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Extinction Risk and Conservation of the World's Sharks and Rays
RESEARCH ARTICLE elife.elifesciences.org Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays Nicholas K Dulvy1,2*, Sarah L Fowler3, John A Musick4, Rachel D Cavanagh5, Peter M Kyne6, Lucy R Harrison1,2, John K Carlson7, Lindsay NK Davidson1,2, Sonja V Fordham8, Malcolm P Francis9, Caroline M Pollock10, Colin A Simpfendorfer11,12, George H Burgess13, Kent E Carpenter14,15, Leonard JV Compagno16, David A Ebert17, Claudine Gibson3, Michelle R Heupel18, Suzanne R Livingstone19, Jonnell C Sanciangco14,15, John D Stevens20, Sarah Valenti3, William T White20 1IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; 2Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; 3IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, NatureBureau International, Newbury, United Kingdom; 4Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, United States; 5British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 6Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; 7Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City, United States; 8Shark Advocates International, The Ocean Foundation, Washington, DC, United States; 9National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand; 10Global Species Programme, International Union for the Conservation -
An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved. -
Etyfish Orectolobifo
ORECTOLOBIFORMES (Carpet Sharks) · 1 The ETYFish Project © Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara COMMENTS: v. 7.0 - 15 Oct. 2019 Order ORECTOLOBIFORMES Carpet Sharks 7 families · 13 genera · 45 species Family PARASCYLLIIDAE Collared Carpet Sharks 2 genera · 8 species Cirrhoscyllium Smith & Radcliffe 1913 cirrus, curl or tendril, referring to barbels on throat; skylion, Greek for dogfish or small shark, probably from skyllo, to tear or mangle Cirrhoscyllium expolitum Smith & Radcliffe 1913 varnished, referring to how the shark’s body, when dry, “glistens as though varnished, owing to the peculiar character of the dermal denticles” Cirrhoscyllium formosanum Teng 1959 -anum, adjectival suffix: referring to distribution off the coast of Formosa (Taiwan) Cirrhoscyllium japonicum Kamohara 1943 Japanese, known only from Mimase, Shikoku, Japan Parascyllium Gill 1862 para-, near, i.e., related to Scylliorhinus (now in Scyliorhinidae); skylion, Greek for dogfish or small shark, probably from skyllo, to tear or mangle Parascyllium collare Ramsay & Ogilby 1888 collar, referring to prominent dark and unspotted collar around gills Parascyllium elongatum Last & Stevens 2008 prolonged, referring to distinctive, elongate body shape Parascyllium ferrugineum McCulloch 1911 rust-colored, referring to dark brown spots on sides and fins Parascyllium sparsimaculatum Goto & Last 2002 sparsi, sparse; maculatum, spotted, referring to relatively larger (and hence fewer) spots than congeners Parascyllium variolatum (Duméril 1853) spotted, referring to white -
Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo Cuvier) on the East Coast of Australia
The biology and ecology of the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) on the east coast of Australia. Bonnie Jane Holmes BSc (Hons) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Biological Sciences ABSTRACT The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) (Péron and Lesueur 1822) is the largest of the carcharhinids, with a circumglobal distribution in both tropical and warm temperate coastal and pelagic waters. In the western Pacific, G. cuvier movements are wide-ranging, encompassing the east coast of Australia and south Pacific Islands. Throughout the region, G. cuvier is exposed to a range of commercial, recreational, artisanal and illegal foreign fishery impacts, as both a target and by-product species. Listed as ‘near threatened’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, suitable long term species-specific catch, catch rate and biological data are seldom available for large shark species like G. cuvier, particularly where historical commercial fishery logbook reporting has been poor. Shark control programs targeting large sharks along Australia’s east coast have been in operation for over 60 years, using relatively standardised fishing gear in nearshore waters all year round, with historical catch and effort data recorded by shark contractors. Historical catch, catch rate and biological data collected through the Queensland Shark Control Program (QSCP) since 1993 were investigated, which revealed significant declines (p < 0.05) in catch rates of G. cuvier at some tropical and all sub-tropical locations along the Queensland coast. Significant temporal declines in the average size of G. cuvier also occurred at four of the nine locations analysed (p < 0.05), which could be indicative of fishing reducing abundance in these areas. -
