An Exegetical Commentary Craig S. Keener

ACTS AN EXEGETICAL COMMENTARY

VOLUME 3

15:1—23 :35

CRAIG S. KEENER

Published by Baker Academic a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakeracademic.com

Printed in the United States of America

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmied in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior wrien permission of the publisher. e only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keener, Craig S., 1960– Acts : an exegetical commentary / Craig S. Keener. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8010-4838-8 (cloth) 1. Bible. N.T. Acts—Commentaries. I. Title. BS2625.53.K446 2012 266.6 077—dc22 2011048744

Unless noted otherwise, all translations of Scripture are those of the author.

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Abbreviations xiv

P 5: P’ D M (12:25–19:41) ( ) 2193

Ratifying the Gentile Mission (15:1–35) 2194 3. Peter and the Missionaries Invoke God’s Acts 1. Introduction (15:6–12) a. !e Relevance of Galatians 2:1–10 a. Leaders’ Discussion (15:6–7a) i. Arguments Favoring Galatians 2:1–10 as b. Peter Invokes God’s Example (15:7b–11) the Famine Visit of Acts 11:30 i. Tradition? ii. Against Arguments !at Galatians 2:1–10 ii. Recalling the Cornelius Incident (15:7–9) Is the Famine Visit iii. Testing God by Yoking Gentiles (15:10) iii. Other Arguments for Galatians 2:1–10 as iv. Saved the Same Way (15:11) the Jerusalem Council c. Paul and Barnabas Recount Signs (15:12) b. !e Decrees of Acts 15:20, 28–29 4. James’s Biblical Proposal (15:13–21) i. No Decrees in Paul’s Le"ers a. !e Speech and the Historical James ii. Why Not in 1 Corinthians? b. James’s Introduction (15:13–14) iii. Does Luke Con#ate Two Events? c. Amos’s Prophecy (15:15–18) c. !e Signi$cance of Acts 15 i. James’s Words i. Signi$cance for Luke ii. Use of the Septuagint ii. Did Luke Invent Consensus? iii. !e Sense in Amos iii. Shi%ing Consensus? iv. James’s Interpretation 2. Con#ict over Circumcising Gentiles (15:1–5) v. David’s Tent (15:16) a. Con#ict at Antioch (15:1–2) vi. Turning of Gentiles (15:17) i. Shi%ing Politics A&ects the Church (15:1) d. James’s Compromise Solution (15:19–21) ii. Galatians and the Antioch Con#ict i. !e Proposed Decree (15:19–20) iii. Circumcision for Salvation? (15:1) ii. Proposed Backgrounds of the Decree (1) Moral Interpretation E!": C "#" 2215 (2) Avoiding Pagan Temples (3) Laws for Sojourners 1. !e Importance of Circumcision (4) Noahide Laws 2. Circumcision in a Missionary Se"ing iii. Content of the Decree 3. Biblical Concerns (1) Idol Food iv. Seeking Resolution from Jerusalem (15:2) (2) Sexual Immorality b. Received by the Churches (15:3–4) (3) Avoid Blood (and Strangled Animals) i. Reporting in Phoenicia and Samaria iv. Plausibility of the Decree (15:3) v. Law Observance Will Not Su&er (15:21) ii. Reporting in Jerusalem (15:4) 5. !e Consensus Decree (15:22–29) c. Insistence on Circumcision (15:5) a. Choosing Emissaries (15:22) i. Pharisaic Believers b. Greetings (15:23) ii. Arguments and Power c. !e Le"er Body (15:24–29) v Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript*copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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i. Dissociation from the Schismatics (15:24) a. !ird Person ii. !e Importance of Harmony (15:25) b. First Person iii. !e Council’s Consensus (15:25) 2. “We” as a First-Person Historical Claim? iv. Recommending Judas and Silas a. Questioning “We” as a Historical Claim (15:26–27) b. Acts’ Anonymity? v. A Charismatic Decree (15:28–29) c. What Historians Meant by “We” 6. Delivering the Message in Antioch (15:30–35) 3. Use of “We” instead of Author’s Name a. Delivering the Le"er (15:30–31) a. Other Meanings of the First Person Plural? b. Receiving Jerusalem’s Delegates (15:32–33) b. Usage Varied c. Who Remains? (15:34–35) c. Keeping the Focus on Paul Paul and Companions in Asia and Achaia 4. Conclusion (15:36–19:41) 2297 3. Ministry and Opposition in Philippi (16:11–40) 1. New Colleagues, Old Areas (15:36–16:5) a. Lydia and Her House Church (16:11–15) a. Con#ict with Barnabas over Mark (15:36–39) i. From Troas to Neapolis (16:11) i. Following Up on Converts (15:36) (1) Voyage to Macedonia ii. Barnabas’s Loyalty to Mark (15:37) (2) Samothrace iii. Paul’s Concern with Mark (15:38) (3) Neapolis iv. !e Missionary Schism and History ii. Philippi (16:12) (15:39) (1) Philippi’s Prosperity and Past v. A Negative Portrayal (15:39) (2) Philippi and Rome b. Strengthening Churches in Syria and Cilicia (3) A “First” City (15:40–41) iii. Finding the Sabbath Meeting (16:13) c. Recruiting Half-Greek Timothy (16:1–3) (1) Locating the Gathering i. Travel to Derbe and Lystra (16:1) (2) Which River? ii. Jewish-Gentile Intermarriage (16:1) iv. Speaking to Women (16:13) iii. Timothy’s Ethnic Status (16:1) (1) Women’s Status in Religion iv. Timothy’s Reputation (16:2) (2) Women and Judaism v. Timothy’s New Role (16:3) (3) Focusing on Women vi. Timothy’s Circumcision (16:3) v. Lydia’s Response (16:14) d. Strengthening Churches in Phrygia (16:4–5) (1) Lydia’s Conversion 2. God’s Leading to Macedonia (16:6–10) (2) Lydia’s Freed Status? a. !e Spirit’s Prohibitions (16:6–7) (3) Lydia’s City i. !e Phrygian-Galatian Region (16:6) (4) Lydia’s Occupation ii. Not North Galatia (16:6) (5) Lydia’s Economic and Social Status iii. Mysia and Bithynia (16:7–8) iv. Divine Guidance (16:6–7) E: P'( 2399 b. Divine Invitation to Macedonia (16:8–10) 1. Tyrian Purple i. Troas and Ancient Troy 2. Status Symbol (1) Alexandria Troas (2) Evocative Connections with Ancient vi. Lydia’s Hospitality (16:15) Troy? (1) A Property Owner ii. Asia’s New Gi$ to Europe (2) Scandalous Hospitality? (1) !e Troad, Europe, and Asia (2) Between Asia and Europe? E: P !%", C($"!, "# (3) A Mission toward Rome R$'%$!) 2408 iii. !e Dream-Vision (16:9–10) 1. Benefactors and Patrons (1) !e Macedonian Man (16:9) 2. Reciprocity in and beyond Patronage (2) Paul’s Dream (16:9) 3. Problems in Patronage E: D 2347 E: H%'$! ($!) 2414 (3) !e Interpretation (16:10) 1. Inns iv. “We” Passages (16:10) 2. Greeks and Hospitality (1) A Fictitious Literary Device 3. Hospitality Connections and Obligations (2) Sea-Voyage Category of Fictitious 4. Hospitality in Judaism Narratives? 5. Accepting Hospitality (3) Travel Journal (4) Luke as Paul’s Traveling Companion b. Exorcism of a Powerful Spirit (16:16–18) i. !e Slave and Her Exploiters (16:16) E: A! "# F$!-P%" U & $" S% A"$"! H$!%$ " 2363 E: P)!*%" S'$$! 2422 1. Historians’ Use of !ird and First Person 1. Pythian Apollo vi Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript%copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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2. !e Delphic Pythia (1) Paul’s Intervention (16:28) 3. Apollo’s Oracles beyond Delphi (2) How Can I Be Saved? (16:29–30) 4. Apollo’s Prophecies (3) Salvation through Faith (16:31–32) 5. Hostility toward the Oracle v. Receiving God’s Agents (16:33–34) (1) Mutual Washing (16:33) (2) Risky Hospitality (16:34) E: D S P 2429 e. Paul and Silas Vindicated (16:35–40) 1. Daimones i. A$empted Release (16:35–36) 2. Jewish Demonology ii. Criminal Abuse of Roman Citizens 3. Possession (16:37) 4. Prophylaxis against Demons (1) Objections to Paul’s Roman 5. Exorcism Citizenship 6. Cross-Cultural Character of Such Experiences (2) Arguments Supporting Paul’s 7. Possession Behavior Citizenship 8. Interpreting Spirit Possession iii. !e O#cials’ Reversal (16:38–39) 9. Exorcism in More Recent Times (1) !e O#cials’ Danger (16:38) ii. A Spirit Exposes the Mission (16:17) (2) Begging !em to Leave (16:39) (1) A Spirit’s Testimony iv. Leaving Philippi (16:40) (2) A Positive Testimony? 4. Ministry in !essalonica and Beroea (17:1–14) (3) A Suppressed Female Voice? a. Ministry in !essalonica (17:1–9) (4) “Most High God” i. Comparing the !essalonian iii. Jesus’s Name Expels the Spirit (16:18) Correspondence c. Paul and Silas Beaten, Imprisoned (16:19–24) ii. Relocating to !essalonica (17:1) i. A"ermath of the Exorcism (16:19) (1) Amphipolis (1) !e Slave Girl’s Liberation (16:19) (2) Apollonia (2) Dragged to the Forum (16:19) (3) !essalonica ii. Xenophobic Charges (16:20–21) iii. Ministry in the Synagogue (17:2–4) (1) !e O#cials (16:20) (1) !ree Sabbaths of Ministry (17:2) (2) Legal Accusations (16:20–21) (2) Dialogue in the Synagogue (17:3) (3) !e Charges (16:20–21) (3) Jewish and Gentile Converts (17:4) (4) !e Leading Women (17:4) iv. Jewish and Gentile Opposition (17:5) E: A A-J 2472 (1) Extrinsic Historical Evidence 1. Roman Xenophobia (2) Luke’s Narrative Purposes 2. Grounds for Anti-Judaism (3) Stirring a Mob (17:5) 3. Alexandrian Anti-Judaism (4) A$empted Prosecution (17:5–6) iii. Abuse by Mob and Magistrates (16:22) (5) Jason (17:5–9) (1) Lictors’ Rods v. Denunciations in Court (17:6–9) (2) Scourging (1) !e Authorities (17:6) (3) Lack of Protest (2) !e Charge of Sedition (17:6) (4) Historical Likelihood? (3) !e Charge of maiestas (17:7) (5) Public Humiliation (4) Caesar’s “Decrees” (17:7) iv. Imprisoned (16:23) (5) Released with a Pledge (17:9) (1) Imprisonment b. Ministry in Beroea (17:10–14) (2) A Veteran? i. Night Flight from !essalonica (17:10) (3) !e Jailer’s Anonymity ii. Shi"ing Southward to Beroea (17:10) v. Securing the Prisoners (16:24) iii. Received Favorably in the Synagogue d. Deliverance and Jailer’s Conversion (17:11–12) (16:25–34) iv. Enemies Arrive (17:13–14) i. Worship at Midnight (16:25) 5. Ministry in Athens (17:15–34) (1) !e Inner Cell a. Introduction (2) Sleepless Nights i. Athens (3) Midnight Worship ii. !e Narrative’s Plausibility ii. !e Earthquake (16:26) iii. !e Narrative’s Function iii. !e Jailer Intends Suicide (16:27) b. Reasoning with Jews and Philosophers (17:15–21) E: S A!" 2498 i. Paul’s Se$ing in Athens (17:15–16) (1) Flight to Athens (17:15) 1. Reasons for Suicide (2) Paul’s Arrival in Athens (17:15–16) 2. Views of Suicide (3) Disturbed by Idols (17:16) 3. Philosophers’ Views of Suicide (4) !e First Idols Encountered 4. Jewish Views of Suicide (5) Acropolis Idolatry iv. !e Message of Salvation (16:28–32) (6) Agora Idolatry vii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript%copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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(7) Other Idols (1) Corinth’s Political Prominence (8) Further Cults (2) Corinth’s Economic Prominence ii. In Synagogue and Agora (17:17) (3) Corinth’s Moral Reputation iii. Responses of Stoics and Epicureans (4) Corinth and Rome (17:18) (5) How Roman Was Corinth? (1) Dialoguing with Philosophers (6) Greek Elements in Roman Corinth (2) Con!ict with Philosophers (7) Corinth’s Jewish Community (8) #e Stop a"er Athens E: E 2584 (9) Corinth’s Religion 1. Epicureans and Pleasure ii. Claudius’s Expulsion of Jews from Rome 2. Epicureanism and Religion (18:2) 3. Epicureanism and A"erlife (1) Other Expulsions 4. Pagan and Jewish Critiques of Epicureanism (2) #e Nature of Expulsions (3) #e Expulsion’s Political Context E: S!" # 2593 iii. Expelled or Restricted? Suetonius versus Dio Cassius (18:2) (3) #e Cocksparrow (1) Who Was Expelled? (4) Preaching Foreign Deities? (2) Probably Some More than Ringleaders iv. Led to the Areopagus for Questioning iv. Date of the Expulsion (18:2) (17:19–20) (1) Dio Cassius and 41 &.*. (1) #e Areopagus Council (2) An Expulsion in 49 &.*. (2) Licensed to Teach in Athens? v. Suetonius’s “Chrestus” (3) #e New Socrates (1) A Di%erent Messiah? (4) Luke’s Point Here (2) #e “Chrestus” of the Chrestians (5) Early Judaism as Philosophy vi. Aquila and Priscilla (6) Christianity as a Philosophic School (1) Aquila and Rome? (7) Going Further for Evangelism (2) #e Couple’s Travel v. Craving New Ideas (17:21) (3) Priscilla and Women Artisans c. Paul’s Philosophic Discourse (17:22–31) vii. Economic Status and Housing i. Introduction (1) Successful among “Poor” Artisans (1) Philosophic Elements in the Speech (2) Shops (2) Paul’s Exposure to Philosophy (3) Insulae (3) Rhetoric of the Speech (4) Corinth’s Markets (4) Authenticity viii. What Connected Paul with #is Couple? (5) Function of the Speech in Acts (1) Shared Faith? ii. Se$ing, exordium , and narratio (17:22–23) (2) Trade Ties (1) Religious Athenians (17:22) (3) Paul’s Mission (2) Observations about Athens (17:23) (3) Altars of Unknown Deities (17:23) ix. Working a “Menial” Job (18:3) (4) Jewish Approaches to Pagan Deities (1) #e Reproach of Manual Labor (5) Ignorance of #is God (17:23) (2) Philosophic Discussions iii. #e Nature of the Deity (17:24–29) (3) A Jewish Model? (1) #e Creator Needs No Temples (4) Views of Work in Corinth (17:24) (5) Laborers’ Self-Identity (2) God Needs Nothing (17:25) (6) Status and Luke’s Report (3) God’s Sovereignty over Humanity x. Learning a Trade (18:3) (17:26) (1) Various Possibilities (4) Groping for God (17:27) (2) Apprenticeship (5) God’s O%spring (17:28) (3) Rabbis and Training in Manual Labor (6) Idols Are Unlike God (17:29) xi. #e Nature of Paul’s Work (18:3) iv. Repent before the Risen Judge (17:30–31) (1) Fabric Worker? (1) Repenting from Ignorance about God (2) Leatherwork? (17:30) (3) #e Nature of Leatherworking (2) #e Coming Judge (17:31) (4) Activity and Discussion in Shops (3) Preaching the Resurrection (17:31) c. Ministry in and out of the Synagogue d. Response to Paul’s Speech (17:32–34) (18:4–8) i. Mixed Reactions (17:32–33) i. Reasoning in the Synagogue (18:4) ii. Paul’s Success (17:33–34) ii. Reinforcements Arrive (18:5) iii. #e Conversion of Damaris (17:34) iii. Turning to the Gentiles (18:6) 6. Ministry in Corinth (18:1–17) iv. Titius Justus’s House (18:7) a. Historical Accuracy? v. Crispus’s Faith and Baptism (18:8) b. Se$ling in Corinth (18:1–3) (1) Crispus and Corinthian Christians i. Corinth (2) Water Sources in Corinth viii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript+copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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E: B G-R (3) Baptized in Water and the Spirit A 2751 (19:5–7) b. All Asia Hears the Message (19:8–22) d. Jesus’s Promise of Protection (18:9–11) i. Paul in the Synagogue and a School i. Assurance (18:9–10) (19:8–10) ii. Paul’s Lengthy Stay (18:11) (1) Teaching in the Synagogue (19:8) e. Gallio Refuses Paul’s Case (18:12–17) (2) Con"ict in the Synagogue (19:9) i. Historicity of the Appearance before Gallio (3) Paul’s School (19:9) ii. Date ii. Paul’s Signs (19:11–12) iii. Hauled before Gallio’s Tribunal (1) Extraordinary Miracles (19:11–12) (18:12–13) (2) Use of Cloths (19:12) (1) Gallio (18:12) (3) Exorcisms in Ephesus (19:12) (2) !e Governor’s Tribunal (18:12) iii. Magic Inferior to Paul’s Signs (19:13–20) (3) !e Immediate Con"ict (1) Exorcists versus Jesus’s Name (4) !e Plainti#s (5) Language of the Trial (19:13–16) (6) !e Charge (18:13) (2) Jesus’s Triumph over Magic iv. Gallio Rejects the Case (18:14–15) (19:17–20) (1) Gallio’s Impatience (18:14) (3) Plans for Jerusalem and Rome (2) Gallio’s Speech (18:14) (19:21–22) (3) Rejecting the Charge (18:15) c. Hostility in Ephesus (19:23–41) (4) Refusing Jurisdiction (18:15) i. Luke’s Report and Historical Con"ict in (5) A Favorable Precedent Ephesus v. Abuse of the Plainti#s (18:16–17) (1) !e Riot and Luke’s Apologetic (1) Driving Away the Plainti#s (18:16) (2) Paul’s Own Le$ers (2) Who Did the Beating? (3) An Ephesian Imprisonment? (3) Court Se$ings (4) Local Color (4) Luke’s Perspective (5) Questions and Objections (5) Sosthenes ii. !e Artemis Cult in Ephesus 7. Ministry in Ephesus (18:18–19:41) (1) !e Emperor and Ephesus a. Beginning the Work (18:18–19:7) (2) Ephesus and Artemis i. Paul Begins Work in Ephesus and Leaves (3) An Anatolian Fertility Deity? for Syria (18:18–23) (4) Artemis’s Cult and Women? (1) En Route from Corinth (18:18) iii. Demetrius’s Charge (19:23–27) (2) Beginning Ministry in Ephesus (1) !e Se$ing: Stirring Silver Workers (18:19–21) (19:23–25a) (3) Revisiting Judea, Antioch, and Phrygia (2) Speech Defending Artemis (18:22–23) (19:25b–27) ii. Priscilla and Aquila Help Apollos iv. A Riot for Artemis (19:28–34) (18:24–28) (1) Acclaiming Artemis (19:28) (1) Introduction (2) !e Mob in the !eater (19:29) (2) Apollos from Alexandria (18:24) (3) Restrained from Entering the !eater (3) Apollos’s Incomplete Knowledge (19:30–31) (18:25) (4) !e Confused Assembly (19:32) (4) Paul’s Colleagues Instruct Apollos (5) Anti-Jewish Outcry (19:33–34) (18:26) v. An O%cial Defends the Disciples (5) Apollos’s Corinthian Ministry (19:35–41) (18:27–28) (1) Introduction iii. Paul Helps Twelve of John’s Disciples (2) No Doubt about Artemis (19:35–36) (19:1–7) (3) Empty Charges (19:37) (1) John’s Disciples and Apollos (4) Lawful Venues (19:38–39) (2) John’s Preparatory Baptism (19:1–4) (5) Answering to Rome (19:40–41)

