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Contextual Factors of the Interruptive Notification User Experience APPROVAL SHEET Title of Dissertation: A Model of Contextual Factors and their Effects in the Interruptive Notification User Experience. Name of Candidate: Celeste Lyn Paul Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation and Abstract Approved: Anita H. Komlodi Associate Professor Department of Information Systems Date Approved: ________________ CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Celeste Lyn Paul. Degree and date to be conferred: Ph.D., August 2013. Secondary education: Geibel Catholic High School, Connellsville, PA, 1999. Collegiate institutions attended: University of Maryland Baltimore County, Ph.D., 2013. University of Baltimore, M.S., 2007. Duquesne University, B.A., 2003. Majors: Human Centered Computing (UMBC). Interaction Design & Information Architecture (UB). Multimedia (DU). Professional Publications: Paul, C.L. and Whitley, K. (2013). A Taxonomy of Cyber Awareness Questions for the User-Centered Design of Cyber Situation Awareness. In proceedings HCI International 2013, Human Aspects in Information Security Privacy and Trust, 145- 154. Cook, K., Grinstein, G., Whiting, M., Cooper, M., Havig, P., Liggett, K., Nebesh, B., and Paul, C.L. (2012). VAST Challenge 2012: Visual Analytics for Big Data. In proceedings of IEEE VAST 2012, 251-251. Paul, C.L. and Komlodi, A. (2012). Emotion as an Indicator for Future Interruptive Notification Experiences. In proceedings of ACM CHI 2012, Extended Abstracts, 2003-2008. Theofanos, M.F., Wald, H., Morse, E.L., Choong, Y., Paul, C.L., and Zhang, A.L. (2012). Usability of PIV Smartcards for Logical Access. National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST), NISTIR-7867. Paul, C.L., Komlodi, A., and Lutters, W. (2011). Again?! The Emotional Experience of Social Notification Interruptions. In proceedings of IFIP INTERACT 2011, 471- 478. Paul, C.L., Morse, E., Zhang, A., Choong, Y., and Theofanos, M. (2011). A Field Study of User Perception and Behavior of Smartcard Use in Multi-factor Authentication. In proceedings of IFIP INTERACT 2011, 1-17. Paul, C.L. (2009). Examples of Low-budget, Rigorous Usability Tests. In the Art of Community by Jono Bacon. O’Reilly Media, 199-201. Paul, C.L. (2009). Survey of Usability Practices in Open Source Software. In proceedings of IFIP Open Source Systems 2009, 264-273. Paul, C.L. (2008). A Modified Delphi Approach to a New Card Sorting Methodology. Journal of Usability Studies, 4(1), 2008, 7-30. Mühlig, J. and Paul, C. (2006). OpenUsability.org – Usability and Open Source Software. BCS-HCI Interfaces, 66, 2006, 18-21. Professional positions held: Department of Defense, Computer Scientist. Previous Positions: The Boeing Company, Senior Human Factors Engineer. Department of Defense, Intern. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Intern. User-Centered Design Inc.,Senior Interaction Architect. Clutch Inc., Senior New Media Specialist. ITT Technical Institute, Instructor. ABSTRACT Title of Document: A Model of Contextual Factors and their Effects in the Interruptive Notification User Experience Celeste Lyn Paul, Ph.D., 2013 Directed By: Dr. Anita H. Komlodi, Department of Information Systems Interruptive notifications in a desktop environment are an important service that knowledge workers rely on for maintaining awareness of information and services outside their current focus. Research to date has focused primarily on empirical laboratory-based testing, which is very specific and out of context of a realistic user environment, and broad ethnographic research, which is not specific enough for meaningful notification system design guidelines. This dissertation aims to address the gap between existing laboratory-based and ethnographic research by conducting a series of studies that explored the notification user experience in a both broad and deep way. The results of this research contribute the following: A catalog of significant contextual factors that affect the notification user experience; a series of models that describe how factors in the notification system context influence the overall user experience; a set of design guidelines, derived from this research but generalized to be applicable to any interruptive notification system. A MODEL OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS IN THE INTERRUPTIVE NOTIFICATION USER EXPERIENCE By Celeste Lyn Paul Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 © Copyright by Celeste Lyn Paul 2013 I would have written a shorter letter if I had the time. – Blaise Pascal ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank: My husband, my parents, and my family; Patrick Juola, for planting the idea of graduate school in my head; My advisor, Anita Komlodi. But not the country of Hungary; Members of my committee: Henry Emurian, Emile Morse, Carolyn Seaman, and Wayne Lutters; My colleagues, B.N., D.N., R.R., M.S., P.S., and K.W.; The KDE Community and the Free/Libre/Open Source Software world; The Modern Times Café, for a quiet place to write and drink coffee and The Doctor for drinking coffee with me; All the Ph.D.s and A.B.D.s at Capital Aikikai; Science. It works. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Related Work ........................................................................................... 5 2.1 Interrupting Users ............................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 Interruptions between Tasks .................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Interruptions during Tasks ....................................................................... 9 2.1.3 Methods of Interruption ......................................................................... 10 2.2 Interruptive User Interfaces ............................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Information ............................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Behavior ................................................................................................. 15 2.2.3 User Interface ......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Interruption in the User's Context of Use ....................................................... 21 2.3.1 User-Controlled Interruption ................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Interruption Compensation .................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Relationship between Task and Interruption ......................................... 24 2.3.4 Attending to Interruptions ...................................................................... 25 2.3.5 Interruption Purpose and Content .......................................................... 27 2.3.6 Value of an Interruption ......................................................................... 28 2.4 Contextual Interruption Models ...................................................................... 29 2.5 Summary of Related Work .............................................................................. 31 Chapter 3: Statement of Research........................................................................... 34 3.1 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 38 3.2 Approach ......................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Contribution Summary .................................................................................... 43 iv Chapter 4: Exploratory Notification Study ............................................................ 45 4.1 Methodology ................................................................................................... 45 4.1.1 Procedure ............................................................................................... 45 4.1.2 Participants ............................................................................................. 46 4.1.3 Data Collection ...................................................................................... 46 4.1.3.1 One-Word Response ..................................................................... 49 4.1.4 Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 49 4.1.4.1 Data Quality .................................................................................. 49 4.1.4.2 Factor Coding................................................................................ 50 4.1.4.2.1 Notification Socialness ........................................................ 50 4.1.4.2.2 OWR Emotion ..................................................................... 50 4.1.4.3 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................ 51 4.2 Results ............................................................................................................
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