SYNOPSIS of BIOLOGICAL DATA on the SCHOOL SHARK Galeorhinus Australis (Macleay 1881)
FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 139 FHVS139 (Distribution restricted) SAST - School shark - 1,O8(O4)O1LO S:OPSIS 0F BIOLOGICAL EATA )N THE SCHOOL SHARK Galeorhinus australis (Macleay 1881]) F 'O FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF E UNITED NATIONS FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 139 FIR/S139 (Distributíon restricted) SAST - School shark - 1,08(04)011,04 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE SCHOOL SHARK Galeorhinus australis (Macleay 1881) Prepared by A.M. Olsen* 11 Orchard Grove Newton, S.A. 5074 Australia FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome 1984 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization oftheUnited Nationsconcerning thelegal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-43 ISBN 92-5-1 02085-X Allrightsreserved. No part ofthispublicationmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopyingor otherwise, withouttheprior permíssion of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1984 FIR/5l39 School shark PREPARATION OF THIS SYNOPSIS The authors original studies on school shark were carried out while being a Senior Research Scientist with the CSIRO, Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, Cronulla, New South Wales, and continued during his service as Director of the Department of Fisheries and Fauna Conservation, South Australia. -
Observer-Based Study of Targeted Commercial Fishing for Large Shark Species in Waters Off Northern New South Wales
Observer-based study of targeted commercial fishing for large shark species in waters off northern New South Wales William G. Macbeth, Pascal T. Geraghty, Victor M. Peddemors and Charles A. Gray Industry & Investment NSW Cronulla Fisheries Research Centre of Excellence P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority Project No. IS8-9-M-2 November 2009 Industry & Investment NSW – Fisheries Final Report Series No. 114 ISSN 1837-2112 Observer-based study of targeted commercial fishing for large shark species in waters off northern New South Wales November 2009 Authors: Macbeth, W.G., Geraghty, P.T., Peddemors, V.M. and Gray, C.A. Published By: Industry & Investment NSW (now incorporating NSW Department of Primary Industries) Postal Address: Cronulla Fisheries Research Centre of Excellence, PO Box 21, Cronulla, NSW, 2230 Internet: www.industry.nsw.gov.au © Department of Industry and Investment (Industry & Investment NSW) and the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this reproduction may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. DISCLAIMER The publishers do not warrant that the information in this report is free from errors or omissions. The publishers do not accept any form of liability, be it contractual, tortuous or otherwise, for the contents of this report for any consequences arising from its use or any reliance placed on it. The information, opinions and advice contained in this report may not relate to, or be relevant to, a reader’s particular circumstance. -
Coelho Phd Lantern S
UNIVERSIDADEdo ALGARVE FaculdadedeCiênciasdoMaredo Ambiente Biology,populationdynamics,managementandconservation ofdeepwaterlanternsharks,Etmopterusspinax and Etmopteruspusillus (Chondrichthyes:Etmopteridae)insouthernPortugal(northeastAtlantic). (DoutoramentoemCiênciaseTecnologiasdasPescas,especialidadedeBiologiaPesqueira) (ThesisforthedegreeinDoctorofPhilosophyinFisheriesSciencesandTechnologies,specialtyinFisheriesBiology) RUIPEDROANDRADECOELHO Faro (2007) UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DO MAR E DO AMBIENTE Biology, population dynamics, management and conservation of deep water lantern sharks, Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus pusillus (Chondrichthyes: Etmopteridae) in southern Portugal (northeast Atlantic). (Doutoramento em Ciências e Tecnologias das Pescas, especialidade de Biologia Pesqueira) (Thesis for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy in Fisheries Sciences and Technologies, specialty in Fisheries Biology) RUI PEDRO ANDRADE COELHO Orientador / Supervisor: Prof. Doutor Karim Erzini Júri / Jury: - Prof. Doutor José Pedro Andrade, Professor Catedrático da Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve; - Prof. Doutor Karim Erzini, Professor Associado com Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve; - Prof. Doutor Leonel Paulo Sul de Serrano Gordo, Professor Auxiliar com Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa; - Prof. Doutor Manuel Seixas Afonso Dias, Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve; -
Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo Cuvier) Abundance and Growth in a Subtropical Embayment: Evidence from 7 Years of Standardized fishing Effort
Marine Biology (2006) 149: 961–968 DOI 10.1007/s00227-006-0278-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Aaron J. Wirsing Æ Michael R. Heithaus Lawrence M. Dill Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) abundance and growth in a subtropical embayment: evidence from 7 years of standardized fishing effort Received: 9 June 2005 / Accepted: 23 January 2006 / Published online: 25 February 2006 Ó Springer-Verlag 2006 Abstract The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier Peron and from other regions, but exceeded those for populations Lesueur 1822) is a widely distributed predator with a elsewhere for sharks >275 cm fork length (FL), perhaps broad diet and the potential to affect marine community because mature sharks in the study area rely heavily on structure, yet information on local patterns of abun- large prey. The data suggest that (1) the threat of dance for this species is lacking. Tiger shark catch data predation faced by animals consumed by tiger sharks were gathered over 7 years of tag and release research fluctuates dramatically within and between years, and fishing (1991–2000, 2002–2004) in Shark Bay, Western (2) efforts to monitor large shark abundance should be Australia (25°45¢S, 113°44¢E). Sharks were caught using extensive enough to detect inter-annual variation and drumlines deployed in six permanent zones (3km2 in sufficiently intensive to account for intra-annual trends. area). Fishing effort was standardized across days and months, and catch rates on hooks were expressed as the number of sharks caught hÀ1. A total of 449 individual tiger sharks was captured; 29 were recaptured. Tiger Introduction shark catch rate showed seasonal periodicity, being higher during the warm season (Sep–May) than during The tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, is a large carcharhinid the cold season (Jun–Aug), and was marked by inter- that often is an apex predator in marine ecosystems annual variability. -
Discovery of a New Mode of Oviparous Reproduction in Sharks and Its Evolutionary Implications Kazuhiro Nakaya1, William T
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Discovery of a new mode of oviparous reproduction in sharks and its evolutionary implications Kazuhiro Nakaya1, William T. White2 & Hsuan‑Ching Ho3,4* Two modes of oviparity are known in cartilaginous fshes, (1) single oviparity where one egg case is retained in an oviduct for a short period and then deposited, quickly followed by another egg case, and (2) multiple oviparity where multiple egg cases are retained in an oviduct for a substantial period and deposited later when the embryo has developed to a large size in each case. Sarawak swellshark Cephaloscyllium sarawakensis of the family Scyliorhinidae from the South China Sea performs a new mode of oviparity, which is named “sustained single oviparity”, characterized by a lengthy retention of a single egg case in an oviduct until the embryo attains a sizable length. The resulting fecundity of the Sarawak swellshark within a season is quite low, but this disadvantage is balanced by smaller body, larger neonates and quicker maturation. The Sarawak swellshark is further uniquely characterized by having glassy transparent egg cases, and this is correlated with a vivid polka‑dot pattern of the embryos. Five modes of lecithotrophic (yolk-dependent) reproduction, i.e. short single oviparity, sustained single oviparity, multiple oviparity, yolk‑sac viviparity of single pregnancy and yolk‑sac viviparity of multiple pregnancy were discussed from an evolutionary point of view. Te reproductive strategies of the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fshes) are far more diverse than those of the other animal groups. Reproduction in chondrichthyan fshes is divided into two main modes, oviparity (egg laying) and viviparity (live bearing). -
COMMERCIAL FISHING for SHARKS Rates If Overfi Shed