P 6: T R ! J" (20:1–28:31) 2945

Journey to Jerusalem (20:1–21:16) 2946 e. Geographic Diversity (20:4) 1. Macedonia, Achaia, and Macedonia (20:1–5) f. Luke’s Group in Macedonia (20:5) a. Ephesian Interest (20:1) 2. Resuscitation in Troas (20:6–12) b. Ministry in Macedonia (20:1–2a) a. Philippi to Troas (20:6) c. Ministry in Achaia (20:2b–3) i. Observing Festivals d. Paul’s Colleagues (20:4) ii. A Chronology of the Journey ix Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript©right protected Baker Publishing Group)

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iii. !e Chronological Goal f. Paul Warns Leaders to Guard the Believers iv. Troas and Its People (20:28–32) b. Breaking Bread on the First Day (20:7) i. Guard God’s Flock (20:28) i. !e Meeting (1) Taking Heed to !emselves and the ii. !e First Day of the Week Flock iii. Sunday Morning or Evening? (2) Overseers c. Lamps in the Upper Room (20:8) (3) Shepherds i. !e Upper Room (4) !e Great Cost of God’s Church ii. Lamps ii. Dangerous Wolves (20:29–30) d. A Deadly Fall (20:9) (1) Paul’s Departure (20:29) i. Si"ing in a Window (2) Shepherds versus Predators ii. Size and Location of Windows (3) Figurative Wolves iii. Multistory Buildings (4) Who Are the False Teachers Here? iv. Eutychus’s Sleep (5) From among Yourselves (20:30) e. Paul Resuscitates Eutychus (20:10) iii. Continual Vigilance (20:31) f. Finishing the Message (20:11–12) (1) Hortatory Language 3. Further Travel, Avoiding Ephesus (20:13–16) (2) Continuous Activity a. Assos (20:13) (3) Emotional Intensity b. Mitylene (20:14) iv. Commi"ing the Elders to God (20:32) c. Chios (20:15) g. Paul’s Example of Sacri#ce (20:33–35) d. Samos (20:15) i. Introduction e. Miletus (20:15) (1) Leaders and Greed f. Avoiding Ephesus (20:16) (2) Austerity g. Paul’s Haste as a Factor (20:16) (3) Relevance for Ephesus 4. Farewell to the Ephesian Church (20:17–38) ii. Paul’s Example of Generosity (20:33–35a) a. Introduction (1) Avoiding Covetousness (20:33) i. Genre and Its Consequences (2) Providing for Others (20:34) (1) Testaments and Farewell Discourses (3) An Example of Serving the Weak (2) Deliberative and Epideictic Aspects (3) Commissioning Speech (20:35a) (4) Literary Connections with the Mission iii. Jesus’s Teaching on Generosity (20:35) ii. Authenticity (1) Climactic Maxims (1) Pauline Style (2) Jesus’s Teaching? (2) Particular Parallels (3) Benefaction Ideology iii. Structure h. Tearful Parting (20:36–38) b. Se"ing of Speech (20:17–18a) i. Establishing Paul’s ēthos c. Paul’s ēthos and (Implicitly) His Example ii. Parting Prayer (20:36) (20:18b–21) iii. Weeping and Displaying Emotion (20:37) i. Introduction iv. Kissing (20:37) ii. Paul’s Sacri#cial Service (20:18–19) v. !e Final Parting (20:38) (1) Appeal to !eir Knowledge (20:18) 5. Voyage and Warnings in Tyre (21:1–7) (2) Serving Sacri#cially (20:19) a. En Route to Tyre (21:1–3) (3) Pathos (20:19) i. Cos (21:1) iii. Proclaiming Openly (20:20–21) ii. Rhodes (21:1) (1) Withholding Nothing (20:20) iii. Patara (21:1) (2) Public and Private Teaching (20:20) iv. Passing Cyprus (21:2–3) (3) Repentance and Faith (20:21) b. Visiting Tyre (21:4–6) d. Paul Expects Danger in Jerusalem (20:22–25) i. Staying in Tyre (21:3–4) i. Risking Danger in Jerusalem (20:22–23) ii. Ambiguous Prophecies (21:4) (1) Bound by the Spirit (20:22–23) iii. !e Prophecies Here (21:4) (2) Paul’s Passion Predictions (20:22–23) iv. Farewells (21:5–6) (3) Timing of Death Unknown (20:22) c. Visiting Ptolemais (21:7) ii. Ful#lling the Calling regardless of Cost 6. Warnings in Philip’s Home in Caesarea (20:24) (21:8–14) (1) Motif of Bravery a. Visiting Philip in Caesarea (21:8) (2) Sacri#cial Devotion b. Philip’s Virgin, Prophetess Daughters (21:9) (3) Ful#lling His Ministry iii. Sad Parting (20:25) E: P! 3093

