Private Equity, Et Langsiktig Tapsprosjekt?

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Private Equity, Et Langsiktig Tapsprosjekt? NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE Bergen, Høst 2019 Private Equity, et langsiktig tapsprosjekt? En studie om overlevelse og verdiskapning for norske børsnoteringer Steffen Lieng Lislelid & Vegard Holm Stråbø Veileder: Førsteamanuensis Tommy Stamland Utredning i fordypningsområde: Finansiell Økonomi NORGES HANDELSHØYSKOLE Dette selvstendige arbeidet er gjennomført som ledd i masterstudiet i økonomi- og administrasjon ved Norges Handelshøyskole og godkjent som sådan. Godkjenningen innebærer ikke at Høyskolen eller sensorer innestår for de metoder som er anvendt, resultater som er fremkommet eller konklusjoner som er trukket i arbeidet. 2 Sammendrag I denne utredningen har vi sett nærmere på betydningen av Private Equity for børsnoteringer i det norske markedet i perioden 2005 til 2015. Vi har ønsket å belyse hvorvidt Private Equity involvering i forkant av en børsnotering kan gi positive/negative ringvirkninger, da for henholdsvis overlevelse og verdiskapning underveis i livsløpet for et selskap. I tillegg har vi ønsket å belyse om eventuelle andre eksterne faktorer i økonomien eller andre interne forhold i selskapet kan påvirke på tilsvarende måte. Datagrunnlaget for denne utredningen er hentet fra flere ulike kilder. Vi tok utgangspunkt i listeendringer fra Oslo Børs, markedsdata fra NHH Børsprosjektet og årsregnskap fra Brønnøysundregistrene. Dette ga oss et solid datagrunnlag på 223 børsnoteringer fra henholdsvis markedsplassene Oslo Børs og Oslo Axess. Dette kvalitetssikret vi mot Datastream, Bloomberg Terminal, Argentum og NVCA. I denne kvantitative undersøkelsen har vi brukt metodikk som i stor grad har vært basert på tidligere studier. I overlevelsesmetodikken har vi hentet inspirasjon fra Jain & Kini (2000), og Manigart, Baeyens & Hyfte (2001). I verdiskapningsmetodikken har vi hentet inspirasjon fra MacKinlay (1997) og Ritter (1991). Vi har da fulgt grunnlinjene i disse fortrukkende fremgangsmåtene, gjort konkrete tilpassninger og nødvendige justeringer opp imot vår spesifike kontekst og vår masterutredning. Vi fant signifikante indikasjoner for at Private Equity involvering bidro til økt overlevelsesevene for børsnoteringer eid av PE-fond i det norske markedet. Vi fant derimot ingen signifikante indikasjoner for at Private Equity hadde tilsvarende positiv effekt for verdiskapning. Til motsetning fant vi signifikante indikasjoner for at den langsiktige avkastningen for selskap eid av PE-fond var negativ. I tillegg fikk vi belyst at makroøkonomiske sjokk, aktuell markedsplass for notering og selskapssektor var signifikante faktorer som hadde ringvirkninger til og påvirket vårt utvalg i betydelig grad. 3 Forord Denne utredningen avslutter vårt masterstudium i økonomi og administrasjon ved Norges Handelshøyskole (NHH), og utgjør 30 studiepoeng av hovedprofilen i finansiell økonomi. For oss er begrepet Private Equity fortsatt ganske nytt. I akademisk dagligtale på Norges Handelshøyskole (NHH) og i det økonomiske fagspråket som florerer blant mennesker der ute brukes ofte begrepet i flere ulike sammenhenger. Av og til i helt riktig kontekst, mens i andre helt feil. Rykter om eventyrlig avkastning og fremtidens enestående aktiva-klasse er påstander som vi til nå har blitt vant til å høre om. Et topptrent og profesjonelt investeringsteam som gang på gang skaper enorm meravkasting til sine investorer uavhengig av hvordan markedet oppfører seg. Men hva er egentlig Private Equity og hvilken betydning har dette for det norske markedet? "People used to think that private equity was basically just a compensation scheme, but it is much more about making companies more efficient." ~ David Rubenstein Med utgangspunkt i dette utsagnet ønsket vi å lære mer om Private Equity. Selv fikk vi interesse for temaet gjennom gjesteforelesninger i faget kapitalforvaltning på NHH med administrerende direktør i Argentum, Joachim Høegh-Krohn. På tross av dette hadde vi fremdeles mange ubesvarte spørsmål om dette nye og mystiske fenomenet. Etter flere undersøkelser fant vi overaskende lite forskning om temaet, spesielt i norsk sammenheng. Klarer PE-aktører å gjøre norske selskaper mer effektive og tilfredsstille investorenes krav om eventyrlig meravkastning? Dette ble grunnlaget for vår utredning og vår problemstilling. Vi vil rette en stor takk til vår veileder, Førsteamanuensis Tommy Stamland fra Norges Handelshøyskole (NHH), institutt for finans, for verdifull og konstruktiv veiledning. Norges Handelshøyskole (NHH) Bergen, 21.12.2019 ________________ ________________ Steffen Lieng Lislelid Vegard Holm Stråbø Master i Økonomi & Administrasjon Master i Økonomi & Administrasjon Finansiell Økonomi Finansiell Økonomi 4 Innholdsfortegnelse SAMMENDRAG .................................................................................................................................. 2 FORORD .............................................................................................................................................. 3 TABELLISTE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 FIGURLISTE ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUKSJON ..................................................................................................................... 8 2. TEORI ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 PRIVATE EQUITY (PE) ........................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Hva er Private Equity (PE)? ...................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Private Equity i Norge................................................................................................ 14 2.2 INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO) ........................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Hva er Initial Public Offering (IPO)? ........................................................................ 19 2.2.2 Initial Public Offering i Norge ................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Relatert forskning om IPO’s ...................................................................................... 26 2.3 OVERLEVELSE OG VERDISKAPNING ....................................................................................... 28 2.3.1 Hva menes med Overlevelse og Verdiskapning? ........................................................ 28 2.3.2 Relatert forskning om Overlevelse ............................................................................. 29 2.3.3 Relatert forskning om Verdiskapning ......................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Overlevelse og Verdiskapning i lys av Private Equity................................................ 36 2.3.5 Oppsummering av Overlevelse og Verdiskapning...................................................... 40 3. ANALYSE ................................................................................................................................ 42 3.1 DATA..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Datasett og Kjennetegn .............................................................................................. 44 3.1.2 Variabler og Måleparametere .................................................................................... 48 3.1.3 PE-støttet og Ikke-støttet ............................................................................................ 51 5 3.2 METODIKK ............................................................................................................................. 52 3.2.1 Metodikk for overlevelse ............................................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Metodikk for verdiskapning ........................................................................................ 56 3.3 HYPOTESER ............................................................................................................................ 60 3.3.1 Hypoteser for overlevelse ............................................................................................ 60 3.3.2 Hypoteser for verdiskapning ....................................................................................... 60 3.4 RESULTAT .............................................................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Overlevelses for norske IPOs ...................................................................................... 62 3.4.2 Verdiskapning for norske IPOs ................................................................................... 70 4. KONKLUSJON ........................................................................................................................ 81 4.1 OVERLEVELSE FOR NORSKE IPOS .......................................................................................... 82 4.2 VERDISKAPNING FOR NORSKE IPOS ....................................................................................... 83 4.3 KRISTISK DRØFTNING AV FUNN .............................................................................................. 85 4.3.1 Drøfting av data .........................................................................................................
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