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Chapter 26: Australia and New Zealand

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Fur seal on the beach, Boy selling fish,

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Australia,, ,Oceania, andand AntarcticaAntarctica ustralia, Oceania, and A Antarctica are grouped together more because of their nearness to one another than because of any similari- ties among their peoples. These lands lie mostly in the . Australia is a dry that is home to unusual wildlife. Oceania’s 25,000 tropical spread out across the Pacific . Frozen Antarctica covers the at the South Pole.

+ Lone tree in the , Australia NGS ONLINE www.nationalgeographic.com/education

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REGIONAL ATLAS

Focus on: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica LYING ALMOST ENTIRELY in the Southern Hemisphere, this includes two and thousands of islands scattered across the Pacific Ocean. Covering a huge portion of the globe from the Equator to the South Pole, the region includes landscapes ranging from polar to tropical.

Oceania North and east of is The Land Oceania. Its roughly 25,000 islands lie scattered across the Pacific Ocean on both sides of the Both a continent and a single , Equator. Some of these islands are volcanic. Australia is a vast expanse of mostly flat land. A Others are huge formations of rock that have chain of hills and mountains known as the Great risen from the ocean floor. Still others are low- Dividing Range runs down the continent’s east- lying coral islands surrounded by reefs. ern edge. Between this range of mountains and the Pacific Ocean lies a narrow strip of coastal Antarctica The frozen continent, Antarctica land. West of the Great Dividing Range lies covers and surrounds the South Pole. It is Australia’s large—and very dry—interior. Here in almost completely buried under an enormous the Australian “outback” are seemingly endless sheet of ice. The ice is as much as 2 miles miles of scrubland, as well as three huge . (3.2 km) thick in places and holds 70 percent Along Australia’s northeastern coast lies the of the ’s freshwater. Great Barrier Reef. This famous natural wonder is the world’s largest coral reef, home to bril- liantly colored tropical fish and underwater The Climate creatures. Australia is one of the driest continents in Across the Tasman from Australia lies the world. Its eastern coast does receive rainfall New Zealand, made up of two main islands— from the Pacific Ocean. Mountains block this North and —and many moisture from reaching inland areas, however. smaller ones. Both and South Island Much of Australia’s outback has a climate. have sandy beaches, emerald hillsides, and snow- No place in New Zealand is more than tipped mountains. Plateaus and hills dominate 80 miles (129 km) from the sea. This country the rest of New Zealand’s landscape. has only one climate region: marine west coast.

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▼ Sheep grazing near Mount Egmont, New Zealand

▼ Emperor penguins, Antarctica

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REGIONAL ATLAS

This means that New Zealand has mild tempera- producers of lamb and wool. New Zealand’s tures and plentiful rainfall throughout the year. main crops include wheat, barley, potatoes, The islands of Oceania have mostly tropical fruits, and vegetables. climates, with warm temperatures and distinct The people of Oceania depend primarily on wet and dry seasons. Rain forests cover many of fishing and farming. Across much of Oceania, the islands. the soil and climate are not favorable for wide- Antarctica is one of the coldest and windiest spread agriculture. Islanders generally raise only places on the earth, as well as one of the driest. enough food for themselves. Yet some larger It receives so little precipitation that it is consid- islands have rich volcanic soil. In such places, ered a desert—the world’s largest cold desert. cash crops of fruits, sugar, coffee, and coconut products are grown for export. Antarctica is believed to be rich in mineral The Economy resources. To preserve Antarctica for research and exploration, however, many nations have Mines dot the Australian landscape. Its agreed not to mine this mineral wealth. In fact, ancient rocks and soils are rich in minerals such 43 nations signed the Treaty in 1959 to as uranium, bauxite, , copper, nickel, and commit to peace and science. They even agreed gold. Little of Australia’s land is good for growing to share their scientific observations and results. crops. Instead, vast cattle and sheep —or stations, as the call them—spread across much of the country. The worst The People in almost 100 years occurred in 2002–2003, which had a negative impact on the economy. The first settlers in this region probably came Sheep far outnumber people in New Zealand, from thousands of years ago. Australia’s first where pastures are lush and green almost year- inhabitants, the ancestors of today’s Aborigines, round. New Zealand is one of the world’s leading may have arrived more than 40,000 years ago. Not until about A.D. 1000, however, did seafaring peoples reach the farthest islands of Oceania. The British colonized Australia and New Zealand in the 1700s and 1800s. These two gained their independence in the early 1900s. Many South Pacific islands were not freed from colonial rule until after World War II. Today Australia and Oceania are a blend of European, traditional Pacific, and Asian cultures. ▼ Girl selling fruit, French

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Despite its vast size, this is the least popu- lous of all the world’s . It is home to only about 32 million people. More than half of these live in Australia, where they are found mostly in coastal cities such as and . Roughly 4 million people live in Australia New Zealand, which also has large urban populations along its coasts. Oceania is less Data Bits urbanized. Antarctica has no permanent human Automobiles per 1,000 people 485 inhabitants at all. Groups of scientists live and work on the frozen continent for brief periods T to carry out their research. elevision sets per 1,000 people 716

VOTE Democratic elections Y es

▼ The city of Melbourne, along the Ethnic Makeup southeastern coast of Australia World Ranking Aboriginal and Other 1% Asian 7% GNP per capita Life in US $ 1st expectancy 8th 18th 78 years 50th $20,650

100th

Caucasian 92% 150th

Population: Urban vs. Rural

91% 9%

Sources: World Desk Reference, World Development Indicators; The World 2000; Almanac, 2004.

Region Exploring the 1. Which two continents lie in this region? 2. Why is Antarctica considered a desert? 3. Why is so little of Australia’s land good for farming? 4. Where do most of the region’s people live?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

Physical

120°E 130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E170°E180° 170°W 160°W 150°W 140°W 130°W

30°N CHINA PACIFIC OCEAN TROPIC OF CANCER

20°N P N

O M W E 10°N I C INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE R S O L N E S M E Y EQUATOR 0° L I A A New N N E E 10°S S I B S a G r r A Great Sandy r Coral i e I Desert Macdonnell e a r t Sea 20°S Ranges R A e New e Caledonia Islands f TROPIC OF CAPRICORN

Gibson Great Artesian e Desert g AUSTRALIA Basin n . a Great R R ° ng 30 S Desert Lake li g r n Eyre a i D d Great i Australian iv North D Bight t Mt. Kosciuszko Island ea NEW Murray R. Gr 7,310 ft. ZEALAND 40°S (2,228 m) Southern Mt. Cook Alps INDIAN Tasman 12,316 ft. (3,754 m) OCEAN Sea South Island

50°S

20 40 ° E °E 0 ° ° ° W W A 40 20 N TA R INDIAN 0 mi. 1,500 C ATLANTIC T IC OCEAN 0 km 1,500 C 60°S OCEAN IR 60 C °E Miller Cylindrical projection ° en Maud L ue L Enderby E 60 W RONNE ICE Q and SHELF Land Vinson Massif Mountain peak ANTARCTIC ANTARCTIC CIRCLE 16,067 ft. PENINSULA (4,897 m)

