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Ocean Remote Sensing with Synthetic Aperture Radar remote sensing Ocean Remote Sensing with Synthetic Aperture Radar Edited by Xiaofeng Yang, Xiaofeng Li, Ferdinando Nunziata and Alexis Mouche Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Remote Sensing www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Ocean Remote Sensing with Synthetic Aperture Radar Special Issue Editors Xiaofeng Yang Xiaofeng Li Ferdinando Nunziata Alexis Mouche MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Xiaofeng Yang Chinese Academy of Sciences China Xiaofeng Li National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration USA Ferdinando Nunziata Universita` degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope Italy Alexis Mouche Laboratoire dOceanographie´ Physique et Spatiale, Ifremer France Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292) in 2017 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/ remotesensing/special issues/ocean rs SAR). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 Image courtesy of Xiaofeng Yang, Xiaofeng Li, Ferdinando Nunziata and Alexis Mouche ISBN 978-3-03842-720-9 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-719-3 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures max- imum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons li- cense CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... v Preface to ”Ocean Remote Sensing with Synthetic Aperture Radar” ................ vii Xuan Zhou, Jinsong Chong, Haibo Bi, Xiangzhen Yu, Yingni Shi and Xiaomin Ye Directional Spreading Function of the Gravity-Capillary Wave Spectrum Derived from Radar Observations doi: 10.3390/rs9040361 ......................................... 1 Hui Meng, Xiaoqing Wang, Jinsong Chong, Xiangfei Wei and Weiya Kong Doppler Spectrum-Based NRCS Estimation Method for Low-Scattering Areas in Ocean SAR Images doi: 10.3390/rs9030219 ......................................... 15 Weiya Kong, Jinsong Chong and Hong Tan Performance Analysis of Ocean Surface Topography Altimetry by Ku-Band Near-Nadir Interferometric SAR doi: 10.3390/rs9090933 ......................................... 37 Xiangguang Leng, Kefeng Ji, Shilin Zhou and Huanxin Zou Azimuth Ambiguities Removal in Littoral Zones Based on Multi-Temporal SAR Images doi: 10.3390/rs9080866 ......................................... 52 He Wang, Jingsong Yang, Alexis Mouche, Weizeng Shao, Jianhua Zhu, Lin Ren and Chunhua Xie GF-3 SAR Ocean Wind Retrieval: The First View and Preliminary Assessment doi: 10.3390/rs9070694 ......................................... 66 Xiuzhong Li, Biao Zhang, Alexis Mouche, Yijun He and William Perrie Ku-Band Sea Surface Radar Backscatter at Low Incidence Angles under Extreme Wind Conditions doi: 10.3390/rs9050474 ......................................... 78 Lanqing Huang, Bin Liu, Xiaofeng Li, Zenghui Zhang, Wenxian Yu Technical Evaluation of Sentinel-1 IW Mode Cross-Pol Radar Backscattering from the Ocean Surface in Moderate Wind Condition doi: 10.3390/rs9080854 ......................................... 92 Lizhang Zhou, Gang Zheng, Xiaofeng Li, Jingsong Yang, Lin Ren, Peng Chen, Huaguo Zhang and Xiulin Lou An Improved Local Gradient Method for Sea Surface Wind Direction Retrieval from SAR Imagery doi: 10.3390/rs9070671 .........................................113 Yi Yu, Xiaofeng Yang, Weimin Zhang, Boheng Duan, Xiaoqun Cao and Hongze Leng Assimilation of Sentinel-1 Derived Sea Surface Winds for Typhoon Forecasting doi: 10.3390/rs9080845 .........................................130 Boheng Duan, Weimin Zhang, Xiaofeng Yang, Haijin Dai, and Yi Yu Assimilation of Typhoon Wind Field Retrieved from Scatterometer and SAR Based on the Huber Norm Quality Control doi: 10.3390/rs9100987 .........................................147 iii Weizeng Shao, Jing Wang, Xiaofeng Li and Jian Sun An Empirical Algorithm for Wave Retrieval from Co-Polarization X-Band SAR Imagery doi: 10.3390/rs9070711 .........................................165 Pengzhen Chen, Lei Liu, Xiaoqing Wang, Jinsong Chong, Xin Zhang and Xiangzhen Yu Modulation Model of High Frequency Band Radar Backscatter by the Internal Wave Based on the Third-Order Statistics doi: 10.3390/rs9050501 .........................................179 Olga Lavrova and Marina Mityagina Satellite Survey of Internal Waves in the Black and Caspian Seas doi: 10.3390/rs9090892 .........................................194 Miao Kang, Kefeng Ji, Xiangguang Leng and Zhao Lin Contextual Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network with Multilayer Fusion