E: A P 3023 E: W" M# T# V#$##"? 3094 e. Innocent of Ephesian Blood (20:26–27) 1. Consecrated Virgins i. Protesting Innocence 2. “Prophetic” Virginity ii. Ezekiel’s Watchman 3. Views on Marriage and Celibacy in Antiquity x Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript$copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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4. Luke’s Point 3. Paul Enters Roman Custody (21:31–40) 5. Conclusion a. Luke’s Apologetic Interest c. Response to Agabus’s Warning (21:10–14) b. Roman Intervention (21:31–32) i. Trying to Kill Paul (21:31) i. Remaining in Caesarea (21:10) ii. Word Coming “Up” to the Antonia ii. Agabus’s Coming and Symbolism (21:11) (21:31) iii. Agabus’s Prophecy (21:11) iii. !e Commander and Cohort (21:31) iv. Pleas Not to Go to Jerusalem (21:12) iv. Stopping the Aggression (21:32) v. Ready to Die for Jesus (21:13) c. Uncertain Charges (21:33–34) vi. Acknowledging God’s Will (21:14) i. !e Tribune Chains Paul (21:33) 7. Final Journey to Jerusalem (21:15–16) ii. !e Crowd’s Confusion (21:34) a. Starting to Jerusalem (21:15) d. Romans Rescue Paul (21:35–36) b. Lodging with Mnason (21:16) i. Carried up the Stairs (21:35) Dangers in Jerusalem (21:17–23:35) 3113 ii. “Away with Him” (21:36) 1. Concerns of the Jerusalem Church (21:17–26) e. Paul’s Surprising Use of Greek (21:37) a. Introduction i. !e Quality of Paul’s Greek i. !e Jerusalem Church’s Hostility? ii. Expecting Egyptian Greek? iii. Nature of Paul’s Eloquence ii. Rejecting the Collection? f. Not the Egyptian or an Assassin (21:38) b. Meeting the Jerusalem Church’s Leaders i. !e Tribune’s Assumptions (21:17–19) ii. !e Egyptian “Prophet” i. Welcomed in Jerusalem (21:17) iii. !e Sicarii ii. Meeting the Leaders (21:18) iv. !e Wilderness iii. Recounting God’s A"estation (21:19) g. Citizen of Tarsus (21:39) c. Zealous Myriads (21:20) i. Denial of Low Status? i. Praising God for His Work among Gentiles ii. Civic Pride ii. Myriads of Believers iii. Could Paul Have Been a Tarsian Citizen? iii. Zeal for the Law iv. Why Not Roman Citizenship Here? d. Rumors of Apostasy (21:21) h. Addressing the Crowd in Aramaic (21:40) i. !e Practice of Slander i. Plausibility ii. Slandering Paul ii. Paul’s Linguistic Versatility iii. Apostasy? iii. Hebrew or Aramaic? iv. Reasons for !eir Malice iv. Aramaic Use e. Strategy for Proving Piety (21:22–24) i. Noting the Need for a Plan (21:22) E: T D!" S ! A ii. !e Reason for a Plan (21:22–24) 22–26, E 22:2–21 3195 iii. A Trap? iv. Sponsoring Four under a Vow (21:23–24) 1. Plausibility v. James’s Own Fate 2. Apologetic Interests f. Allowance for the Gentiles (21:25) 3. Rhetorical Approaches g. Paul Accommodates Concerns (21:26) 4. Paul’s Defense in the Temple (22:1–21) i. Would Paul Have Accommodated a. Introduction Concerns? i. Source and Plausibility ii. Luke’s Approach ii. Paul’s Prophetic Pentecost Speech 2. Ephesian Jews Stir Riot against Paul (21:27–30) b. Addressing the Crowd (22:1–2) a. !e Accusation (21:27–29) i. Paul’s exordium (22:1) i. Paul’s Accusers (21:27) ii. Deepened Hush (22:2) ii. !eir Charges (21:28) c. Paul’s Zealous and Orthodox Background iii. Past the Boundary (21:28) (22:3–5) iv. Desecrations Punished i. Educated in Jerusalem (22:3) (1) Not Raised in Jerusalem? E: H P’ T (2) Nurtured and Educated in Jerusalem T? 3150 (3) Stages of Education 1. Spiritual Sacri#ces (4) Greek Education Even in Jerusalem (5) Rhetoric but Especially Law 2. Critiques of the Temple ii. Student of Gamaliel I? (22:3) 3. Luke, Paul, and the Spiritual Temple (1) Historical Objections v. In the Context of Luke-Acts (2) Arguments Supporting Luke’s Claim vi. Paul’s Custody (3) Selecting a Teacher b. A"ack on Paul (21:30) iii. Si"ing at a Teacher’s Feet (22:3) i. A Festival Crowd? iv. Paul’s Zeal for God (22:3) ii. Dragged from the Temple (1) !e Epistolary Paul’s Zeal iii. Closing the Doors (2) Jewish Appreciation for Zeal xi Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript$copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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v. Paul the Persecutor (22:4–5) (2) Corruption among the Aristocratic (1) Paul Persecuted the Way (22:4) Priests (2) His Former Superiors Can Testify (3) Blows to the Cheek (22:5) iii. Paul’s Rebuke (23:3) d. Paul’s Encounter with Jesus (22:6–11) (1) Paul’s Demand for Justice i. Narrative and Retellings (2) Appeal to the Torah (1) Variation in Retellings (3) Insult, Curse, or Prophecy? (2) Telling One’s Own Story (4) Answering One’s Abuser (3) Rhetorical Observations iv. God’s High Priest (23:4–5)? ii. Paul’s Damascus Road Encounter (1) Citing the Law (23:5) (1) On the Road at Noon (22:6) (2) Failing to Recognize the High Priest (2) Saul Persecutes Jesus (22:7–8) (3) Ironic Lack of Recognition? (3) Partial Revelation to Companions d. Dividing the Council (23:6–9) (22:9) i. A Pharisee (versus Sadducees) (23:6–7) (4) Entering Damascus (22:10–11) (1) Paul’s Partisan Politics e. An Orthodox Prophet’s Message (22:12–16) (2) Plausibility i. e Devout Prophet (22:12–13) (3) Pharisaic Commitment to the ii. God’s Prophetic Calling for Saul (22:14) Resurrection iii. A Witness of His Experience (22:15) (4) Son of Pharisees (23:6) iv. Washing Away Sins (22:16) (5) Paul’s Pharisaism Claim (23:6) f. Paul’s Call to the Gentiles (22:17–21) ii. Angels and Spirits (23:8–9) i. Paul’s Trance in the Temple (22:17) (1) Sadducean Skepticism (23:8) ii. Warning to Flee Jerusalem (22:18) (2) Pharisaic Tolerance for Apparitions iii. Paul’s Objection (22:19–20) (23:9) iv. Sent to the Gentiles (22:21) e. Danger and Intervention (23:10) 5. Discovering Paul’s Citizenship (22:22–29) i. Violence in August Assemblies a. e Crowd’s Outcry (22:22) ii. Tearing Apart i. Interruption iii. Calling for Soldiers 7. Paul Escapes Jerusalem in Roman Custody ii. Connections with Other Lukan Riot (23:11–35) Scenes a. Jesus’s Assurance and Direction (23:11) iii. Rejected Prophet and Impending b. e Plot to Assassinate Paul (23:12–15) Judgment i. e Conspiracy (23:12–13) b. Cloaks and Dust (22:23) (1) “e Jews’” Conspiracy (23:12) i. rowing O Cloaks (2) e Oath (23:12) ii. Hurling Dust (3) e Plot’s Participants (23:13) c. Interrogation by Flogging (22:24) ii. Aristocratic Complicity (23:14–15) d. Revealing His Citizenship (22:25) (1) Chief Priests and Assassins (23:14) i. Interrogation Procedures (2) Further Interrogation (23:15) ii. Why Did Paul Wait So Long? c. Paul’s Nephew Leaks Word of the Plot e. e Tribune’s Discovery (22:26–27) (23:16–22) i. e Centurion’s Role (22:26) i. Leaking Word of the Plot to Paul (23:16) ii. e Tribune’s Dicult Situation (22:27) (1) Paul’s Nephew iii. Testing Paul’s Claim (2) e Leak f. Citizenship by Birth, Not Purchase (22:28) (3) Access to Paul i. e Tribune’s Rank ii. Sending the Informant to Lysias ii. Means of Achieving Citizenship (23:17–18) iii. e Source of Paul’s Citizenship (1) Trusting the Tribune g. e Tribune’s Fear (22:29) (2) e Need for Discretion 6. e Divided Sanhedrin (22:30–23:10) (3) e Centurion’s Compliance a. Introduction iii. e Tribune’s Gentle Inquiry (23:19) i. Comparing Previous Sanhedrin Hearings iv. e Nephew’s Warning (23:20–22) ii. Plausibility d. Lysias Sends Paul to Felix (23:23–30) b. Bringing Paul before the Sanhedrin (22:30) i. A Sucient Protective Force (23:23–24) i. Plausibility? (1) Lysias’s Rationale ii. Ordering the Sanhedrin’s Appraisal (2) Debating the Force’s Size iii. Stationing Paul among em (3) Did Luke Estimate High? (23:23) c. Conict with the High Priest (23:1–5) (4) Could Lysias Aord the Troop i. Paul’s Claim of Good Conscience (23:1) Reduction? (1) Honorable Self-Claims (5) e Danger (2) Good Conscience (6) Would Paul Seem Worth It? ii. Ananias Orders Paul Struck (23:2) (7) Caesarea (23:23) (1) Ananias (8) Paul’s Mounts (23:24) xii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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ii. Felix the Governor (23:24) e. Roman Soldiers Bring Paul to Felix (1) Felix’s Powerful Brother (23:31–35) (2) Felix’s Name i. By Night to Antipatris (23:31) (3) Felix’s Date (1) Night Marches iii. Lysias’s Le!er (23:25–30) (2) Plausibility (1) Luke’s Use of the Le!er (23:25) (3) "e Route and Antipatris (2) Conventional Greetings (23:26) ii. Daylight Travel (23:32–33) (3) Lysias’s “Rescue” and Investigation iii. Felix’s Initial Decision (23:34–35) (23:27–29) (1) Learning Paul’s Province (23:34) (4) Reasons for Referring Paul (23:30) (2) Detained in the Praetorium (23:35)

e working bibliography for the entire commentary and indexes for the rst three volumes may be found on the enclosed CD-ROM.

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd xiii 6/24/14 7:19 AM Abbreviations Ancient Sources

Note: Works are listed under their traditional authors for the sake of locating them, not to stake a position regarding authorship claims.