T ANTARCTICA 80° °E W R 80 A South N Pole m Land S Australia A Ellsworth WEST N ANTARCTICA 0 mi. 500 ° T 26,247 ft. 8,000 m 100 W M A 100°E ar R 0 km 500 ie C °S 19,685 ft. GREAT 6,000 m By T 80 d ARTESIAN La rd I n GIBSON nd ROSS ICE C a DESERT BASIN L 13,123 ft. 4,000 m M SHELF s INDIAN MACDONNELL PACIFIC T S e °W ° k 120 6,562 ft. OCEAN RANGES CORAL 2,000 m S l 120 OCEAN 70 i ° . E SEA 0 mi. 1,000 W Sea level 0 km 1,000 160 W 140 ° S Lambert Azimuthal ° ° 728 ° ° 60 E E 160 Equal-Area projection 180 724-733 U9 CH26 RA TWIP-860976 3/14/04 10:38 PM Page 729

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Political

°E 140°E120 160°E 180° 160°W 140°W

30°N CHINA PACIFIC OCEAN TROPIC OF CANCER 20°N U.S. NORTHERN MARIANA IS. N U.S. U.S. MARSHALL W E 10°N Koror Palikir ISLANDS S Majuro INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE FEDERATED STATES OF Tarawa EQUATOR 0° PAPUA Yaren SAMOA Port Funafuti TOKELAUN.Z. Moresby Honiara 10°S FRENCH WALLIS AND Apia SAMOA FUTUNA Fr. POLYNESIA U.S. COOK Fr. NORTHERN Port-Vila Suva ISLANDS Coral NEW N.Z. 20°S TERRITORY CALEDONIA FIJI Sea Fr. ISLANDS TROPIC OF CAPRICORN PITCAIRN I. AUSTRALIA NIUEN.Z. U.K. Nuku‘alofa SOUTH 30°S AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA NEW SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WALES Sydney CAPITAL TERRITORY NEW Auckland VICTORIA ZEALAND 40°S Tasman Wellington INDIAN Sea OCEAN TASMANIA

50°S

20 40 ° E °E 0 ° 0 mi. 1,500 ° ° W W A 40 NORWEGIAN 20 N CL TA 0 km 1,500 AI R INDIAN M C Miller Cylindrical projection ATLANTIC T OCEAN IM IC LA C 60°S OCEAN C E IR 60 H IN C ° S T L °E National capital W I N E IT E IM 70 60 R G A ° B R L S A C

A ANTARCTIC CIRCLE U 80 S T ° S R ANTARCTICA 80° A °E W L 80 70°S I A

N

CHILEAN South C L

CLAIM Pole A I MAP STUDY M ° ANTARCTICA 100 W 100°E Unclaimed 1 What body of water separates Australia from ? PACIFIC °W W 120 120 OCEAN ° ° W E 140 °

2 What is the capital of the Fiji ° mi. 5000 160 160

N 180 140 Islands? EW FRENCH 0 km 500 ZEA M ° ° LAND CLAI E AUSTRALIAN E CLAIM Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection CLAIM 724-733 U9 CH26 RA TWIP-860976 3/14/04 10:39 PM Page 730

REGIONAL ATLAS Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica onments °E ered°E120 Envir140°E130 150°E 160°E170°E° 170°W180 160°W 150°W 140°W 130Contiguous°W Endang and Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica: 30°N Land Comparison CHINA PACIFIC OCEAN TROPIC OF CANCER HAWAII 20°N NORTHERN U.S. MARIANA IS. PHILIPPINES U.S. GUAM MARSHALL U.S. ISLANDS 10°N

PALAU FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA EQUATOR 0° PAPUA KIRIBATI NEW GUINEA NAURU SAMOA INDONESIA TOKELAUN.Z. TUVALU 10°S SOLOMON ISLANDS AMERICAN FRENCH WALLIS AND SAMOA FUTUNA Fr. POLYNESIA Coral VANUATU U.S. COOK Fr. ISLANDS Sea NEW TONGA N.Z. 20°S CALEDONIA FIJI Fr. ISLANDS TROPIC OF CAPRICORN PITCAIRN I. U.K. GREAT BARRIER REEF NIUEN.Z. AUSTRALIA MARINE PARK 30°S N 0 mi. 1,500 W E NEW 0 km 1,500 ZEALAND S Miller Cylindrical projection 40°S Tasman INDIAN Sea Area protected by OCEAN the Antarctic Treaty

° 20 50 S 40 ° E °E 0 ° ° ° Endangered Marine Environments W W A 40 20 N TA Mangroves R INDIAN C ATLANTIC T IC OCEAN Coral Reef Status C OCEAN IR C High Medium Low L E E ° Risk Risk Risk 70 60 60°S ° Source: Environment Program – S World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, U.K.

80 ° ANTARCTIC CIRCLE S 80°W 80°E

° ANTARCTICA South 70 S Pole

° ANTARCTICA MAP STUDY 100 W 100°E

PACIFIC 1 What is the risk status of most of Great °W 120 OCEAN °W Barrier Reef Marine Park? 120 °E 140 W ° mi. 5000 ° 160 160 180 140

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Geo Extremes

COMPARING POPULATION: 1 HIGHEST POINT 4 LARGEST LAKE United States and Selected Vinson Massif (Antarctica) (Australia) Countries of Australia, Oceania, 16,067 ft. (4,897 m) high 3,600 sq. mi. and Antarctica (9,324 sq. km) 2 LOWEST POINT UNITED STATES Bently Subglacial Trench 5 LARGEST HOT DESERT (Antarctica) Great Victoria (Australia) 8,366 ft. (2,550 m) 134,650 sq. mi. below sea level (348,742 sq. km) AUSTRALIA 3 LONGEST RIVER 6 LARGEST COLD DESERT Murray-Darling (Australia) Antarctica 2,310 mi. (3,718 km) long 5,100,000 sq. mi. (13,209,000 sq. km) = 15,000,000 NEW ZEALAND

Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2003.

POPULATION GROWTH: 4 5 3 Australia, 1958–2008

24

21 20 18.8 16.5 16 1 6 14.4 2 12 12

Population (millions) 9.8

8 GRAPHIC STUDY 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008* Year

*projected 1 The largest cold desert in this region is also Source: Australian Demographic Statistics, 2003. the largest desert in the world. What is it?

2 By how much is Australia’s population expected to have grown between 1958 and 2008?

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REGIONAL ATLAS Country Profiles AAUSTRALIAUSTRALIA KIRIBKIRIBATIATI

POPULATION: ATES FEDERAFEDERATEDTED STSTATES Tarawa 19,900,000 of MICRONESIA POPULATION: 7 per sq. mi. Canberra 100,000 3 per sq. km 348 per sq. mi. 134 per sq. km LANGUAGE: Palikir English POPULATION: FIJI ISLANDS LANGUAGES: 100,000 English, Gilbertese MAJOR EXPORT: 426 per sq. mi. CAPITAL: CAPITAL: Coal 164 per sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: Canberra Tarawa POPULATION: Coconut Products MAJOR IMPORT: LANGUAGES: LANDMASS: LANDMASS: Machinery English, Local 900,000 MAJOR IMPORT: 2,988,888 sq. mi. 123 per sq. mi. 282 sq. mi. Languages Suva Foods 7,741,220 sq. km CAPITAL: 47 per sq. km 730 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: Palikir LANGUAGES: Fish LANDMASS: English, Fijian, MAJOR IMPORT: 270 sq. mi. Hindi Foods 699 sq. km CAPITAL: MAJOR EXPORT: Suva Sugar LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: 7,054 sq. mi. Machinery 18,270 sq. km

MARSHALL ISLANDS POPULATION: NEW ZEALAND 100,000 URU 791 per sq. mi. NANAURU 305 per sq. km POPULATION: Majuro LANGUAGES: 4,000,000 English, Local 38 per sq. mi. POPULATION: 15 per sq. km Wellington Languages 10,000 Yaren MAJOR EXPORT: 1,412 per sq. mi. LANGUAGE: CAPITAL: 545 per sq. km English Coconut Products Majuro MAJOR IMPORT: LANGUAGES: MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: LANDMASS: Nauruan, English Wool Foods 69 sq. mi. Wellington MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: MAJOR IMPORT: 179 sq. km Yaren LANDMASS: Phosphates Machinery 104,452 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 270,531 sq. km 9 sq. mi. Foods 23 sq. km

PPAPUAAPUA SOLOMON NEW GUINEA ISLANDS U POPULATION: POPULATION: PPALAUALA 5,500,000 A 500,000 31 per sq. mi. SSAMOAAMO 44 per sq. mi. 12 per sq. km 17 per sq. km Port Honiara LANGUAGES: Moresby LANGUAGES: POPULATION: English, Local Koror English, Local POPULATION: 20,000 Languages Languages 113 per sq. mi. 200,000 Apia CAPITAL: 157 per sq. mi. MAJOR EXPORT: CAPITAL: 44 per sq. km MAJOR EXPORT: Port Moresby Gold 61 per sq. km Cocoa Honiara LANGUAGES: LANDMASS: MAJOR IMPORT: English, Palauan MAJOR IMPORT: LANGUAGES: LANDMASS: 178,703 sq. mi. Machinery 11,158 sq. mi. CAPITAL: Machinery Samoan, English MAJOR EXPORT: 462,841 sq. km CAPITAL: 28,899 sq. km Fish Koror MAJOR EXPORT: Coconut Products Apia MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: 178 sq. mi. MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Machinery 1,097 sq. mi. 461 sq. km Foods 2,841 sq. km

Countries and flags not drawn to scale

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For more information on countries in this region, refer to the Nations of the World Data Bank in the Appendix.

TONGA

POPULATION: ALU 100,000 TUV 370 per sq. mi. 143 per sq. km VANUATUTU Nuku‘alofa LANGUAGES: POPULATION: Tongan, English 10,000 Funafuti POPULATION: 1,000 per sq. mi. 200,000 MAJOR EXPORT: CAPIT Squash AL: 385 per sq. km 45 per sq. mi. Nuku‘alofa 17 per sq. km LANGUAGES: Port-Vila MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Tuvalu, English LANGUAGES: Foods 290 sq. mi. : CAPITAL: Bislama, English, 751 sq. km MAJOR EXPORT French Coconut Products Funafuti MAJOR EXPORT MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: : CAPITAL: 10 sq. mi. Coconut Products Foods Port-Vila 26 sq. km MAJOR IMPORT: LANDMASS: Machinery 4,707 sq. mi. 12,191 sq. km

Voting Nearly all eligible voters participate in elections in This woman is exercising Australia. All citizens over 18 years old are required to vote in all her right to vote. ▼ local, state, and national elections. If they don’t vote, they can be fined up to 50 Australian dollars. To make it easier, elections are held on Saturdays and voting is done at schools, churches, and other convenient locations. In the United States, only about half of eligible people vote in the presidential elections. Why do so many people in the United States not exercise their right to vote?

WRITE ABOUT IT

Voting and participating in political activities are important parts of belonging to a democratic society. Yet in the United States, most people do not vote. Imagine you are the head of elections for your city and it is your responsibility to encourage people to vote in upcoming elections for mayor and the city council. Design a flyer that will be mailed to all households to encourage people to vote. 734-740 U9 CH26 S1 TWIP-860976 3/14/04 10:51 PM Page 734

pter ha C AustraliaAustralia 2626 andand NewNew ZealandZealand

Social Studies To learn more about the people and places of Australia and New Zealand, Chapter Overview Visit The World and Its view The World and Its People People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and Chapter 27 video. click on Chapter 26—Chapter Overviews to preview information about Australia and New Zealand.

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An Isolated Region Australia and New Zealand have been called “the last places on Earth” because they are so far from other lands. Within Australia, some farmers in the remote outback region often have to drive several hours on unpaved roads to reach a distant rural town. Yet despite its isolation and distance from other countries, Australia has a prosperous economy that ties it very closely to the rest of the world. ▼ ▼ Ayers Rock in

Making Predictions Make this foldable to record information about Australia and New Zealand. You will then use it to make predictions about the future of the countries.

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half Step 2 Fold it in half again, from side to from top to bottom. side.

Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Sketch Step 4 Cut along the fold of the top flap an and New Zealand only. across the front tabs and label your foldable as shown. New Zealand

New Zealand Australia This cut will make two tabs.

Australia

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter, write what you learn about these countries under the appropriate tabs of your foldable. Then use that information to make predictions about the future economic growth and development of these countries. 734-740 U9 CH26 S1 TWIP-860976 3/14/04 10:52 PM Page 736

Guide to Reading 11 Main Idea Australia–Land Both a continent and a country, Australia has many natural resources Down Under but relatively few people.

Terms to Know • coral reef • outback • station Signs along Australia’s lonely • marsupial • boomerang outback warn drivers that • bush they may meet camels, wombats, or . Reading Strategy This road stretches for Create a chart like this 800 miles (1,287 km) one. Then fill in two between Western and facts about Australia for each category. . With only 11 rest stops Land History along the way, perhaps meeting a Climate would be a good thing. It might Economy People make the drive seem less lonely.

Australia, the sixth-largest country in the world,is also a continent. It is sometimes referred to as the “Land Down Under” because it is located in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s Landscape Plateaus and plains spread across most of Australia. The map on page742 shows you that the country has low mountain ranges as well, including the Great Dividing Range. The island of Tasmania is also part of Australia. The Great Barrier Reef lies off the country’s north- eastern coast. Here, coral formations have piled up for millions of years to create a colorful chain that stretches 1,250 miles (2,012 km).A coral reef is a structure formed by the skeletons of small sea animals. Narrow plains run along the south and southeast of Australia.These fertile flatlands hold the best farmland and most of the country’s peo- ple. Two major rivers, the Murray and the Darling, drain this region.