for SAR Ship Detection doi: 10.3390/rs9080860 .........................................221 Yichang Chen, Gang Li, Qun Zhang and Jinping Sun Refocusing of Moving Targets in SAR Images via Parametric Sparse Representation doi: 10.3390/rs9080795 .........................................235 Tingting Jin, Xiaolan Qiu, Donghui Hu and Chibiao Ding An ML-Based Radial Velocity Estimation Algorithm for Moving Targets in Spaceborne High- Resolution and Wide-Swath SAR Systems doi: 10.3390/rs9050404 .........................................250 Ji-Wei Zhu, Xiao-Lan Qiu, Zong-Xu Pan, Yue-Ting Zhang and Bin Lei An Improved Shape Contexts Based Ship Classification in SAR Images doi: 10.3390/rs9020145 .........................................267 Yongfeng Cao, Linlin Xu and David Clausi Exploring the Potential of Active Learning for Automatic Identification of Marine Oil Spills Using 10-Year (2004–2013) RADARSAT Data doi: 10.3390/rs9101041 .........................................278 Shuangshang Zhang, Qing Xu, Quanan Zheng and Xiaofeng Li Mechanisms of SAR Imaging of Shallow Water Topography of the Subei Bank doi: 10.3390/rs9111203 .........................................298 Xiaolin Bian, Yun Shao, Wei Tian, Shiang Wang, Chunyan Zhang, Xiaochen Wang and Zhixin Zhang Underwater Topography Detection in Coastal Areas Using Fully Polarimetric SAR Data doi: 10.3390/rs9060560 .........................................319 Wensheng Wang, Martin Gade and Xiaofeng Yang Detection of Bivalve Beds on Exposed Intertidal Flats Using Polarimetric SAR Indicators doi: 10.3390/rs9101047 .........................................335 iv About the Special Issue Editors Xiaofeng Yang received his B.S. degree in environmental science from Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, in 2005, and his Ph.D. degree in cartography and geographic information systems from the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications (IRSA), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China, in 2010. From 2010 to 2015, he was an Associate Professor with the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, CAS. He is currently a Full Professor with the State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, RADI, CAS. His research interests include satellite oceanography, synthetic aperture radar image processing, and marine atmospheric boundary layer process studies. Dr. Yang serves as an Editor for MDPIs Remote Sensing. He is an IEEE Senior Member, and the Secretary of Technical Committee on Space Earth Science, Chinese Society of Space Research. He has also served as the Assistant Chief Scientist of the Chinese Water Circle Observation Mission. Xiaofeng Li, Scientist at NOAA, received his B.S. degree in optical engineering from Zhejiang Uni- versity, China in 1985 and his Ph.D. degree in physical oceanography from the North Carolina State University, USA in 1997. He is the author of more than 100 peer-reviewed publications covering the topics in remote sensing observation and theoretical/numerical model studies of various types of oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, satellite image processing, ocean surface oil spill and target detection/classification with multi-polarization SAR, and development of sea surface temperature algorithms. Dr. Li currently serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, is an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Remote Sensing, and the Ocean Section Editor-in-Chief of Remote Sensing. He is an Editorial Board Member of the International Journal of Digital Earth, Big Earth Data, and CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology. Ferdinando Nunziata, PhD, was born in Italy in 1982. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees (summa cum laude) in telecommunications engineering and his Ph.D. degree (curriculum electro- magnetic fields) from the Universita` degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy, in 2003, 2005, and 2008, respectively. Since 2010, he has been an Assistant Professor of electromagnetic fields with the Universita` degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope. He authored/coauthored more than 60 peer-reviewed journal papers that deal with applied electromagnetics. Alexis Mouche, received his Ph.D. degree in ocean remote sensing from the Universite de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France, in 2005. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist with the Labo- ratoire dOceanographie´ Physique et Spatiale, Institut Francais de Recherche pour lExploitation
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