General Old Testament

abs. absoluti , acqui!ed Gen Genesis amb. ambusti , undecided Exod Exodus Lev Leviticus ap. apud , in (quoted in) Num Numbers Bk. Book Deut Deuteronomy damn. damnati , condemned Josh Joshua DSS Dead Sea Scrolls Judg Judges ed. princ . editio princeps Ruth Ruth 1–2 Sam 1–2 Samuel epil. epilogue 1–2 Kgs 1–2 Kings ext. external 1–2 Chr 1–2 Chronicles frg(s). fragment(s) Ezra Ezra intro. introduction Neh Nehemiah LCL Loeb Classical Library Esth Esther Job Job "## Septuagint Ps(s) Psalm(s) $%(%) manuscript(s) Prov Proverbs $& Masoretic Text Eccl Ecclesiastes Murat. Canon Muratorian Canon Song Song of Songs/Song of Solomon '& New Testament Isa Isaiah Jer Jeremiah Or . Orations (except in Sib. Or .) Lam Lamentations *& Old Testament Ezek Ezekiel par. parallel Dan Daniel pr. principium Hos Hosea Joel Joel praef. praefatio Amos Amos pref. preface Obad Obadiah prol. prologue Jonah Jonah Q Quelle (hypothetical common source for Mic Micah Ma!hew and Luke) Nah Nahum Hab Habakkuk rec. recension Zeph Zephaniah Sp. Spell Hag Haggai Sup. Supplement(s) Zech Zechariah v./vv. verse/verses Mal Malachi xiv Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript+copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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New Testament Jos. Asen. Joseph and Aseneth 1 Jub. Jubilees Ma Ma hew L.A.B. Pseudo-Philo Biblical Antiquities Mark Mark L.A.E. Life of Adam and Eve Luke Luke Lad. Jac. Ladder of Jacob John John Let. Aris. Le!er of Aristeas Acts Acts Liv. Pr. Lives of the Prophets 2 Rom Romans Mart. Is. Martyrdom of Isaiah 1–2 Cor 1–2 Corinthians Odes Sol. Odes of Solomon Gal Galatians Pr. Jac. Prayer of Jacob Eph Ephesians Pr. Jos. Prayer of Joseph Phil Philippians Ps.-Eup. Pseudo-Eupolemus Col Colossians Ps.-Phoc. Pseudo-Phocylides 1–2 "ess 1–2 "essalonians Pss. Sol. Psalms of Solomon 1–2 Tim 1–2 Timothy Sent. Syr. Men. Sentences of the Syriac Menander Titus Titus Sib. Or. Sibylline Oracles Phlm Philemon Sim. Similitudes of Enoch Heb Hebrews Syr. Men. Epit. Epitome of the Syriac Menander Jas James Test. Testament of 1–2 Pet 1–2 Peter Ab. Abraham (recensions A and B) 1–3 John 1–3 John Adam Adam Jude Jude Ash. Asher Rev Revelation Benj. Benjamin Dan Dan Gad Gad Septuagint ( !"") Iss. Issachar Jac. Jacob 1–4 Kgdms 1–4 Kingdoms Job Job 3 Ode(s) Ode(s) Jos. Joseph Jud. Judah Levi Levi Old Testament Apocrypha Mos. Moses Add Esth Additions to Esther Naph. Naphtali Bar Baruch Reub. Reuben Sim. Simeon Bel Bel and the Dragon Sol. Solomon Ep Jer Epistle of Jeremiah Zeb. Zebulun 1–2 Esd 1–2 Esdras Tr. Shem Treatise of Shem Jdt Judith 1–4 Macc 1–4 Maccabees Pr Man Prayer of Manasseh Sg "ree Song of the "ree Young Men Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts Sir Sirach/Ecclesiasticus DJD Les gro!es de Murabba‘"t. Edited by P. Sus Susanna Benoit, J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux. 2 vols. Tob Tobit Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 2. Ox- Wis Wisdom of Solomon ford: Clarendon, 1961. DSSNT e Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation . By Wise, Abegg Jr., and Cook. San Fran- Old Testament Pseudepigrapha cisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999. 1Qap Gen ar Genesis Apocryphon OTP e Old Testament Pseudepigrapha . Edited 1QHa Hodayot or anksgiving Hymns by James H. Charlesworth. 2 vols. Garden 1QpHab Pesher Habakkuk City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983–85. 1QM Mil ḥamah or War Scroll Ahiq. Ahiqar 1QS Serek Haya ḥad or Rule of the Community Apoc. Ab. Apocalypse of Abraham or Manual of Discipline Apoc. Adam Apocalypse of Adam 1QSa Rule of the Congregation (App. A to 1QS) Apoc. Elij. Apocalypse of Elijah 4Q285 Sefer ha-Mil ḥamah Apoc. Ezek. Apocalypse of Ezekiel 11QT Temple Scroll Apoc. Mos. Apocalypse of Moses CD Cairo Genizah copy of the Damascus Apoc. Sed. Apocalypse of Sedrach Document Apoc. Zeph. Apocalypse of Zephaniah As. Mos. Assumption of Moses Asc. Is. Ascension of Isaiah 1. "e citations give double enumerations where the OTP 2–4 Bar. 2–4 Baruch translation (listed #rst) and the standard Greek text di$er. 1–3 En. 1–3 Enoch ( 2 En. has recensions A and J) 2. "e citations #rst give the OTP reference, then the enu- Gr. Ezra Greek Apocalypse of Ezra meration in Schermann’s Greek text. Hist. Rech. History of the Rechabites 3. Where editions diverge, I cite the enumeration in both Jan. Jam. Jannes and Jambres Spi ler (in OTP ) and Kra%. xv Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript©right protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Josephus and Philo bar. baraita (with rabbinic text) m. Mishnah Jos. Josephus t. Tose!a Ag. Ap. Against Apion y. Jerusalem (Yerushalmi, Palestinian) Ant. Antiquities of the Jews Talmud Life Life War Jewish War ʾAb . ʾAbot Philo ʿAbod. Zar . ʿAbodah Zarah Abr. On Abraham ʿArak . ʿArakin Agr. On Husbandry/Agriculture B. Bat. Baba Batra Alleg. Interp. Allegorical Interpretation (1–3) B. Me ṣiʿa Baba Me ṣiʿa Cher. On the Cherubim B. Qam. Baba Qamma Conf. On the Confusion of Languages Bek. Bekorot Contempl. On the Contemplative Life Ber. Berakot Creation On the Creation Be ṣah Be ṣah (= Yom Ṭob [in the Tose!a]) Decal. !e Decalogue Bik. Bikkurim Dreams On Dreams, !at !ey Are God-Sent (1–2) Demai Demai Drunkenness On Drunkenness ʿEd . ʿEduyoth Embassy Embassy to Gaius ʿErub . ʿErubin Eternity On the Eternity of the World Gi ṭ. Gi ṭṭ in Flacc. Flaccus Ḥag . Ḥagigah Flight On Flight and Finding Ḥal . Ḥallah Giants On the Giants Hor. Horayot Good Person Every Good Person Is Free Ḥul . Ḥullin Heir Who Is the Heir of Divine !ings? Kelim Kelim Hypoth. Hypothetica Ker. Kerithot Jos. Joseph Ketub. Ketubbot Migr. !e Migration of Abraham Kil . Kil ʾayim Mos. Life of Moses (1–2) Kip. Kippurim Names On the Change of Names Ma ʿaś . Ma ʿaśerot Plant. Concerning Noah’s Work as a Planter Ma ʿaś. Š . Ma ʿaśer Šeni Posterity On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile Mak. Makkot Prelim. St. Preliminary Studies Makš. Makširin Prov. On Providence (1–2) Meg. Megillah QE Questions and Answers on Exodus (1–2) Me ʿil . Me ʿilah QG Questions and Answers on Genesis (1–4) Mena ḥ. Mena ḥot Rewards On Rewards and Punishments Mid. Middot Sacr. On the Birth of Abel and the Sacri"ces Miqw. Miqwa ʾot O#ered by Him and His Brother Cain Mo ʾed Qa ṭ. Mo ʾed Qa ṭan Sobr. De sobrietate/On the Prayers and Curses Naz. Nazir U$ered by Noah When He Became Sober Ned. Nedarim Spec. Laws Special Laws (1–4) Neg . Nega ʿim Studies On Mating with the Preliminary Studies Nid. Niddah Unchangeable Unchangeableness of God ʾOhal . ʾOhalot ( Ahilot in the Tose!a) Virt. On Virtues ʿOr . ʿOrlah Worse !at the Worse Is Wont to A$ack the Be$er Parah Parah Pe ʾah Pe ʾah Pesa ḥ. Pesa ḥim Qidd. Qiddušin Targumic Texts Roš Haš. Roš Haššanah Šabb. Šabbat Tg. Targum (+ biblical book ) Sanh. Sanhedrin Tg. Jon. Targum Jonathan Šeb . Šebi ʿit Tg. Neof. Targum Neo"ti Šebu . Šebu ʿot Tg. Onq. Targum Onqelos Šeqal. Šeqalim Tg. Ps.-J. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan So ṭah So ṭah Tg. Rishon Targum Rishon Sukkah Sukkah Tg. Šeni Targum Šeni Ta ʿan . Ta ʿanit Tamid Tamid Ṭehar. Ṭeharot Tem. Temurah Mishnah, Talmud, and Related Literature Ter. Terumot Yad. Yadayim Soncino !e Babylonian Talmud. Edited by Isidore Yebam. Yebamot Epstein. 35 vols. London: Soncino, Yoma Yoma 1935–52. Zabim Zabim b. Babylonian Talmud Zeba ḥ. Zeba ḥim xvi Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript"copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Other Rabbinic Works 1–2 Clem. 1–2 Clement Did. Didache ʾAbot R. Nat . ʾAbot de Rabbi Nathan (recensions A and Diogn. Epistle to Diognetus B) Herm. Shepherd of Hermas Der. Er. Rab. Derek Ere ṣ Rabbah Mand. Mandates Der. Er. Zu ṭ. Derek Ere ṣ Zu ṭa Sim. Similitudes Deut. Rab. Deuteronomy Rabbah Vis. Visions Eccl. Rab. Ecclesiastes (Qoheleth) Rabbah Ign. Ignatius of Antioch Esth. Rab. Esther Rabbah Eph. Epistle to the Ephesians Exod. Rab. Exodus Rabbah Magn. Epistle to the Magnesians Gen. Rab. Genesis Rabbah Phld. Epistle to the Philadelphians Jer. Tg. Jerusalem Targum Pol. Epistle to Polycarp Lam. Rab. Lamentations Rabbah Rom. Epistle to the Romans Lev. Rab. Leviticus Rabbah Smyrn. Epistle to the Smyrnaeans Mek . Mekilta (ed. Lauterbach) Trall. Epistle to the Trallians Am. Amalek Mart. Pol. Martyrdom of Polycarp Bah. Bahodesh Poly. Phil . Polycarp Le$er to the Philippians Besh. Beshallah Kaspa Kaspa Nez. Nezikin Pisha Pisha Patristic and Other Early Christian Shab. Shabbata Sources Shir. Shirata Vay. Vayassa ANF Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Midr. Pss. Midrash on Psalms (Tehillim) Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325. Num. Rab. Numbers Rabbah Edited by A. Roberts and J. Donaldson. Pesiq. Rab. Pesiqta Rabbati Revised by A. Cleveland Coxe. 10 vols. Pesiq. Rab Kah. Pesiqta de Rab Kahana Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975. Pirqe R. El. Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer FC Fathers of the Church Ruth Rab. Ruth Rabbah NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers . Edited by S. Eli. Rab. Seder Eliyahu Rabbah Philip Scha!. 14 vols. 1886–89. Repr., S. Eli. Zut. Seder Eliyahu Zuta Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1994. ḥ Sem. Sema ot Ambrosiaster Sipra Comm . Ambrosiaster Commentary on Paul’s A.M. ʾAḥarê Mot Epistles Behuq. Behuqotai Aphrahat Dem . Aphrahat Demonstrations Emor Emor Arator Acts Arator On the Acts of the Apostles Mes. Mesora Aristides Apol . Aristides the Philosopher Apology to Neg. Neg ʿaim Hadrian par. parashah Athanas. Athanasius pq. pereq Fest. Let. Festal Le$ers Qed. Qedošim Sav Sav Inc. On the Incarnation Sav M.d. Sav Mekhilta deMiluim Vit. Ant. Vita Antonii/On the Life of Anthony Sh. Shemini Athenag. Plea Athenagoras A Plea for Christians Sh. M.d. Shemini Mekhilta deMiluim Aug. Augustine Taz. Tazria Bapt. De baptismo contra Donatistas VDDeho. Vayyiqra Dibura Dehobah C. du. ep. Pelag. Contra duas epistulas Pelagianorum/ VDDen. Vayyiqra Dibura Denedabah Against Two Le$ers of the Pelagians Sipre Deut. Sipre on Deuteronomy City City of God Sipre Num. Sipre on Numbers Conf. Confessions Song Rab. Song of Solomon Rabbah Ep. Epistles Sop. Soperim Harm. G. Harmony of the Gospels Tan ḥ. Midrash Tan ḥuma Retract. Retractations Yalqu ṭ Isa. Yalqu ṭ on Isaiah Serm. Sermons Yalqu ṭ Pss. Yalqu ṭ Psalms Tract. Jn. Tractates on John Basil Basil of Caesarea (the Great) Holy Sp. On the Holy Spirit Hom. Hex. Homilies on the Hexaemeron Apostolic Fathers Chrys. John Chrysostom Hom. Acts Homilies on Acts AF #e Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and En- Hom. 1 Cor. Homilies on the First Epistle of Paul to the glish Translations of #eir Writings . Trans- Corinthians lated by J. B. Lightfoot and J. R. Harmer. Hom. 2 Cor. Homilies on the Second Epistle of Paul to the Edited and revised by Michael W. Holmes. Corinthians 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992. Hom. Gen. Homilies on Genesis Barn. Epistle of Barnabas Hom. Jn. Homilies on John xvii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript"copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Hom. Ma. Homilies on Mahew Ps.-Const. Rom . Pseudo-Constantius !e Holy Le"er of Hom. Rom. Homilies on Romans St. Paul to the Romans Pan. Ign. Panegyrics of Saint Ignatius Sulp. Sev. Chron . Sulpicius Severus Chronica Clem. Alex. Clement of Alexandria Tatian Or. Gks . Tatian Oration to the Greeks Instr. Instructor Tert. Tertullian Misc. Miscellanies Adv. Jud. Adversus Judaeos Protr. Protrepticus Apol. Apology Strom. Stromata Bapt. On Baptism Cyprian Ep. Cyprian Epistles Cor. De corona militis Cyril Jer. Cat. Lect. Cyril of Jerusalem Catechetical Fasting On Fasting, against the Psychics Lectures Fug. De fuga in persecutione/On Flight in Ephrem Syr. Hom. Ephrem the Syrian Homily on Our Lord Persecution Epiph. Epiphanius Marc. Adversus Marcionem De mens. De mensuris et ponderibus Mart. Ad martyras/To the Martyrs Her. Refutation of All Heresies/Panarion Nat. Ad nationes/To the Heathen Euseb. Eusebius Pall. De pallio Chron. Chronicle/Chronicon Pat. De patientia Comm. Is. Commentary on Isaiah Praescr. De praescriptione haereticorum/Prescription H.E. Historia ecclesiastica/Ecclesiastical History against Heretics P.E. Praeparatio evangelica/Preparation for the Scap. Ad Scapulam Gospel Scorp. Scorpiace Firm. Matern. Spec. De spectaculis/"e Shows Math . Firmicus Maternus Matheseos libri Test. an. De testimonio animae/"e Soul’s Testimony VIII Wife To His Wife Greg. Naz. Or . Gregory of Nazianzus Orations !eodoret !eodoret of Cyrrhus Greg. Nyssa Greg. Comm. 1 Cor. Commentary on 1 Corinthians !aum . Gregory of Nyssa Vita Gregorii Comm. 2 Cor. Commentary on 2 Corinthians !aumaturgi Hist. Rel. Historia religiosa Hippol. Ref . Hippolytus Refutation of Heresies Interp. Rom. Interpretation of Romans Iren. Her . Irenaeus Against Heresies !eoph. !eophilus of Antioch To Autolycus Jerome Comm. Gal. Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians Dial. Pelag. Dialogues against the Pelagians Ep. Epistles Ruf. Adversus Ru!num Nag Hammadi Texts Vigil. Adversus Vigilantium NHL "e Nag Hammadi Library in English . Vir. ill. De viris illustribus/On Famous Men Vit. Hil. Vita S. Hilarionis eremitae/Life of St. Edited by J. M. Robinson. San Francisco: Hilarion Harper & Row, 1977. Justin Martyr Hyp. Arch. Hypostasis of the Archons 1–2 Apol. 1–2 Apology Orig. World Origin of the World Dial. Dialogue with Trypho Sent. Sext. Sentences of Sextus Exhort. Exhortation to the Greeks Zost. Zostrianos Lact. Div. Inst . Lactantius Divine Institutes Mac. Magn. Apocrit . Macarius Magnes Apocriticus Malalas Chronogr . John Malalas Chronographia New Testament Apocrypha Mart. Just. Martyrdom of Justin and Pseudepigrapha Mart. Pion. Martyrdom of Pionius Origen Acts John Acts of John Cels. Against Celsus Acts Paul Acts of Paul Comm. 1 Cor. Commentary on 1 Corinthians Acts Pet. Acts of Peter Comm. Ma. Commentary on Mahew Acts Phil. Acts of Philip Comm. Rom. Commentary on Romans Acts "om. Acts of "omas Hom. Exod. Homilies on Exodus Ap. John Apocryphon of John Hom. Luke Homilies on Luke Apoc. Paul Apocalypse of Paul Orosius Hist . Paulus Orosius Historiarae adversus paganos Apoc. Pet. Apocalypse of Peter Pass. Perp. Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas Apost. Const. Apostolic Constitutions Pelagius G. Eb. Gospel of the Ebionites Comm. 2 Cor. Commentary on 2 Corinthians G. Nic. Gospel of Nicodemus Comm. Rom. Commentary on Romans G. Pet. Gospel of Peter Photius Bibl . Photius Bibliotheca G. "om. Gospel of "omas Ps.