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Australians use the name outback for the inland regions of their country. Mining camps and cattle and sheep ranches called stations Social Studies dot this region. One is almost twice as large as Delaware. Web Activity Visit Water is scarce in Australia.In the , however, The World and Its water lies in deep, underground pools. Ranchers drill wells and bring People Web site at the underground water to the surface for their cattle. Australia’s west- twip.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 26— ern plateau is even drier. Most people who cross the deserts and Student Web ranges on this vast plateau do so by airplane. Activities to learn more about the Great Unusual Animals About 200 million years ago, the tectonic plate Barrier Reef. upon which Australia sits separated from the other continents. As a result, Australia’s native plants and animals are not found elsewhere in the world.Two well-known Australian animals are kangaroos and . Both are marsupials, or mammals that carry their young in a pouch. Turn to page740 to read more about some of Australia’s animals. Where do most of Australia’s people live? Australia’s Economy Australia has a strong, prosperous economy.The country is a treas- ure chest overflowing with mineral resources. These riches include iron ore,zinc,bauxite,gold,silver,opals,diamonds,and pearls.Australia

Literature

Aboriginal

GREAT MOTHER SNAKE bark painting ▼ Aboriginal Legend Most cultures developed stories to help explain their beginnings. In this Aboriginal legend, the Great Mother Snake is credited with creating Australia as well as all of its human and animal inhabitants.

. . . Then finally She awoke and brought from the womb on “the Earth itself, man and woman. And they learned from the Mother Snake how to live in peace and harmony with all these creatures who were their spiritual cousins. . . . And man and woman were now the caretakers of this land. And the Great Snake then entered a large water hole where she guards the fish and other water creatures, so that when the Aboriginal people fish they know to take only as much as they can eat, because if someone should take more than they need through greed or kills for pleasure, they know that one dark night, the Great Mother Snake will come . . . and punish the one who broke this tribal law.” Source: Great Mother Snake, an Aboriginal legend.

Analyzing Literature Why would it be important for people in this culture to take from the earth only as much as they needed? 734-740 U9 CH26 S1 TWIP-860976 3/14/04 10:53 PM Page 738

Architecture The Sydney Opera House—one of the most famous buildings in the world—stands on a peninsula jutting out into the harbor of Sydney, Australia. The soaring, shell-like roof and walls are made of reinforced concrete covered with gleaming white ceramic tiles. Inside are an opera house, concert hall, theater, and other entertain- ment facilities. Completed in 1973, the Sydney Opera House is regarded as a masterpiece of modern architecture. Looking Closer What do you think this build- ing resembles?

also has energy resources,including coal,oil,and natural gas.Mineral and energy resources make up more than one-third of Australia’s exports. Australia’s dry climate limits farming. With irrigation, however, farmers grow grains,sugarcane,cotton,fruits,and vegetables.The main agricultural activity is raising livestock, especially cattle and sheep. Australia is the world’s top producer and exporter of wool. Ranchers also ship beef and cattle hides. Manufacturing includes processed foods,transportation equipment, metals, cloth, and chemicals. High-technology industries, service indus- tries,and also play a large role in the economy. Ocean shipping enables Australia to export goods to distant markets. More than half go to Asia. The United States is also an important market for exports. Despite its huge area, Australia has only 19.9 million people. The country has long needed more skilled workers to develop its resources and build its economy.Thus, the government has encouraged immigra- tion. More than 5 million immigrants have arrived in recent decades. What is Australia’s main agricultural activity?

Australia’s History and People Australia’s Aborigines (A•buh•RIHJ•neez) are the descendants of the first immigrants who came from Asia at least 40,000 years ago. For centuries, the nomadic Aborigines hunted, gathered plants, and searched for water. They developed a weapon called a boomerang. It is a flat, bent, wooden tool that hunters throw to stun prey. If the boomerang misses, it curves and sails back to the hunter. The Dutch were the first Europeans to travel to Australia in the late 1600s.In 1770 Captain James Cook reached Australia and claimed it for h Aboriginal boomerang . At first the British government used Australia as a place

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to send prisoners. Then the British set up , especially after gold was discovered in the outback in 1851. Land was taken from the Aborigines, and many died of European diseases. Today nearly 300,000 Aborigines live in Australia. Many are moving to cities to find jobs. In 1967 the recognized the Aborigines as citizens. Dreamtime Danny Ahmatt and John The Government In 1901 the colonies united to form the Meninga are Aborigines Commonwealth of Australia. Today Australia has a British-style parlia- who live in Australia’s mentary democracy. A prime minister is the head of government. . They live Australians still accept the British monarch as a ceremonial leader. modern lives, but they also Many Australians, however, would like their country to become a have traditional Aborigine beliefs. “We believe in with an Australian president. Dreamtime,” says Danny. Like the United States,Australia has a federal system of government. “This means that our ances- This means that political power is divided between a national govern- tors do not die but instead ment and state . The country has six states and two terri- become part of nature. This tories,the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. is why we learn to respect our environment.” City and Rural Life About 90 percent of Australians live in cities. Sydney and Melbourne are the largest cities.Canberra, the capital,was a planned city located inland to draw people into the outback. About 10 percent of Australians live in rural areas known as . Many rural people also live and work on the stations that dot the outback. Australians speak English, but “Aussies,” as they call themselves, have some different words. For example, Australians say “G’Day” as a form of hello and cook beef on a “barbie,”or barbeque grill. What kind of government does Australia have?

11 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms Graphic Organizer 1. Define coral reef, outback, station, marsupial, 7. Organizing Information Create a time boomerang, bush. line like this one with at least four dates in Australia’s history. Write the dates on one side Recalling Facts of the line and the corresponding event on the 2. History Why does Australia have animals that opposite side. are not found on other continents? 3. Economics What are four mineral resources found in Australia? 4. History Who are the Aborigines? Critical Thinking 5. Understanding Cause and Effect How Applying Social Studies Skills does climate affect ? 6. Drawing Conclusions How does life in 8. Analyzing Maps Look at the physical/political Australia show that the country was once map on page742 . What mountain peak repre- a of the ? sents the highest elevation in Australia? What mountain range is it part of?

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ART SCIENCE CULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Australia’s Amazing Animals Australia is home to some fascinating and feeds only on leaves unusual animals. In fact, many of Australia’s of eucalyptus trees. animal species are found nowhere else in Although there are the world. over 600 species of eucalyptus that grow Kangaroos in Australia, koalas Ask people what comes to mind when they eat only a few types. h and joey think of Australian animals, and they will proba- The leaves also pro- bly say the kangaroo. Kangaroos are marsupials— vide the animals with all the moisture they need. mammals whose young mature inside a pouch on Quiet, calm, and sleepy,koalas spend most of their the mother’s belly. The young kangaroo, called a time in the trees. joey, stays there for months, eating and growing. Australia is home to more than 50 species of kan- Platypus and garoo, ranging in size from the 6-foot (2-m) red The odd-looking platypus is one of the kangaroo to the 9-inch (23-cm) musky rat-kangaroo. world’s few egg-laying mammals. Sometimes No matter what their size, all kangaroos have one called a duck-billed platypus, the animal has a thing in common—big hind feet. Kangaroos soft, sensitive, skin-covered snout. The platypus is bound along at about 20 miles (32 km) per hour. a good swimmer who lives in burrows along the In a single jump, a kangaroo can hop 10 feet (3 m) streams and riverbanks of southern and eastern high and cover a distance of 45 feet (14 m). Australia. It uses its bill to stir the river bottom in search of food. Koalas After the ostrich, the Australian emu is the Because of their round face, big black nose, world’s second-largest bird. Although the emu large fluffy ears, and soft fur, people sometimes cannot fly, its long legs enable it to run at call these animals koala bears. Yet they are not speeds of up to 30 miles (48 km) per hour. bears at all. The koala is a marsupial. The female’s Another interesting characteristic of the emu is pouch opens at the bottom. Strong muscles keep its nesting behavior. Although the female lays the pouch shut and the young koalas, also called the eggs, the male emu sits on them until they joeys, safe inside. The koala is a fussy eater who are ready to hatch.

+ Kangaroo and joey

Emu m 1. What are marsupials? 2. How far can a kangaroo hop in a single jump? 3. Making Comparisons Compare two different animals that live in Australia. How are they alike? How are they different?

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Guide to Reading 22 Main Idea New Zealand New Zealand is a small country with a growing economy based on trade. Terms to Know •geyser • manuka Have you ever tasted a ripe green • fjord kiwifruit (KEE•wee•FROOT)? If so, • geothermal energy it might have been grown on a • hydroelectric power New Zealand farm like the Reading Strategy one shown here. After all, Create a time line like New Zealand is one of this one with at least the world’s leading four dates in New Zealand’s history. Write producers of this tasty the dates on one side fruit. The kiwifruit, of the line and the once known as the corresponding event Chinese gooseberry, is on the opposite side. now named for the kiwi bird—New Zealand’s national symbol.

New Zealand lies in the Pacific Ocean about 1,200 miles (1,931 km) southeast of its nearest neighbor, Australia. In contrast to Australia’s flat, dry land, New Zealand is mountainous and very green. Its climate is mild and wet. Both New Zealand and Australia are located in the Southern Hemisphere, so their summer starts in December and their winter starts in June. New Zealand’s Land New Zealand is about the size of Colorado. It includes two main islands—North Island and South Island—as well as many smaller islands. The Cook Strait separates the two main islands. North Island A large plateau forms the center of North Island. Three active volcanoes and the inactive Mount Egmont are located here. You also find geysers, or hot springs that spout steam and water through a crack in the earth. Small shrubs called manuka grow well in the plateau’s fertile vol- canic soil. Fertile lowlands, forested hills, and sandy beaches surround

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North Island’s central plateau. On the plateau’s slopes, sheep and cattle graze. Fruits and vegetables are grown on the coastal lowlands. South Island The Southern Alps run along South Island’s western coast. Snowcapped Mount Cook, the highest peak in New Zealand, soars 12,316 feet (3,754 m). Glaciers lie on mountain slopes above green forests and sparkling blue lakes. Long ago, these glaciers cut deep fjords (fee•AWRDS), or steep-sided valleys, into the mountains. The sea has filled these fjords with crystal-blue waters. To the east of the Southern Alps stretch the Canterbury Plains. They form New Zealand’s largest area of flat or nearly flat land. Farmers grow grains and ranchers raise sheep here. Plants and Animals New Zealanders take pride in their unique wildlife. Their national symbol is a flightless bird called the kiwi. Giant kauri (KOWR•ee) trees once dominated all of North Island. About 100 years ago, European settlers cut down many of these trees, using the wood to build homes and ships. Today the government pro- tects kauri trees. One of them is more than 2,000 years old. Which island of New Zealand has glaciers and fjords?

Australia and New Zealand: Physical/Political

120°E 130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E 170°E INDONESIA Arafura 10°S Sea G ia OCEANIA ° r r 180 a Sea f t e INDIAN Darwin o n a f e Cape l p t u r OCEAN a York G B C Peninsula a r Coral r i e Sea 20°S r R Great Sandy e H e am Desert Elevations e Macdonnell f TROPIC OF CAPRICORN Ra rs n le Ranges Feet Meters ge y Gibson Great 10,000 3,000 Desert AUSTRALIA PACIFIC 5,000 1,500 D a Artesian 2,000 600 r Great Victoria l Lake e OCEAN 1,000 300 i n Eyre . g 0 0 Desert Basin R g ° ng n 30 S R li a ar a D R n Mountain peak Perth g g e n Newcastle Great Australian i d Bight i Sydney urra v M y i North R. D Canberra a t Mt. Kosciuszko Auckland Island G r e 7,310 ft. Applying Map Skills Melbourne (2,228 m) NEW it 40°S Stra ZEALAND ass N B Tasman Mt. Cook Wellington 1. What mountain range lies near Tasmania 12,316 ft. Sea Cook Australia’s eastern coast? INDIAN W E (3,754 m) Strait OCEAN S Christchurch 2. What is the capital of New Zealand? 0 mi. 1,000 South Canterbury Southern Alps 0 km 1,000 Island Plains Find NGS online map resources @ Dunedin www.nationalgeographic.com/maps Miller Cylindrical projection

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New Zealand’s Economy On Location New Zealand has a thriving agricultural economy.Sheep are an important agricultural resource. New Zealand is the second-leading wool producer in the world.Lamb • meat is another important export. Apples,barley,wheat,and corn are the main crops. Trade with other countries is an important part of New Zealand’s economy. Its main trading partners are Australia, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. There are bene- fits and dangers due to New Zealand’s dependence on trade. If the economies of other coun- tries are growing quickly, demand for goods from New Zealand will rise. If their economies slow, however, these countries will buy fewer products. This can cause hardship in New Zealand. In recent years, trade has increased, and New Zealanders enjoy a high Maori standard of living. Mining and Manufacturing New Zealand sits on top of the molten In recent years, the Maori culture has rock that forms volcanoes. As a result,it is rich in geothermal energy, experienced a revival or electricity produced from steam. The major source of energy, in New Zealand. Some however, is hydroelectric power—electricity generated by flowing Maoris dress in tradi- water. New Zealand also has coal, oil, iron ore, silver, and gold. tional costumes for The country is rapidly industrializing. The main manufactured special celebrations. items are wood products, fertilizer, wool products, and shoes. Service History How did the industries and tourism also play large roles in the economy. Maoris arrive in New Zealand? How does its dependence on trade with other countries present both benefits and dangers to New Zealand? New Zealand’s History and People People called the Maoris (MOWR•eez) are believed to have arrived in New Zealand between A.D.950 and 1150.They probably crossed the Pacific Ocean in canoes from islands far to the northeast. Undisturbed for hundreds of years, the Maoris developed skills in farming, weaving, fishing, bird hunting, and woodcarving. The first European explorers came to the islands in the mid- 1600s. Almost 200 years passed before settlers—most of them