Commercial fi shing for sharks By Kevin McLoughlin Shark gillnet vessel at the wharf in Darwin (© Kevin McLoughlin) in sharks having low resilience to fi shing and slow recovery COMMERCIAL FISHING FOR SHARKS rates if overfi shed. This means that sharks need careful management if shark fi sheries are to be sustainable. Many by Kevin McLoughlin shark fi sheries throughout the world have brought about rapid stock declines and collapse. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Program, GPO Box 858, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia What fi shing methods are used to Background catch sharks Sharks have been fi shed for thousands of years. In primitive Gillnets are the most common fi shing gear used in fi sheries that societies, they were caught with wooden or bone hooks for are targeting sharks (fi gures 1–4). Gillnets consist of a panel their meat and livers. Their teeth could be used as weapons or panels of net held vertically in the water column, either or tools. Over time, uses have been found for most parts of suspended near the surface or near the ocean fl oor. The mesh a shark’s body. The skin can be used for leather for shoes or size used depends on the species being fi shed. Small fi nfi sh belts, jaws are taken as souvenirs, the fl esh is eaten, the carcass and sharks are able to pass through the meshes. The meshes are can be used for fertilizers, the fi ns in soup and liver oil is a designed to entrap the fi sh around the torso. -
Identifying Sharks and Rays
NSW DPI Identifying sharks and rays A guide for NSW commercial fishers Important If a shark or ray cannot be confidently identified using this guide, it is recommended that either digital images are obtained or the specimen is preserved. Please contact NSW DPI research staff for assistance: phone 1300 550 474 or email [email protected] Contents Introduction 4 How to use this guide 5 Glossary 6-7 Key 1 Whaler sharks and other sharks of similar appearance 8-9 to whalers – upper precaudal pit present Key 2 Sharks of similar appearance to whaler sharks – no 10 precaudal pit Key 3 Mackerel (great white and mako), hammerhead and 11 thresher sharks Key 4 Wobbegongs and some other patterned 12 bottom-dwelling sharks Key 5 Sawsharks and other long-snouted sharks and rays 13 2 Sandbar shark 14 Great white shark 42 Bignose shark 15 Porbeagle 43 Dusky whaler 16 Shortfin mako 44 Silky shark 17 Longfin mako 45 Oceanic whitetip shark 18 Thresher shark 46 Tiger shark 19 Pelagic thresher 47 Common blacktip shark 20 Bigeye thresher 48 Spinner shark 21 Great hammerhead 49 Blue shark 22 Scalloped hammerhead 50 Sliteye shark 23 Smooth hammerhead 51 Bull shark 24 Eastern angelshark 52 Bronze whaler 25 Australian angelshark 53 Weasel shark 26 Banded wobbegong 54 Lemon shark 27 Ornate wobbegong 55 Grey nurse shark 28 Spotted wobbegong 56 Sandtiger (Herbst’s nurse) shark 29 Draughtboard shark 57 Bluntnose sixgill shark 30 Saddled swellshark 58 Bigeye sixgill shark 31 Whitefin swellshark 59 Broadnose shark 32 Port Jackson shark 60 Sharpnose sevengill -
Rapid Assessment of Sustainability for Ecological Risk of Shark and Other
Rapid assessment of sustainability for ecological risk of shark and other chondrichthyan bycatch species taken in the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery Terence I. Walker, John D. Stevens, J. Matias Braccini, Ross K. Daley, Charlie Huveneers, Sarah B. Irvine, Justin D. Bell, Javier Tovar‐Ávila, Fabian I. Trinnie, David T. Phillips, Michelle A. Treloar, Cynthia A. Awruck, Anne S. Gason, John Salini, and William C. Hamlett Project No. 2002/033 Rapid assessment of sustainability for ecological risk of shark and other chondrichthyan bycatch species taken in the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery Terence I. Walker, John D. Stevens, J. Matias Braccini, Ross K. Daley, Charlie Huveneers, Sarah B. Irvine, Justin D. Bell, Javier Tovar‐ Ávila, Fabian I. Trinnie, David T. Phillips, Michelle A. Treloar, Cynthia A. Awruck, Anne S. Gason, John Salini, and William C. Hamlett July 2008 Project Number 2002/033 Rapid assessment of sustainability for ecological risk of shark and other chondrichthyan bycatch species taken in the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery FRDC Report 2002/033 Terence I. Walker, John D. Stevens, J. Matias Braccini, Ross J. Daley, Charlie Huveneers, Sarah B. Irvine, Justin D. Bell, Javier Tovar‐ Ávila, Fabian I. Trinnie, David T. Phillips, Michelle A. Treloar, Cynthia A. Awruck, Anne S. Gason, John Salini, and Hamlett, W. C. Published by Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Research Brand, Queenscliff, Victoria, 3225. © Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, and Fisheries Victoria. 2008 This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners.