIWA, N. MWNNZA & T. MENUHASHI piniaceae and I Mimosaceae) made up 39.8Vo of the total (Yamagiwa et a\.1993b). Meteorological data are available only from the Met€orological Station situated on Mt. Bugulumiza (2,378 m) in the original part of the Park. According to the records from 1960 to 1984 , the mean annual rainfall is around 1,900 mm/year with two maxima in April (226mm) and in November (236 mm). A constant temperate climate prevails with a mean monthly temperatures about 15C. The lowest temperatures are usually registered in February and September. From annual rainfall records (Casimir & Butenandt,1973), the year can be divided into four seasons: the short dry season, January- March; the long rainy season, March-June; the long dry season, June-September; and the short rainy season, September-December. The collection of plant specimen was made through the study periods during 1987 to 1991. The food plants of primates and elephants, and the trees found in the belt transect census were collected systiematically. Each plant in the list is shown as follows: scientific name, life form, vernacular name (tribe), the utilization as food by apes and elephants. Nomenclature follows Flore d'Afrique Centrale for the published families. Life forms were defined as follows (partly following Tutin et a/. in this volume): (H): Non woody monocotyledon and dicotyledons, including sedges, grasses and herbaceous vine. Fern (Dt Members of the Pteridophyta. Treefern (1D: Pteridophyta with rhizome rising like a nee runk. Palm (P): Members of the Palmae family. Liaw(L): Climbing woody plans that depend on other plants for support. SftnrD (S): Woody plants that do not exceed 2 m in height. Tree (f): Woody plants that exceed 2 m in height. Eprphltc @): Plants that requirc support of host. Pamsitb epid.yte @E): Members of the Loranthaceae family. Incal people living around the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, include the Kirega, Tembo, Mashi and so on. The vernacular names were adopted in kirega for the plants found in the Itebero region in lowland forests, and in mashi for those in the Kahuzi region in highland forests, according to language of the informanc. So the plants in the list with vemacular names in mashi were collected in the Katruzi region, and those with names in kirega in the Itebero regron. The foods of apes and elephants are indicated as follows: species (plant part consumed); with G: gorillas; C; chimpanzees; E: elephants: the plant parts consumed are F: frui[ S: seed; L: ; P: pitt/stem/twig; B: bark; R: root. For example, G(F,L) means the gorillas consumed ttre fruits and . Data cited here are derived from direct observation, fresh fecal samples (up to 1 day old) and fresh feeding signs (up to 2 days old) collected on the gorillas'and elephants' fresh trail, see Yamagiwa et al. (1993b) for details of methods.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species Recorded 329 species belonging to 83 families that were fully identified to species are listed in this paper. Among them, 118 species were collected in the Katruzi region, and 22O species in the ltebero region. Only 9 species were collected in both regions. This list is highly biased to the food plants of primates, and to large fiees in the fansect. The numbers of fem and grass species is exftemely low, owing to the lack of collecting effort. No orchid is identified to species although huge numben of species could exist in the study areu 26 species of the Rubiacsrc were identified, but a good number of specimens could not be identified because of their incompleteness. The Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Ebenaceae, Irvingiaceae, Myristicaceae, Scytope- Plant list in Kahuzi-Biega 307 talaceae are almost only found in the lowland forest, and the Ericaceae, Myricaceae, Oleaceae, Ranunculaceae, Smilacaceae arc the typical families in the highland forest.

Food plants of apes and elephants 200 species belonging to 69 families were recorded as food plants of gorillas and chimpanzees; ll7 species belonging to 46 families in the ltebero region, 88 species to 45 families in the Kahuzi region, and only 5 species from 5 families were common to both regions. In the Itebero region, 112 species were food plans of gorillas, 50 species were those of chimpanzees, and 45 species were recorded as food of both gorillas and chimpanzees. In the Katruzi region, 74 species were food plants of gorillas, 57 species were those of chimpanzees, and 42 species were eaten by both. The seasonal changes in diet and parts of plants consumed were analysed by Yamagiwa et al. (1994). 14 families in the list did not include food plants of apes. For elephants, only 21 species belonging to ll families were recorded as food. 9 species were shared by elephants and apes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was financed by a Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Survey from Japan Minisoy of Education, Science and Culture in cooperation with C. R. S. N. (Centre de Recherches en Sciences Naturelles) inZaire. The authors would like to thank I.Z.C.N. (Institute Tairois pour Conservation de la Nature) for granting permissions to carry out research in their National Parks; Prof. Zana Ndontoni, Dr. Balegamire Bikanaba, and Mr. Mankoto MaOyizenzno for their administrative help and hospiality; hof. Junichiro ltani, Prof. Masao Kawai for their constructive advice; Mr. Ndunbo Kilundu and Mr. Ndumbo Bosillana for their technical help. The authors are also greatly indebted to all guides, guards and field assistants in Katruzi-Biega National Park for their technical help and hospitality throughout the field work. We also thank Dr. P. Bamps and Dr. E. Robbrecht at the herbarium of Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Brussels; and Dr. R. M. Polhill at Kew Garden, London for the invaluable advice on the identification of plant specimens, and Dr. C. E. G. Tutin for the revision of the manuscript.

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湯本貴和，山極寿一， Ndunda MWANZA，丸橋珠樹 ザィール固カフジ・ビエガ 国立公園で得られて同定された植物のリスト

ザィール国カフジ・ピエガ国立公園における 1987 年から 1991 年にわたるヒガシローランドゴリ ラ (Gorilla gorilla graueri) とチンパンジー (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) の研究で採集され，種 まで同定された植物をリストとしてまとめた。カフジ・ピエガ国立公園は熱帯低地林と熱帯山地 林をふくみ，その双方にゴリラとチンパンジーが同所的に共存している。本論文では熱帯低地林 と熱帯山地林に設けたふたつの調査地から得られた 83 科 329 種の植物をリストとして挙げてい る。うち， 118 種は熱帯山地林のカフジ地区(標高 1 ，800 m から 2，600 m) で得られたもので， 220 種は熱帯低地林のイテベロ地区(標高 600m から 1 ，300 m) で得られたものである。両地区に共通 して得られた種は 9種に過ぎなかった。植物の採集はゴリラとチンパンジーの餌植物と， 10 m x 8,000 m のベルト・トランセクトに出現した胸高直径 10 cm 以上の木材重に関しては網羅的 に行っている。それぞれの植物種について，生活型，現地名(レガ族とマシ族) ，類人猿と森林 ゾウが餌として用いたかどうか，用いたとしたらどの部位か，を示した。 このリストは植物相 の解明という点では類人旗の餌植物と高木種に偏りがあるものの，類人猿の調査地聞の比較とし ての予備的な植物目録づくりの役を果たすと考えられる。