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British—arrived. In 1840 British officials signed a treaty with Maori leaders. In this treaty, the Maoris agreed to accept British rule in return for the right to keep their land. More British settlers eventu- ally moved onto Maori land. War broke out in the 1860s—a war that the Maoris lost. In 1893 the colony became the first land to give women the right to vote.New Zealand was also among the first places in which the gov- ernment gave help to people who were elderly, sick, or out of work. New Zealand became independent in 1907. The country is a par- liamentary democracy in which elected representatives choose a prime minister to head the government. Five seats in the parliament can be held only by Maoris. Today about 10 percent of New Zealand’s 4 million people are Maoris. The rest are mostly descendants of British settlers. Asians and Pacific Islanders, attracted by the growing econ- omy, have increased the diversity of New Zealand’s society. About 86 percent of the people live in urban areas. The largest cities are Auckland, an important port, and Wellington, the capital. Both are on North Island, where about 75 percent of the people live. New Zealanders take advantage of the country’s mild climate and beautiful landscapes. They enjoy camping, hiking, hunting, boating, and mountain climbing in any season. They also play cricket and rugby, sports that originated in Great Britain. What group settled New Zealand about 1,000 years ago?

22 AssessmentAssessment

Defining Terms 6. Making Predictions With so many different 1. Define geyser, manuka, fjord, geothermal peoples settling in New Zealand, how do you energy, hydroelectric power. think the country’s culture might change? Recalling Facts Graphic Organizer 2. Region How do New Zealand’s land and cli- 7. Organizing Information Imagine that you mate compare to Australia’s? are moving to New Zealand. Write a question 3. Economics What two animal products are you would ask for each topic in the chart below. important exports for New Zealand? 4. History Most of New Zealand’s people are Physical features Economy Recreation descendants of settlers from what European Climate Government Culture country? Critical Thinking 5. Analyzing Information Why do you Applying Social Studies Skills think New Zealand’s government guaran- tees the Maoris a certain number of seats 8. Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page742 . in the parliament? Which New Zealand island has higher moun- tains? How can you tell?

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EXPLORING WORLD Perspectives ISSUES Closing the Gap

SymbolSymbol of of Unity: Unity: New New Zealand’s Zealand’s Natioanl National Rugby Rugby Team Team AFP/CORBIS

Compiled and adapted from TIME. 745-751 U9 CH26 TR TWIP-860976 2/21/05 2:08 AM Page 746

EXPLORINGEXPLORING WORLDWORLD DAVE E.DAVE HOUSER/ CORBIS Perspectives ISSUESISSUES InIn theirtheir ancestors’ancestors’ clothes,clothes, MaorisMaoris dodo aa fiercefierce dance.dance. LandLand isis sacredsacred toto Australia’sAustralia’s AboriginesAborigines (right).(right). The New World Down Under hen Ngataua Omahuru was The British, called Pakehas (pa•KAY• five years old, he made a big haws) by the Maoris, did not value mistake. Ngataua (en•gah• the Maori culture. The Pakehas were TOW•ah) was a Maori, a native New ethnocentric, or convinced that no way Zealander. He and his family lived in the forest beneath Mount Taranaki, a Maori Iwi Lands volcano on New Zealand’s North Island. One day in 1869, Ngataua made the North NEW ZEALAND Traditional areas of Island 050100 150 mistake of wandering away from his New Zealand’s 10 biggest miles tribes (iwi) parents. A band of British soldiers kid- 1 N napped him. Major Iwi (2001 population) 1 Ngapuhi (102,981) WE New Zealand was a British colony 2 Waikato (35,781) S Auckland Tauranga 3 Ngati Maniapoto (27,168) then. Europeans had been settling Gisborne 4 Te Atiawa (17,445) Hamilton there in great numbers for more than 2 5 Ngati Awa (13,044) 3 5 6 40 years. They had moved onto Maori 6 Ngati Porou (61,701) New 7 7 Tuho (29,259) Plymouth 4 9 8 land, paying nothing or very little for it. 8 Ngati Kahungunu (51,552) Napier 9 Ngati Tuwaharetoa (29,301) Palmerston 8 Maoris who tried to protect their land North were often forced off it at gunpoint. 10 Ngai Tahu (39,180) 8 Ngataua ended up in the home of 8 William Fox, the head of the colony’s South Island Wellington government. Fox and his wife changed Greymouth 10 Ngataua’s name to William Fox. They Tasman South Pacific Sea 10 Ocean sent him to English schools. They cut Christchurch 10 all his links to the Maori world. 10 A Rich Culture Through their religion, the Maoris 10 Dunedin felt close to their ancestors and to 10 nature. They expressed themselves Stewart Island through song, poetry, weaving, wood- carving, and even tattooing. They were interpreting maps brave and clever warriors. Making Inferences Suppose you were a Ngapuhi living 200 years ago. About how About 200 years ago, New Zealand was far would you have had to travel to reach home to dozens of iwi, or tribes. This map the Ngai Tahu? What might have made shows where 10 of them were located. this trip difficult and dangerous?

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AMMEN Aborigine ALLSPOR ST — Maori and Pakeha children play A. Cathy Freeman SOUDERS/CORBIS AN HASSEL A. V together.together. TheThe gapgap betweenbetween thethe Women in traditional dress lightslights thethe OlympicOlympic UL

A flame in 2000. two groups is closing. P flame in 2000.

perform Maori dances. AL BELLO

two groups is closing. perform Maori dances. BETTINA JOHN

of life was better than their own. They tried to make the first Australians more believed the Maoris would be better off like them. leaving their ways behind. Some of their methods were espe- That decision guided Pakeha thinking cially harsh. The government decided for a century. The Maoris were taught that Aborigine children would be better they had nothing in their culture to be off in the hands of white families. So proud of. Cut loose from their traditions from 1910 to 1971, as many as 100,000 but not fully accepted by whites, the Aborigine children were removed from Maoris fell on hard times. their parents. White families adopted They are still trying to recover. most of them. Few of the children ever Compared with Pakehas, Maoris today saw their birth mothers again. learn less and earn less. They die more Fighting for Maori Rights readily from cancer, diabetes, and heart Ngataua Omahuru got to see his disease. mother again. As a young lawyer, he New Zealanders are trying to close returned to his homeland on business. the gaps between the two groups. They His real family recognized him, and he are doing it both to be fair and to keep saw how badly they had been treated. their nation strong. In 50 years, the He devoted the rest of his life to help- Maoris will make up almost one-fourth ing the Maoris fight for their rights, or of the country’s population. benefits guaranteed by law. Australia’s Ghosts It would take the Maoris almost a A similar issue haunts Australia, century to get a fair hearing. By then, 1,200 miles (1,931 km) west of New Maori foods, words, art, and songs had Zealand. Australia’s native people, the become part of New Zealand’s culture. Aborigines, make up about 1 percent of New Zealanders today realize just how the population. For tens of thousands much they would lose if the Maori way of years, all of Australia was theirs. of life ever disappeared. In 1788 British settlers arrived. They began almost immediately to separate Exploring the issues the Aborigines from their culture. They 1.1. Making Inferences Why do you think British drove the Aborigines off land that they settlers believed their way of life was best? greatly respected, or considered sacred. 2.2. The British killed many who resisted. Problem Solving If you could, what two things would you change to improve the The Australian settlers repeated the Maoris’ lives? New Zealand settlers’ mistakes. They