-Clem. Pseudo-Clementines G. Jms. Gospel of James Hom. Homilies Paul "ec. Acts of Paul and "ecla Rec. Recognitions Prot. Jas. Protevangelium of James xviii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Other Greek and Latin Works Pol. Politics Rhet. Art of Rhetoric and Authors Soul On the Soul V.V. Virtues and Vices Ach. Tat. Achilles Tatius Leucippe and Aristob. Aristobulus Fragments (in Eusebius Clitophon H.E. ) Ael. Arist. Aelius Aristides Aristoph. Aristophanes Def. Or. Defense of Oratory Acharn. Acharnians Leuct. Or. Leuctrian Orations Birds Birds Or. Orations Ec. Ecclesiazusae Panath. Panathenaic Oration Frogs Frogs Sacr. Sacred Tales Lys. Lysistrata Aelian (Claudius Aelianus) Plut. Plutus/Rich Man Farmers Le!ers of Farmers "esm. "esmophoriazusae Nat. An. Nature of Animals Wasps Wasps Var. hist. Varia historia Arius Did. Epit . Arius Didymus Epitome of Stoic Ethics Aeschines Arrian Ctes. Ctesiphon Alex. Anabasis of Alexander Embassy False Embassy Ind. Indica Tim. Timarchus Peripl. Periplus maris Euxini Aeschylus Artem. Oneir . Artemidorus Daldianus Oneirocritica Ag. Agamemnon Athen. Deipn . Athenaeus Deipnosophists Eum. Eumenides Aul. Gel. Aulus Gellius A"ic Nights Lib. Libation-Bearers (Choephori) Aur. Vict. Epit. Pers. Persians Caes. Aurelius Victor Epitome de Caesaribus Prom. Prometheus Bound Babr. Babrius Fables Seven Seven against "ebes Caesar Julius Caesar Suppl. Suppliant Women A%. W. A%ican War Alciph. Alciphron Alex. W. Alexandrian War Court. Courtesans C.W. Civil War Ep. Epistulae/Le!ers Gall. W. Gallic War Farm. Farmers Sp. W. Spanish War Fish. Fishermen Callim. Epig. Callimachus Epigrammata Paras. Parasites Callistr. Callistratus Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus Res gestae Descr. Descriptions Anacharsis Ep . [Ps.]-Anacharsis Epistles Dig. In Digest of Justinian Andocides Myst. Andocides De mysteriis Cato Dionysius Cato Ant. Diog. !ule Antonius Diogenes Wonders beyond Coll. Dist. Collection of Distichs !ule Distichs Distichs Antiph. Her . Antiphon Murder of Herodes Cato E. Cato the Elder Ap. Rhod. Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica Agr. De agricultura (De re rustica) Aphth. Progymn . Aphthonius Progymnasmata Catull. Carm. Catullus Carmina Apoll. K. Tyre Apollonius King of Tyre Char. Chaer . Chariton Chaereas and Callirhoe Apollod. Apollodorus Cic. Cicero Bib. Bibliotheca/Library Acad. Academica Epit. Epitome Ag. Caec. Against Caecilius Appian Agr. De lege agraria Bell. civ. Bella civilia/Civil Wars Amic. De amicitia Hist. rom. Historia romana/Roman History Arch. Pro Archia Apul. Apuleius A!. Le!ers to A!icus Apol. Apology Balb. Pro Balbo De deo Socr. De deo Socratis Brut. Brutus, or De claris oratoribus Metam. Metamorphoses Caecin. Pro Caecina Aratus Phaen . Aratus Phaenomena Cael. Pro Caelio Arist. Aristotle Cat. In Catilinam Breath On Breath Clu. Pro Cluentio Const. Ath. Constitution of Athens/Athēnaiōn politeia De or. De oratore E.E. Eudemian Ethics Deiot. Pro rege Deiotaro Gen. Anim. Generation of Animals Div. De divinatione Heav. On the Heavens Fam. Epistulae ad familiares/Le!ers to Friends Hist. An. History of Animals Fat. De fato Mem. Concerning Memory and Recollection Fin. De &nibus Mete. Meteorology Flacc. Pro Flacco Mir. ausc. De mirabilibus auscultationibus Font. Pro Fonteio N.E. Nicomachean Ethics Handb. Elec. Handbook of Electioneering Parv. Parva naturalia Inv. De inventione Poet. Poetics Invect. Sall. Invective against Sallust xix Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Leg. De legibus Timocr. Against Timocrates Leg. man. Pro lege manilia Zenoth. Against Zenothemis Lig. Pro Ligario Dig. Digest of Justinian Marcell. Pro Marcello Dio Cass. Dio Cassius Roman History Mil. Pro Milone Dio Chrys. Or . Dio Chrysostom Orations Mur. Pro Murena Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus Library of History Nat. d. De natura deorum Diogenes Ep . [Ps.-]Diogenes Epistle O. De ociis Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Opt. gen. De optimo genere oratorum Philosophers Or. Brut. Orator ad M. Brutum Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus Parad. Paradoxa Stoicorum 1–2 Amm. 1–2 Epistle to Ammaeus Part. or. De partitione oratoria Anc. Or. On Ancient Orators Phil. Orationes philippicae Ant. rom. Antiquitates romanae/Roman Antiquities Pis. In Pisonem Demosth. Demosthenes Prov. cons. De provinciis consularibus Din. Dinarchus Quinct. Pro Quinctio Epid. On Epideictic Speeches Quint. atr. Epistulae ad Quintum atrum Isaeus Isaeus Rab. Perd. Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo Isoc. Isocrates Rab. Post. Pro Rabirio Postumo Lit. Comp. Literary Composition Resp. De re publica Lysias Lysias Rosc. Amer. Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino Pomp. Le!er to Gnaeus Pompeius Rosc. com. Pro Roscio comoedo "uc. "ucydides Scaur. Pro Scauro Epict. Epictetus Senect. De senectute Diatr. Diatribai Sest. Pro Sestio Encheir. Encheiridion Sull. Pro Sulla Epicurus Let. Men . Epicurus Le"er to Menoeceus Top. Topica Euhemerus Sacr. Tull. Pro Tullio Hist . Euhemerus Sacred History Tusc. Tusculan Disputations Eunapius Lives Eunapius Lives of the Philosophers and Vat. In Vatinium Sophists Verr. In Verrem Eurip. Euripides Colum. Columella Alc. Alcestis Arb. De arboribus/On Trees Andr. Andromache Rust. De re rustica/On Agriculture Bacch. Bacchanals Corn. Nep. Cornelius Nepos Generals Cycl. Cyclops Cornutus Summ . Cornutus Summary of Greek !eology Dict. Dictys Crates Ep . Pseudo-Crates Epistles El. Electra Demet. Style Demetrius Phalereus On Style/De Hec. Hecuba elocutione Hel. Helen Demosth. Demosthenes Heracl. Children of Heracles Andr. Against Androtion Herc. fur. Hercules furens/Madness of Heracles Aphob. 1–3 Against Aphobus Hipp. Hippolytus Aristocr. Against Aristocrates Hyps. Hypsipyle Aristog. 1–2 Against Aristogeiton Iph. Aul. Iphigeneia at Aulis Boeot. 1–2 Mantitheus against Boeotus Iph. Taur. Iphigeneia at Tauris Chers. On the Chersonese Med. Medea Con. Against Conon Oed. Oedipus Cor. De corona/On the Crown Orest. Orestes Ep. Epistulae/Le!ers Phoen. Phoenician Maidens Ep. Philip Epistula Philippi/Le!er of Philip Rhes. Rhesus Epitaph. Epitaphius/Funeral Speech Suppl. Suppliants Eub. Euxitheus against Eubulides Tro. Troades/Daughters of Troy Exord. Exordia (Prooemia) Ezek. Trag. Exag . Ezekiel the Tragedian Exagōgē Fals. leg. De falsa legatione/False Embassy Florus Carm . Florus Carmina Lacr. Against Lacritus Frontin. Str . Frontinus Strategemata Leoch. Against Leochares Fronto Marcus Cornelius Fronto Lept. Against Leptines Ad am. Ad amicos Mid. In Midiam/Against Meidias Ad Ant. imp. Ad Antoninum imperatorem Navy On the Navy-Boards Ad Ant. Pium Ad Antoninum Pium Neaer. Against Neaera Ad M. Caes. Ad Marcum Caesarem Olymp. Against Olympiodorus Ad verum imp. Ad verum imperatorem Olynth. 1–3 Olynthiaca 1–3 Bell. parth. De bello parthico Pant. Against Pantaenetus Eloq. Eloquence Philip. 1–3, [4] Philippic Orations 1–3, 4 Ep. graec. Epistulae graecae Steph. 1[–2] Against Stephanus 1–2 Fer. als. De feriis alsiensibus "eocr. Against "eocrines Nep. am. De nepote amisso Tim. Against Timotheus Pr. Hist. Preamble to History xx Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Gaius Aristarch. Aristarchus Dig. In Digest of Justinian Astyph. Astyphilus Inst. Institutes Ciron Ciron Galen N.F. Galen On the Natural Faculties Cleon. Cleonymus Gorg. Hel . Gorgias Encomium of Helen Demes. Against the Demesmen Gr. Anth. Greek Anthology Dicaeog. Estate of Dicaeogenes Gra!ius Cyneg . Gra!ius Cynegeticon Eumath. On Behalf of Eumathes Hdn. Herodian History Euphil. On Behalf of Euphiletus Hdt. Herodotus Histories Hagnias Hagnias Heliod. Eth . Heliodorus Ethiopian Story Hagnoth. Against Hagnotheus Heracl. Ep. Heraclitus Epistles Menec. Menecles Heracl. Hom. Prob . Heraclitus Homeric Problems Nicost. Nicostratus Hermog. Hermogenes Philoct. Philoctemon Inv. Invention Pyrr. Pyrrhus Issues Issues Isoc. Isocrates Method Method in Forceful Speaking Ad Nic. Ad Nicoclem/To Nicocles (Or. 2) Progymn. Progymnasmata Antid. Antidosis (Or. 15) Hesiod Areop. Areopagiticus (Or. 7) Astron. Astronomy Demon. To Demonicus (Or. 1) Cat. W. E. Catalogues of Women and Eoiae Ep. Epistles Sh. Her. Shield of Heracles Nic. Nicocles/Cyprians (Or. 3) !eog. !eogony Panath. Panathenaicus (Or. 12) W.D. Works and Days Paneg. Panegyricus (Or. 4) Hierocles Hierocles (the Stoic) Peace On the Peace (Or. 8) Fatherland On Duties: How to Conduct Oneself toward Soph. Against Sophists (Or. 17) One’s Fatherland Julian Ap. Julian the Apostate Gods On Duties: How to Conduct Oneself toward Let. Le#ers the Gods Or. Orations Love On Duties: On Fraternal Love Justin. Justinian Marr. On Duties: On Marriage Cod. Codex Parents On Duties: How to Conduct Oneself toward Dig. Digest One’s Parents Inst. Institutes Hippocr. Hippocrates Juv. Sat . Juvenal Satires A". A"ections Libanius Airs Airs, Waters, Places Anecdote Anecdote Aph. Aphorisms Comp. Comparison Barr. Wom. On Barren Women Declam. Declamations Dis. Diseases Ep. Epistles Descr. Description Epid. Epidemics Encomium Encomium Fleshes Fleshes Invect. Invective Glands Glands Maxim Maxim Nat. Man Nature of Man Or. Orations Pl. Man Places in Man Refutation Refutation Progn. Prognostic Speech in Character Speech in Character Prorr. Prorrhetic !esis !esis Reg. Ac. Dis. Regimen in Acute Diseases Topics Common Topics Superf. On Superfetation Livy Livy Ab urbe condita Hom. Homer Longin. Subl . Longinus On the Sublime Il. Iliad Longus Longus Daphnis and Chloe Od. Odyssey Lucan C.W . Lucan Civil War Hom. Hymns Homeric Hymns Lucian Hor. Horace A"airs A"airs of the Heart/Amores Ars Ars poetica Alex. Alexander the False Prophet Carm. saec. Carmen saeculare Amber Amber, or !e Swans Ep. Epistles Anach. Anacharsis, or Athletics Epodes Epodes Astr. Astrology Odes Odes Book-Coll. !e Ignorant Book-Collector Sat. Satires Career !e Dream, or Lucian’s Career Iambl. Iamblichus Chalcidensis Carousal !e Carousal (Symposium), or !e Lapiths Myst. Mysteries Charid. Charidemus V.P. De vita pythagorica/On the Pythagorean Charon Charon, or !e Inspectors Life/Life of Pythagoras Cock !e Dream, or !e Cock Iambl. (nov.) Critic !e Mistaken Critic Bab. St . Iamblichus (novelist) Babylonian Cynic !e Cynic Story Dance !e Dance Isaeus Dem. Demonax Apollod. Estate of Apollodorus Demosth. In Praise of Demosthenes xxi Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Dial. C. Dialogues of Courtesans Modestinus Dig . Herennius Modestinus in Digest of Dial. D. Dialogues of the Dead Justinian Dial. G. Dialogues of the Gods Mus. Ruf. Musonius Rufus Dial. S-G. Dialogues of Sea-Gods Musaeus Hero Musaeus Hero and Leander Dipsads e Dipsads Nicolaus Progymn. Nicolaus the Sophist Progymnasmata Dion. Dionysus Nin. Rom. Ninus Romance Disowned Disowned Orph. H. Orphic Hymns Downward Journey Downward Journey Ovid Eunuch e Eunuch Am. Amores Fisherman e Dead Come to Life, or e Fisherman Ars Ars amatoria Fly e Fly Con. Liv. Consolatio ad Liviam Fun. Funerals Her. Heroides Hall e Hall Metam. Metamorphoses Harm. Harmonides Pont. Epistulae ex Ponto Hermot. Hermotimus, or Sects Parth. L.R. Parthenius Love Romance Hipp. Hippias, or e Bath Paulus Julius Paulus Hist. How to Write History Dig. In Digest of Justinian Icar. Icaromenippus, or e Sky-Man Sent. Sententiae/Opinions Indictment Double Indictment Paus. Pausanias Description of Greece Judg. G. Judgment of the Goddesses Pers. Sat . Persius Satires Lex. Lexiphanes Petron. Sat . Petronius Satyricon Lover of Lies e Lover of Lies Perv. Ven. Pervigilium Veneris Lucius Lucius, or e Ass Phaedrus Phaedrus Fables Men. Menippus, or Descent into Hades Philod. Philodemus Nero Nero Crit. On Frank Criticism Nigr. Nigrinus Household On Household Management Oct. Octogenarians Piety On Piety Par. e Parasite: Parasitic an Art Philost. Flavius Philostratus (the Athenian) Parl. G. Parliament of the Gods Ep. Epistulae/Love Le!ers Patriot e Patriot (Philopatris) Ep. Apoll. Epistles of Apollonius Peregr. e Passing of Peregrinus Hrk. Heroikos Phal. Phalaris Vit. Apoll. Vita Apollonii/Life of Apollonius Phil. Sale Philosophies for Sale Vit. soph. Vitae sophistarum/Lives of the Sophists Portr. Essays in Portraiture Philost. Elder Portr. D. Essays in Portraiture Defended Imag. Philostratus the Elder Imagines Posts Salaried Posts in Great Houses Philost. Younger Prof. P.S. A Professor of Public Speaking Imag. Philostratus the Younger Imagines Prom. Prometheus Pindar Prom. in Words To One Who Said “You’re a Prometheus in Dith. Dithyrambs Words” Isthm. Isthmian Odes Runaways e Runaways Nem. Nemean Odes Sacr. Sacrices Ol. Olympian Odes Sat. Saturnalia/Conversation with Cronus Pyth. Pythian Odes Ship e Ship, or e Wishes Plato Slander Slander Alcib. Alcibiades (1–2) Slip A Slip of the Tongue in Greeting Apol. Apology Soph. e Sham Sophist, or e Solecist Charm. Charmides Syr. G. Syrian Goddess Clitophon Clitophon Tim. Timon, or e Misanthrope Cratyl. Cratylus Tox. Toxaris, or Friendship Ep. Epistles True Story A True Story Epin. Epinomis Tyr. e Tyrannicide Gorg. Gorgias Z. Cat. Zeus Catechized Hipp. maj. Hippias major Z. Rants Zeus Rants Hipp. min. Hippias minor Lucret. Nat. Lucretius De rerum natura Hipparch. Hipparchus Lycophron Alex . Lycophron of Chalcis Alexandra Lach. Laches Lysias Or. Lysias Orationes Laws Laws Macrob. Macrobius Menex. Menexenus Comm. Commentary on the Dream of Scipio Parm. Parmenides Sat. Saturnalia Phaedo Phaedo Manetho Aeg . Manetho Aegyptiaca Phaedr. Phaedrus Marc. Aur. Marcus Aurelius Meditations Phileb. Philebus Mart. Epig . Martial Epigrams Pol. Politicus/Statesman Max. Tyre Maximus of Tyre Orationes Prot. Protagoras Men. Rhet. Menander Rhetor (of Laodicea) Rep. Republic Treatises Soph. Sophist Min. Fel. Oct . Minucius Felix Octavius Symp. Symposium xxii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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eaet. eaetetus Fort. Rom. Fortune of Romans eag. eages Galba Galba Tim. Timaeus Gen. of Soul Generation of the Soul in the “Timaeus” Plaut. Plautus Gk. Q. Greek Questions Bacch. Bacchides Isis Isis and Osiris Cas. Casina L. Wealth Love of Wealth Men. Menaechmi Lect. On Lectures Miles glor. Miles gloriosus Love St. Love Stories Most. Mostellaria Luc. Lucullus Rud. Rudens Lyc. Lycurgus Truc. Truculentus Lys. Lysander Pliny Pliny the Younger M. Ant. Marc Antony Ep. Epistles M. Cato Marcus Cato Panegyr. Panegyricus Mal. Hdt. Malice of Herodotus Pliny E. N.H . Pliny the Elder Natural History Many Friends On Having Many Friends Plot. Enn . Plotinus Ennead Marc. Marcellus Plut. Plutarch Mor. Moralia Adv. K. Well Advice about Keeping Well Nat. Phen. Causes of Natural Phenomena Aem. Paul. Aemilius Paulus Nic. Nicias Ag. Pleasure Against Pleasure (!gs.) Numa Numa Ages. Agesilaus Obsol. Obsolescence of Oracles Alc. Alcibiades Old Men Old Men in Public A#airs Alex. Alexander Or. Delphi Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse Apoll. Le"er of Consolation to Apollonius Otho Otho Arist. Aristides Par. St. Greek and Roman Parallel Stories Borr. On Borrowing (at We Ought Not to Pel. Pelopidas Borrow) Per. Pericles Br. Love On Brotherly Love Phil. Power at a Philosopher Ought to Converse Espe- Br. Wom. Bravery of Women cially with Men in Power Bride Advice to Bride and Groom Phoc. Phocion Brut. Brutus Plat. Q. Platonic Questions Busybody On Being a Busybody Pleas. L. Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life C. Mar. Caius Marius Impossible Caes. Caesar Poetry How the Young Man Should Study Poetry Cam. Camillus Pomp. Pompey Cat. Min. Cato Minor Praising Praising Oneself Ino#ensively Chance Chance Pro$t by Enemies How to Pro$t by One’s Enemies Cic. Cicero Cim. Cimon Progr. Virt. How One May Become Aware of One’s Prog- Cleverness Cleverness of Animals ress in Virtue Cleom. Cleomenes Publ. Publicola Comm. Conc. Against the Stoics on Common Conceptions Pyrr. Pyrrhus Comp. Alc. Cor. Comparison of Alcibiades and Coriolanus R. Col. Reply to Colotes Comp. Arist. Cato Comparison of Aristides and Marcus Cato Rom. Romulus Comp. Lys. Sull. Comparison of Lysander and Sulla Rom. Q. Roman Questions Comp. es. Rom. Comparison of eseus and Romulus S. Kings Sayings of Kings and Commanders Compliancy On Compliancy S. Rom. Sayings of Romans Consol. Consolation to Wife S. Sp. Sayings of Spartans Contr. A. On the Control of Anger S. Sp. Wom. Sayings of Spartan Women Coriol. Coriolanus Sert. Sertorius Crass. Crassus Sign Soc. Sign of Socrates Demetr. Demetrius Solon Solon Demosth. Demosthenes St. Poets Stories and Poets Dial. L. Dialogue on Love Statecra% Precepts of Statecra% Dinner Dinner of Seven Wise Men Stoic Cont. Stoic Self-Contradictions Div. V. Delays of Divine Vengeance Sulla Sulla E Delph. E at Delphi Superst. Superstition Eating Fl. Eating of Flesh Table Table Talk Educ. On the Education of Children Ten Or. Ten Orators Envy On Envy and Hate emist. emistocles Eum. Eumenes es. eseus Exile On Exile Tib. Gracc. Tiberius Gracchus Face M. Face on the Moon Tim. Timoleon Fame Ath. Fame of the Athenians Uned. R. To an Uneducated Ruler Fate On Fate Virt. Virtue and Vice Fla". How to Tell a Fla"erer !om a Friend W.V.S.C.U. Whether Vice Is Su&cient to Cause Fort. Alex. On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander Unhappiness xxiii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript!copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Polyb. Polybius History of the Roman Servius Comm. Republic in Verg. Aen . Maurius Servius Honoratus Commen- Porph. Porphyry tarius in Vergilii Aeneida Abst. De abstinentia Sext. Emp. Sextus Empiricus Antr. nymph. De antro nympharum Eth. Against the Ethicists Ar. Cat. On Aristotle’s Categories Math. Adversus mathematicos/Against the Isag. Isagoge sive quinque voces Professors Marc. To Marcella Pyr. Outlines of Pyrrhonism Porphyry’s Porphyry’s Against the Christians: e Sil. It. Silius Italicus Punica Literary Remains. Edited and translated Soph. Sophocles by R. Joseph Ho!mann. Amherst, N.Y.: Ajax Ajax Prometheus, 1994. Antig. Antigone V.P. Vita Pythagorae/Life of Pythagoras El. Electra Prop. Eleg . Propertius Elegies Oed. Col. Oedipus at Colonus Ps.-Callisth. Alex . Pseudo-Callisthenes Alexander Oed. tyr. Oedipus the King Romance Philoc. Philoctetes Ps.-Chion Ep . Pseudo-Chion of Heraclea Epistulae Wom. Tr. Women of Trachis Ptolemy Soranus Gynec. Soranus Gynecology Geog. Geography Stad. Stadiasmus maris magni Tetrab. Tetrabiblos Statius Publ. Syr. Publilius Syrus Sentences Ach. Achilleid Pyth. Sent. Pythagorean Sentences Silv. Silvae Quint. Quintilian eb. ebaid Decl. Declamations Stob. Stobaeus Inst. Institutes of Oratory Anth. Anthology Quint. Curt. Quintus Curtius Rufus History of Ecl. Eclogae Alexander Flor. Florilegium Res gest. Res gestae divi Augusti Strabo Strabo Geography Rhet. Alex. Rhetorica ad Alexandrum Suet. Suetonius Rhet. Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium Aug. Augustus Sall. Sallust Calig. Caligula Catil. War with Catiline Claud. Claudius Ep. Caes. Epistulae ad Caesarem/Le!ers to Caesar Dom. Domitian Invect. M. Tull. Invective against Marcus Tullius Galba Galba Hist. Historiae Gramm. Grammarians Jug. War with Jugurtha Jul. Julius Mith. Mithridates Nero Nero Philip. Speech of Philippus Rhet. Rhetoricians Pomp. Le!er of Gnaeus Pompeius Tib. Tiberius Sp. Caes. Speech to Caesar Tit. Titus Sp. G. Co!a Speech of Gaius Co!a Vergil Vergil Sallustius Gods Sallustius On the Gods and the Vesp. Vespasian Universe Vit. Vitellius Sen. E. Seneca the Elder Tac. Tacitus Controv. Controversiae Agr. Agricola Suas. Suasoriae Ann. Annals Sen. Y. Seneca the Younger Dial. Dialogus de oratoribus Ag. Agamemnon Germ. Germania Apocol. Apocolocyntosis Hist. History Ben. On Bene"ts Terence Clem. De clementia Andr. Lady of Andros Consol. Consolation to Marcia Brothers e Brothers Const. De constantia Eun. Eunuch Dial. Dialogues Moth. e Mother-in-Law Ep. Lucil. Epistles to Lucilius Phorm. Phormio Herc. fur. Hercules furens Self-T. Self-Tormentor Herc. Ot. Hercules Otaeus !emistius Or . !emistius Orationes Ira De ira !eod. !eodotion Med. Medea !eon Progymn . Aelius !eon Progymnasmata (citing Nat. Q. Natural Questions the Bu"s edition except where other- Phaed. Phaedra wise noted) Phoen. Phoenician Women !eon of Smyrna Prov. De providentia Exp. Rer. Math . Expositio rerum mathematicarum Tranq. De tranquillitate animi !eophr. !eophrastus Troj. Trojan Women Caus. plant. De causis plantarum Vit. beat. De vita beata Char. On Characters xxiv Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript"copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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ucyd. ucydides History of the Pelopon- Cat. Act . Catena in Acta ss. apostolorum . Edited by nesian War J. A. Cramer. Oxford: E Typographeo Ulp. Dig . Ulpian in Digest of Justinian Academico, 1838 (Martin, Acts : Catena on Val. Flacc. Valerius Flaccus Argonautica the Acts of the Apostles ). Val. Max. Valerius Maximus Memorable Deeds Cat. Cor . Catenae in sancti Pauli epistolas ad Corin- and Sayings thios . Edited by J. A. Cramer. Oxford: E Varro Typographeo Academico, 1841 (Bray, Co- L.L. On the Latin Language rinthians : Catenae on Paul’s Epistles to the Rust. De re rustica Corinthians ). Veg. Mil . Vegetius De re militari CCSL Corpus Christianorum: Series latina. Vell. Paterc. Velleius Paterculus Compendium of Turnhout, 1935–. Roman History CER Origen. Commentarii in Epistulam ad Ro- Ve!. Val. Ve!ius Valens Anthology manos. Edited by T. Heither. 5 vols. New Virg. Virgil York: Herder, 1990–95. Aen. Aeneid CMG Corpus medicorum graecorum Catal. Catalepton CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Ecl. Eclogues latinorum Georg. Georgics Cod. theod. Codex theodosianus Priap. Priapea Confuc. Anal . Confucius Analects 4 Vit. Aes. Vita Aesopi/Life of Aesop/Aesop Corp. herm. Corpus hermeticum Romance CTH Catalogue des textes hi$ites. By Emmanuel Vitruv. Arch . Vitruvius On Architecture Laroche. Paris: Klincksieck, 1971. Xen. Xenophon Cyn. Ep . %e Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition . Edited Ages. Agesilaus by Abraham J. Malherbe. SBLSBS 12. Anab. Anabasis Apol. Apologia Socratis Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 1977. Cav. Com. Cavalry Commander Diehl Anthologia lyrica graeca. Edited by Cyr. Cyropaedia E. Diehl. 2 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, 1925. Hell. Hellenica Düring Chion of Heraclea: A Novel in Le$ers . Lac. Constitution of Lacedemonians Edited by Ingemar Düring. Göteborg, Mem. Memorabilia Sweden: We#ergren & Kerber, 1951. Oec. Oeconomicus ENPK Ein neuer Paulustext und Kommentar. Symp. Symposium Edited by H. J. Frede. 2 vols. Freiburg im Xen. Eph. Anthia Xenophon of Ephesus Anthia and Breisgau: Herder, 1973–74. Habrocomes Epicurea Epicurea. Edited by H. Usener. Leipzig: Teubner, 1887. Eshn. Laws of Eshnunna Eustath. Com. Il. Eustathius of $essalonica Commentary Other Ancient and Medieval Sources on Iliad FI& Fontes iuris romani antejustiniani. Edited ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to by S. Riccobono et al. 3 vols. 2nd ed. Flor- the Old Testament. Edited by James B. ence: Barbèra, 1940–43. Pritchard. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton GBP %e Greek Bucolic Poets . Translated by J. M. University Press, 1955. Edmonds. LCL. Cambridge, Mass.: Har- ARMT Archives royales de Mari: Transcriptions et vard University Press; London: Heine- traductions mann, 1912. ARS Ancient Roman Statutes. Translated by GCS Die griechische christliche Schri'steller Allan Chester Johnson, Paul Robinson der ersten [drei] Jahrhunderte Coleman-Norton, and Frank Card GGM Geographi graeci minores. Edited by Bourne. Austin: University of Texas Press, C. Müller. 3 vols. Paris: Didot, 1855–61. 1961. Gilg. Epic of Gilgamesh BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Gnom. Vat. Gnomologium Vaticanum Bede Comm. Acts Venerable Bede Commentary on the Acts of GVSGM Geographiae veteris scriptores graeci mi- the Apostles nores. Edited by John Hudson. 4 vols. Ox- BGU Ägyptische Urkunden aus den Königlichen ford: E $eatro Sheldoniano, 1698–1712. Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Griechische Hamm. Code of Hammurabi Urkunden . 15 vols. Berlin, 1895–1983. Incant. Text Incantation text from Corpus of the Ara- Book of Dead Book of the Dead (Egyptian) maic Incantation Bowls. By Charles D. Bray, Corinthians 1–2 Corinthians . Edited by Gerald Bray. Isbell. SBLDS 17. Missoula, Mont.: Schol- ACCS: New Testament 7. Downers ars Press, 1975. Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1999. Just, Luke Luke . Edited by Arthur A. Just Jr. ACCS: Bray, Romans Romans . Edited by Gerald Bray. ACCS: New Testament 3. Downers Grove, Ill.: New Testament 6. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1998. InterVarsity, 2003. CAGN Collected Ancient Greek Novels . Edited by B. P. Reardon. Berkeley: University of 4. Chai’s enumeration followed parenthetically by the California Press, 1989. original enumeration. xxv Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript+copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Milik, and R. de Vaux. Dis- P.Fay. Fayum Towns and "eir Papyri. Edited by coveries in the Judaean Desert 2. Oxford, B. P. Grenfell, A. S. Hunt, and D. G. Ho- 1961. garth. London, 1900. P.Oslo Papyri Osloenses. Edited by S. Eitrem and P.Flor. Papyri greco-egizii, Papiri Fiorentini. Edited L. Amundsen. Oslo, 1925–36. by G. Vitelli and D. Compare"i. Milan, P.Oxy. "e Oxyrhynchus Papyri. London: British 1906–15. Exploration Fund; Egypt Exploration P.Fouad Les Papyrus Fouad I. Edited by A. Bataille Society, 1898–. et al. Cairo, 1939. P.Panop.Bea"y Papyri !om Panopolis in the Chester Bea#y P.Giss. Griechische Papyri im Museum des Ober- Library, Dublin . Edited by T. C. Skeat. hessischen Geschichtsvereins zu Giessen . Dublin, 1964. Edited by E. Kornemann, O. Eger, and P.Paris Notices et textes des papyrus grecs (p. par.) P. M. Meyer. Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner, du Musée du Louvre et de la Bibliotheque 1910–. impériale . Edited by M. (A.-J.) Letronne, P.Giss.Univ. Mi#eilungen aus der Papyrussammlung der W. Brunet de Presle, and E. Egger. Paris: Giessener Universitätsbibliothek. Edited by Imprimerie Impériale, 1865. xxvii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript/copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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P.Petr. e Flinders Petrie Papyri. Edited by Pearson e Fragments of Sophocles. Edited by A. C. J. P. Maha!y and J. G. Smyly. Dublin, Pearson. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge 1891–1905. University Press, 1917. P.Rein. Les Papyrus éodore Reinach. Edited by PGM Papyri graecae magicae: Die griechischen P. Collart. Cairo, 1940. Zauberpapyri. Edited by K. Preisendanz P.Ryl. Catalogue of the Greek Papyri in the John et al. 2 vols. Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner, Rylands Library, Manchester . Edited by 1928–31. A. S. Hunt, J. de M. Johnson, and V. Mar- PSI Papiri della Società Italiana . Edited by tin. 4 vols. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester G. Vitelli et al. Florence, Felice le Mon- University Press, 1911–52. nier, etc., 1912–. P.Sakaon e Archive of Aurelius Sakaon. Edited by RECAM Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia G. M. Parássoglou. Bonn, 1978. Minor P.Stras. Griechische Papyrus der Kaiserlichen Univer- SEG Supplementum epigraphicum graecum . Am- sitäts- und Landes-bibliothek zu Strassburg . sterdam, etc., 1923–. Edited by F. Priesigke. Leipzig, 1912–. SPap Select Papyri. Edited by A. S. Hunt, C. C. P.Tebt. e Tebtunis Papyri . Edited by B. P. Gren- Edgar, and D. L. Page. 5 vols. LCL. Cam- fell et al. London: H. Frowde, etc., 1902–. bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, P.#ead. Papyrus de éadelphie . Edited by P. Jou- 1932–41. guet. Paris: Fontemoing, 1911. SIG 2 Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum. Edited by P.Turner Papyri Greek and Egyptian. Edited by P. J. W. Di$enberger. 3 vols. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Parsons et al. London, 1981. S. Hirzel, 1898–1901. P.Yale Yale Papyri in the Beinecke Rare Book and SIG 3 Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum. Edited by Manuscript Library . Edited by J. F. Oates. W. Di$enberger. 4 vols. 3rd ed. Leipzig: New Haven, etc., 1967–. S. Hirzel, 1915–24. P.Wash.Univ. Washington University Papyri. Edited by SVF Stoicorum veterum $agmenta. Edited by V. B. Schuman, K. Maresch, and Z. M. H. von Arnim. 4 vols. Leipzig: Teubner, Packman. Missoula, Mont.; Oplanden, 1903–24. Ger., 1980–90. TrGF Tragicorum graecorum $agmenta. Edited P.Wisc. e Wisconsin Papyri. Edited by P. J. Sijpes- by Bruno Snell et al. Gö$ingen: Vanden- teijn. Leiden; Zutphen, Neth.,1967–77. hoeck & Ruprecht, 1971–. PDM Papyri demoticae magicae. Demotic texts in von Arnim Hierokles: Ethische Elementarlehre (Papy- the PGM corpus as collated in e Greek rus 9780) . Edited by H. von Arnim with Magical Papyri in Translation, Including W. Schubart. Berlin: Weidman, 1906. the Demotic Spells. Edited by Hans Dieter W.Chrest. Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Pa- Betz. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chi- pyruskunde. Edited by U. Wilcken and cago Press, 1992–. L. Mi$eis. 2 vols. in 4. Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner, 1912.

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General Bible Translations

ad loc. ad locum, at the place discussed &'! Good News Bible !.".#. before the Common Era G**+-0##+ E. J. Goodspeed, !e Complete Bible: An ".#. Common Era American Translation ca. circa 1! Jerusalem Bible ch(s). chapter(s) M*2234 James Mo5a6, !e New Testament: A New col. column Translation e.g. exempli gratia, for example '3-! New American Standard Bible ed(s). edition, editor(s), edited by '#! New English Bible '78 New International Version enl. enlarged '918 New King James Version esp. especially ':; New Living Translation ET English translation '<-8 New Revised Standard Version $g. $gure <-8 Revised Standard Version %. foot/feet <8 Revised Version Gk. Greek T=#';7#;> Heb. Hebrew C#';?<@ Twentieth Century New Testament i.e. id est, that is impv. imperative in. inch(es) inv. inventory number Journals, Series, and kg. kilogram(s) Other Reference Works km. kilometer(s) lit. literally AAAH Acta Academiae Aboensis, Humaniora m. meter(s) AAAM American Anthropological Association mi. mile(s) Monographs n(n). note(s) AAAPSS Annals of the American Academy of Political n.d. no date and Social Science n.p. no place/no publisher/no pages AADS American Academy of Religion Academy n.s. new series Series no(s). number(s) AARTRSS American Academy of Religion Teaching Religious Studies Series p(p). page(s) AASF Annales Academiae scientiarum fennicae par. parallel AB Anchor Bible pl. plural ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David R. Rabbi N. Freeman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, rev. revised 1992. s.v. sub verbo, under the word ABIG Arbeiten zur Bibel und ihrer Geschichte sect. section ABPRSSS Association of Baptist Professors of Reli- ser. series gion Special Studies Series sing. singular ABR Australian Biblical Review sq. square ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library trans. translator(s), translated by AbrN Abr-Nahrain vs. versus ABW Archaeology in the Biblical World xxix Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript]copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd xxix 6/24/14 7:19 AM Abbreviations