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Perspectives Broken Promises round noon on February 6, 1840, about 75 people stood under a tent in the coastal BETTMANN/CORBIS hamlet of Waitangi, New Zealand. The gath- ering included Maori chiefs, British settlers, missionaries, and mili- tary men. They were there to sign a treaty. The treaty gave Great Britain the right to rule New Zealand. It gave the ▲ Maori children in traditional dress Maoris Great Britain’s promise to pro- tect them and their land. The Maoris tried to embarrass the The deal made sense to the Maoris. Pakehas into living up to the treaty. Shady businessmen had begun grab- They plowed up the lawns of rich set- bing Maori land. The chiefs felt that tlers who lived on stolen land. They Britain’s military muscle was the only met Pakeha troops with singing chil- thing that could stop the thefts. dren who offered the soldiers bread. Founding Charter But in the end nothing, not even the support of many white settlers, could The Treaty of Waitangi became New keep the Maoris from losing more land. Zealand’s founding document. It is as Waitangi Day is a national holiday in important to New Zealanders as the New Zealand. Many Maoris refuse to U.S. Constitution is to Americans. It celebrate it, and few people wonder granted British citizenship to the why. Maoris. It also described how Maoris and European settlers would share Exploring the issues responsibility for New Zealand. But an agreement is only as strong as 1.1. Explaining What does the sentence the will to enforce it. Greedy settlers “An agreement is only as strong as the took control of New Zealand’s govern- will to enforce it” mean? ment. They used small conflicts as 2.2. Making Inferences Why might it have excuses to take over huge pieces of been hard for Great Britain’s government Maori land. to live up to its side of the agreement?

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CLOSING THE GAP Closing the Gap ow do you fix a problem that began some 200 years ago? New Zealanders have three answers. They hope to keep the Maori culture alive. They want Maoris to have the skills they need to succeed. And

they want to pay the iwi, or tribes, for REUTERS NEW MEDIA INC/CORBIS land their ancestors lost to the British colonists. Maoritanga, the Maori way of life, is in trouble. Few people speak the Maori language. To help more people learn it, schools have begun to teach it. They also teach Maori traditions, along with Maori arts and crafts, music, and dance. Maoris now have an “all-Maori” TV channel too. Prescription for Success ▲ This is New Zealand’s Prime Minister Equipping Maoris to succeed is Helen Clark in 2001. New Zealand was another challenge. The government the first land to let all women vote. calls its solution “closing the gap”—in skills, wages, housing, and health care. Maoris are being encouraged to stay in about renewing a relationship that was school longer, so that they can find and intended to be based on trust.” keep good jobs. That was the spirit of the Treaty of The land issue is difficult. The gov- Waitangi. This time, New Zealanders ernment can’t return land to the Maoris are determined to make it work. that it doesn’t own without hurting the people who live on it now. The Maoris Exploring the Issue will be paid for lost land and other lost “treasures,” such as fishing rights. 1. Explaining What does the title of this By 2001, the Waitangi Tribunal had article mean? Where is the gap, and awarded several iwi a total of $300 mil- why do you think it exists? lion. The tribunal, or claims court, 2. Drawing Conclusions Why might won’t finish its work until around 2012. some Maoris be unhappy with the “The process [of sorting through Waitangi Tribunal’s decisions? Maori claims] is about more than money,” one panel member said. “It is

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Perspectives Bridging the Gaps at Home: What Can One Person Do? gataua Omahuru, the Maori in this group. As a team, find out all you who was raised in the Pakeha can about it. One person could research world, did a lot to help his peo- when members of the group came to ple. He was successful in part because the United States in large numbers. he knew both well. Another team member could look into Americans are fortunate to live in whether a particular event prompted a country that has many cultures. But them to leave their homeland at that time. Here are more questions for your team to consider: How did Americans view the newcomers? How have those views changed? How do members of this group see themselves today—as members of an ethnic group, as Americans, or as both? How has this group changed the way Americans define themselves? Share your findings with the rest of

PAUL A. SOUDERS/CORBIS the class. Write an article that summa- rizes your findings for a school news- ▲ paper or a Web page. Create a poster Auckland, with 400,000 people, that depicts what you learned about is New Zealand’s largest city. this immigrant group. Display the how many of us take the time to really poster at your school or local library. understand another culture? If we did, By doing so, you will help others we could help bridge the gaps that appreciate the glittering mosaic of often keep Americans apart. American life. Here’s one way to start. First, choose an immigrant group that you would like Exploring the Issue to learn more about. You’ll have a lot of 1. Making Generalizations In 2001, choices, because all Americans have one of every 10 Americans had been immigrant roots. And that includes born in another country. Why do you Native Americans, whose ancestors think the United States looks attractive came from Asia thousands of years ago. to people from other countries? 2. Cause and Effect Write a new title Detective Work for this TIME Reports feature. Share it Second, get together with a couple of with your classmates. Explain why you your classmates who share your interest think your title fits the story.

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CLOSING THE GAP REVIEWREVIEW AND AND ASSESSASSESS UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE Language Commission, and what it does. How important is 1. Defining Key language to a culture’s survival? BETTINA A. STAMMEN Terms Write defini- Write a short essay answering tions for the following that question, using facts you terms: Maori, Pakeha, find in your search. ethnocentric, Aborigine, sacred, rights, Treaty of 5. With your teacher’s help, use Waitangi, Waitangi Day, iwi, Internet resources to find infor- Maoritanga. mation on Maori food. Try to find specific sites that list Maori 2. Writing to Inform Write a ▲ short article describing the recipes in particular. Browse through the traditional recipes. A banana leaf serves as a plate history of the Treaty of for traditional Maori food. Waitangi. Use at least five Then write a 250-word article of the terms listed above. explaining how those recipes provide clues to where the terms what one iwi’s traditional 3. Writing to Persuade Why is Maoris live, how they cook, land may have looked like. it important to respect other and what foods their great- cultures? Write a short article grandparents ate. 7. Visit your school or local to support your view, using the library to find books on the experiences of New Zealand BEYOND THE CLASSROOM Maoris or Aborigines. (A good and Australia as examples. 6. Compare the map on but long one is Peter Walker’s page746 with the physical/ The Fox Boy, which tells INTERNET RESEARCH ACTIVITY political map of New Zealand Ngataua Omahuru’s story.) 4. With your teacher’s help, use on page742 . What does the Prepare an oral book Internet resources to learn more physical/political map tell report to deliver in about New Zealand. Read you about the land the class. Make sure to about the history of the Maori iwi occupied? In a short note the author’s language. Read about the Maori essay, describe in general point of view. The Making of a Multicultural Society BUILDING graph Australia has become one of Total Number 250,000 reading skills the world’s most successful of Immigrants multicultural democracies. 1. Analyzing the Data In 2002 there Where immigrants to Australia came 200,000 from, 1947–2002 were about 89,000 immigrants. Which two places did most Asia 150,000 immigrants come from? New Zealand, Other Pacific 2. Making Inferences What might Islands 100,000 make people want to leave their homelands and settle in Australia? Outside the 50,000 UK and Ireland FOR UPDATES ON United FOR UPDATES ON WORLD ISSUES GO TO Kingdom and 0 WORLD ISSUES GO TO Ireland www.timeclassroom.com/glencoe

Source: Australian Bureau 1949-50 1955-56 1961-62 1967-68 1973-74 1979-80 1985-86 1991-92 1997-982001-02 of Statistics 751 752-755 U9 CH26 RR TWIP-860976 4/25/04 11:47 AM Page 752

Outlining Outlining may be used as a starting Practicing the Skill point for writing. The writer begins with the On a separate sheet of paper, copy the rough shape of the material and gradually fills following outline for Section 2 of this chap- in the details in a logical manner. You may ter. Then use your textbook to fill in the also use outlining as a method of note taking missing subtopics and details. and organizing information as you read.

I. New Zealand’s Land Learning the Skill A.North Island 1. Central plateau surrounded by fertile lowlands There are two types of outlines—formal 2. Active volcanoes and geysers and informal. An informal outline is similar to B.______1. Southern Alps on western coast taking notes—you write words and phrases 2. ______needed to remember main ideas. In contrast, C.Plants and Animals 1. ______a formal outline has a standard format. Follow 2. ______these steps to formally outline information: II. New Zealand’s Economy A.Agriculture • Read the text to identify the main ideas. 1. ______Label these with Roman numerals. 2. ______• Write subtopics under each main idea. B.Trading Partners 1. ______Label these with capital letters. 2. ______• Write supporting details for each subtopic. 3. ______4. ______Label these with Arabic numerals. C. ______• Each level should have at least two entries 1. ______that are indented from the level above. 2. Wood products, fertilizer, wool products, and shoes III. New Zealand’s History and People • All entries should use the same grammati- A. ______cal form, whether they are phrases or B. ______complete sentences.

m A huge sheep herd pours down a ravine on New Zealand’s North Island. Applying the Skill

Following the guidelines above, prepare an outline for Section 1 of this chapter.

Practice key skills with Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 1.

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pter ha C 2626 ReadingReading ReviewReview

SectionSection 11 Australia—Land Down Under Terms to Know Main Idea coral reef Both a continent and a country, Australia has many natural resources outback but relatively few people. station ✓Place Dry plateaus and lowland plains spread across most of Australia. marsupial ✓History Because Australia has been separated from other continents for mil- boomerang lions of years, unusual plants and animals developed here. bush ✓Economics Most of Australia’s wealth comes from minerals and the products of its ranches. It is the world’s leading producer and exporter of wool. ✓Culture Australia has relatively few people, most of whom live along the coasts.

Australian ranchers # in the outback

SectionSection 22 New Zealand Terms to Know Main Idea geyser New Zealand is a small country with a growing economy based on trade. manuka ✓Place New Zealand has volcanic mountains, high glaciers, deep-cut fjords, fer- fjord tile hills, and coastal plains. The climate is mild and wet. geothermal energy ✓Economics New Zealand’s economy is built on trade. Sheepherding is an hydroelectric power important activity, and wool and lamb meat are major exports. ✓History The people called the Maoris first came to New Zealand about 1,000 years ago. ✓Culture Most people live on North Island, where the country’s two main cities can be found. ✓History New Zealand was the first land to allow women to vote.

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pter ha C AssessmentAssessment 2626 andand ActivitiesActivities

Using Key Terms Reviewing the Main Ideas Match the terms in Part A with their Section 1 Australia—Land Down Under definitions in Part B. 11. Location Why is Australia called the A. “Land Down Under”? 12. Place For what is the outback used? 1. boomerang 6. manuka 13. Economics What does Australia lead the 2. bush 7. marsupial world in producing and exporting? 3. station 8. hydroelectric 14. History What country colonized 4. geothermal power Australia? energy 9. coral reef 15. Culture What percentage of people live in Australia’s cities? 5. outback 10. geyser 16. Location Why was Canberra located inland? B. a. electricity produced from steam Section 2 New Zealand b. flat, bent, wooden weapon that stuns prey 17. Location On which island do most New or returns to the thrower Zealanders live? c. mammal that carries its young in a pouch 18. History When did New Zealand gain its d. hot spring that shoots hot water into the air independence from Britain? 19. Economics What are two sources of elec- e. in Australia tric power in New Zealand? f. structure formed by the skeletons of small 20. Culture How many New Zealanders have sea animals Maori heritage? g. name for entire inland region of Australia 21. Human/Environment Interaction What h. cattle or sheep in Australia leisure activities do New Zealanders enjoy i. electricity generated by flowing water that are made possible by the country’s climate? j. small shrub found in New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand

Place Location Activity N W E On a separate sheet of paper, match the letters S on the map with the numbered places listed below. G 1. Auckland 6. Southern Alps 2. Sydney 7. Great Artesian Basin D F 3. Tasmania 8. Wellington J C 4. Great Barrier Reef 9. Canberra E B 5. Great Dividing Range 10 . Melbourne A

0 mi. 1,000 I H 0 km 1,000 Miller Cylindrical projection 754 752-755 U9 CH26 RR TWIP-860976 3/14/04 11:33 PM Page 755

Social Studies

Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and Standardized Test Practice click on Chapter 26—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the Chapter Test. Directions: Study the graph below, and then answer the question that follows. Critical Thinking Leading Wool-Producing Countries 1,800 817 22. Understanding Cause and Effect Why do

most Australians and New Zealanders live in Millions of kilograms per year coastal areas? 1,500 681 23. Organizing Information Create two ovals like these. In the outer ovals, write four facts about each country under its heading. Where 1,200 545 the ovals overlap, write three facts that are true of both countries. 900 409

New Australia Zealand 600 273 Comparing Regions Activity H 300 136

24. Choose one of the physical Millions of pounds per year features found in Australia or New Zealand. You might choose the Great Barrier Reef 0 or the geysers or glaciers of New Zealand. Australia China Then choose a physical feature in the New Zealand Russia Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. United States, such as Death Valley or the Grand Canyon. Create a poster that includes a map, photographs, and facts about each 1. How much wool does Australia produce feature. What conclusions can you draw per year? about similarities or differences between A 1,800 pounds the two features? B 1,800,000 pounds Mental Mapping Activity C about 1,700 pounds D about 1,700,000,000 pounds 25. Focusing on the Region Create a simple outline map of Australia and New Zealand, and then label the following: • North Island • Wellington • South Island • Test-Taking Tip: Remember to read the • Auckland • Great Artesian Basin information along the sides of the graph to • • Cook Strait understand what the bars represent. In addition, eliminate answers that you know Technology Skills Activity are wrong. 26. Using the Internet Use the Internet to find out more about one of Australia’s or New Zealand’s cities. Prepare a travel brochure for a tourist who might visit the city. Describe the city’s main attractions.

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