ACCS Ancient Christian Commentary on neueren Forschung . Edited by H. Temporini Scripture and W. Haase. Berlin and New York: de ACl Acta Classica Gruyter, 1972–. ACQ American Church Quarterly AnSt Anatolian Studies ACR Australasian Catholic Record ANTC Abingdon New Testament Commentaries ADPV Abhandlungen des Deutschen AnthConsc Anthropology of Consciousness Palästina-Vereins AnthHum Anthropology and Humanism Advance Advance Anthrop Anthropos Aeg Aegyptus AnthrQ Anthropological Quarterly AfCrit A!rmation & Critique Antiquity Antiquity AfCS A"ican Christian Studies Antonianum Antonianum AfET A"ica Journal of Evangelical #eology ANZJPsyc Australian and New Zealand Journal of (= EA"JET ) Psychiatry A"ica A"ica: Journal of the International A"ican ANZSTR Australian and New Zealand Studies in Institute, London "eology and Religion AfSR A"ican Studies Review AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AfSt African Studies APAP Analytic Psychotherapy and Af#J A"ica #eological Journal Psychopathology AGP Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie APB Acta Patristica et Byzantina AGSU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Spätjuden- Apeiron Apeiron tums und Urchristentums APOT #e Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the AHB Ancient History Bulletin Old Testament in English . Edited by R. H. AIPHOS Annuaire de l’Institut de philologie et Charles. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1913. d’histoire orientales et slaves APsPSAL Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America AJA American Journal of Archaeology Latina AJAH American Journal of Ancient History Apuntes Apuntes AJBA Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology AramSt Aramaic Studies AJBI Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute A/nth Annual Review of Anthropology AJEC Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity ArbInt Arbeiten zur Interkulturalität AJP American Journal of Philology Archaeology Archaeology AJPS Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies ArchOd Archaeology Odyssey AJPSS Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies Series ArchRep Archaeological Reports AJSR Association for Jewish Studies Review Arethusa Arethusa AJT Asia Journal of #eology ArIntHI Archives Internationales d’histoire des Al%nge Al%nge idées ALGHJ Arbeiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des ARJ Annual of Rabbinic Judaism Hellenistichen Judentums ASAMS Association of Social Anthropologists Altertum Das Altertum Monograph Series ALUOS Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society ASDE Annali di storia dell’ esegesi ALW Archiv für Liturgiewissenscha( AsEthn Asian Ethnology AmAnth American Anthropologist AshTJ Ashland #eological Journal AmAntiq American Antiquity ASNU Acta Seminarii Neotestamentici AmBenRev American Benedictine Review Upsaliensis AMECR AME (A"ican Methodist Episcopal) Church ASocR American Sociological Review Review ASP American Studies in Papyrology AmEthn American Ethnologist AsSeign Assemblées du Seigneur AMEZQR A.M.E. Zion (A"ican Methodist Episcopal ASSR Archives de sciences sociales des religions Zion) Quarterly Review ASTI Annual of the Swedish #eological Institute AmJPsyc American Journal of Psychiatry AsTJ Asbury #eological Journal AmJSocPsyc American Journal of Social Psychiatry ATANT Abhandlungen zur "eologie des Alten AmPsyc American Psychologist und Neuen Testaments AmSocMissMonS American Society of Missiology Mono- ATDan Acta "eologica Danica graph Series A#R Anglican #eological Review AmSocMissS American Society of Missiology Series ‘Atiqot ‘Atiqot AmSocRev American Sociological Review ATLABS American "eological Library Association Anám Anámnesis Bibliography Series AnBib Analecta Biblica ATSSWCRMPCS Asbury "eological Seminary Series in AnBrux Analecta Bruxellensia World Christian Revitalization Move- AnCrac Analecta cracoviensia ments in Pentecostal/Charismatic Studies AncSoc Ancient Society AugCNT Augsburg Commentary on the New ANES Ancient Near Eastern Studies Testament Angelicum Angelicum AuOr Aula Orientalis Annala Annala AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies Annales Annales AUSt American University Studies ANQ Andover Newton Quarterly AYBRL Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: BA Biblical Archaeologist Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der BAGB Bulletin de l’Association Guillaume Budé xxx Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript$copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd xxx 6/24/14 7:19 AM Abbreviations

BAIAS Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological BK Bibel und Kirche Society BMedJ British Medical Journal BangTF Bangalore eological Forum BMik Beth Mikra BapRT Baptist Review of eology/Revue baptiste BN Biblische Notizen de théologie BNTC Black’s New Testament Commentaries BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BO Bibliotheca orientalis BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental BollS Bollingen Series Research BPN Bibliotheca Psychiatrica et Neurologica BASP Bulletin of the American Society of BR Biblical Research Papyrologists BRev Bible Review BBB Bonner Biblische Beiträge BrillPauly Brill’s New Pauly, Encyclopaedia of the An- BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research cient World: Antiquity . Edited by Hubert BCompAW Blackwell Companions to the Ancient Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, and Chris- World tine F. Salazar. Leiden and Boston: Brill, BCompRel Blackwell Companions to Religion 2002–. BDAG Bauer, W., F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and BSac Bibliotheca Sacra F. W. Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of BSClinPsyc British School of Clinical Psychology the New Testament and Other Early Chris- BSGA Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology tian Literature . 3rd rev. ed. Chicago: Uni- BSL Biblical Studies Library versity of Chicago, 1999. BTB Biblical eology Bulletin BDV Bulletin Dei Verbum BTCB Brazos %eological Commentary on the BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the Bible New Testament BTr Bible Translator BEFAR Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises BTZ Berliner eologische Zeitschri" d’Athènes et de Rome BullCorrHell Bulletin de Correspondance hellénique BegChr e Beginnings of Christianity: e Acts of BurH Buried History the Apostles . Edited by F. J. Foakes-Jackson BWANT Beiträge zur Wissenscha& vom Alten und and Kirsopp Lake. 5 vols. London: Mac- Neuen Testament millan, 1920–33; repr., Grand Rapids: ByF Biblia y Fe Baker Book House, 1979. BZ Biblische Zeitschri" BehBrSc Behavioural and Brain Sciences BZNW Beihe&e zur Zeitschri& für die neutesta- BeO Bibbia e Oriente mentliche Wissenscha& BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum %eologi- BZNWK Beihe&e zur Zeitschri& für die neutesta- carum Lovaniensium mentliche Wissenscha& und die Kunde BETS Bulletin of the Evangelical eological Soci- der älteren Kirche ety (later = JETS ) CaÉ Cahiers Évangile BEURU Bibliotheca Ekmaniana Universitatis Re- CAH Cambridge Ancient History giae Upsaliensis BHMTSNABR %e Bishop Henry McNeal Turner Stud- CahJos Cahiers de Joséphologie ies in North American Black Religion CahRB Cahiers de la Revue Biblique BHT Beiträge zur historischen %eologie CanJBehSc Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science BI Biblical Illustrator Cathedra Cathedra Bib Biblica CathW Catholic World BiBh Bible Bhashyam (Biblebhashyam) CBC Cambridge Bible Commentary BibInt Biblical Interpretation CBET Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and BibLeb Bibel und Leben %eology BIBMS BIBAL Monograph Series CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly BibOr Biblica et Orientalia CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph BibRev Biblia Revuo Series BibSham Bibliotheca Shamanistica CBR Currents in Biblical Research BibSp Bible and Spade CBull Classical Bulletin BibT e Bible Today C&C Cross & Crown Bib Biblical eology CC Continental Commentaries BibUnt Biblische Untersuchungen CCER Cahiers du Cercle Ernest-Renan Bijdr Bijdragen CCl Civiltà Ca!olica BIOSCS Bulletin of the International Organization CCRMS Cross-Cultural Research and Methodol- for Septuagint and Cognate Studies ogy Series BIS Biblical Interpretation Series CCSS Catholic Commentary on Sacred BJGS Bulletin of Judaeo-Greek Studies Scripture BJPhilSc British Journal for the Philosophy of Science CCWJCW Cambridge Commentaries on Writings of BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University the Jewish and Christian World 200 BC to Library AD 200 BJS Brown Judaic Studies CE Coptic Encyclopedia . Edited by Aziz S. BJSoc British Journal of Sociology Atiya. 8 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1991. BK Bibel und Kirche CEC %e Context of Early Christianity BL Bibel und Liturgie CGB Church Growth Bulletin BLE Bulletin de Li!érature Ecclésiastique CH Church History xxxi Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript+copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd xxxi 6/24/14 7:19 AM Abbreviations

CHB Christian History & Biography (formerly DécHell Décrets hellénistiques Christian History ) DeutsArcIns Deutsches Archäologisches Institut ChH Christian History (continued as Christian DeuUn Deutsche Universitätszeitung History & Biography ) DiabMed Diabetic Medicine ChicSt Chicago Studies Diakonia Diakonia Chm Churchman Dial Dialog ChongTJ Chongshin !eological Journal Didaskalia Didaskalia ChrÉg Chronique d’Égypte Diogenes Diogenes Christus Christus Discovery Discovery CHSC Center for Hellenic Studies Colloquia Divinitas Divinitas CHSP Center for Hermeneutical Studies Protocol Div!om Divus !omas ChuenKLS Chuen King Lecture Series Diwa Diwa: Studies in Philosophy and !eology CJ Classical Journal DLNTD Dictionary of the Later New Testament and CJP Canadian Journal of Philosophy Its Developments . Edited by Ralph P. Mar- CJT Canadian Journal of !eology tin and Peter H. Davids. Downers Grove, ClAnt Classical Antiquity Ill.: InterVarsity, 1997. ClassO Classical Outlook DNTB Dictionary of New Testament Background . CMPsy Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry Edited by Craig A. Evans and Stanley E. CNS Cristianesimo nella Storia Porter. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, CNT Commentaire du Nouveau Testament 2000. Coll Collationes Dor le Dor Dor le Dor CollLat Collection Latomus DOTHB Dictionary of the Old Testament: Histori- Colloq Colloquium cal Books . Edited by Bill T. Arnold and ColT Collectanea !eologica H. G. M. Williamson. Downers Grove, Ill.: CommCog Communication and Cognition InterVarsity, 2005. Commentary Commentary DOTP Dictionary of the Old Testament: Penta- Communio Communio teuch . Edited by T. Desmond Alexander ComPsy Comprehensive Psychiatry and David W. Baker. Downers Grove, Ill.: ConBNT Coniectanea biblica: New Testament InterVarsity, 2003. Series DPCM Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic ConBOT Coniectanea biblica: Old Testament Movements . Edited by Stanley M. Burgess, Series Gary B. McGee, and Patrick H. Alexander. Concilium Concilium Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988. ConcJ Concordia Journal DPL Dictionary of Paul and His Le)ers . Edited ConnCMon Connecticut College Monographs by Gerald F. Hawthorne, Ralph P. Martin, ConsJud Conservative Judaism and Daniel G. Reid. Downers Grove, Ill.: CP Classical Philology InterVarsity, 1993. CQ Classical Quarterly DRev !e Downside Review CR Classical Review DSD Dead Sea Discoveries CRBR Critical Review of Books in Religion DSt Dutch Studies CrisTR Criswell !eological Review D* Dansk Teologisk Tidsskri+ Criterion Criterion DVerb Dei Verbum CSHJ Chicago Studies in the History of Judaism EA$JET East A$ican Journal of Evangelical !eology CSHSMC Comparative Studies of Health Systems EAfSt Eastern African Studies and Medical Care East Asian PastRev East Asian Pastoral Review CSSH Comparative Studies in Society and History ÉcBib École biblique CT Christianity Today EcRev Ecumenical Review CTAfS Christian !eology in African Scholarship EdF Erträge der Forschung CTJ Calvin !eological Journal EfMex Efemerides Mexicana CTM Concordia !eological Monthly ÉgT Église et !éologie CTQ Concordia !eological Quarterly EHPR Études d’Histoire et de Philosophie CTSR Chicago !eological Seminary Register Religieuses CuadTeol Cuadernos de Teología EHRel Études d’Histoire des Religions CulRel Culture and Religion EKKNT Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar CurBS Currents in Research: Biblical Studies zum Neuen Testament CurTM Currents in !eology and Mission EkkPhar Ekklesiastikos Pharos CV Communio Viatorum ELKZ Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirchenzeitung CW Classical World EMC Echos du Monde Classique/Classical Views DACB Dictionary of A$ican Christian Biography. Emmanuel Emmanuel New Haven: Overseas Ministries Study Enc Encounter Center. Online: h"p://www.dacb.org. EncJud Encyclopaedia Judaica . 16 vols. Jerusalem: Dados Dados Keter, 1972. DaughSar Daughters of Sarah Enr Enrichment DavLog Davar Logos EphLit Ephemerides Liturgicae DBM Deltion Biblikon Meleton EphMar Ephemerides Mariologicae DCDBCN !e Development of Christian Doctrine ÉPROER Études préliminaires aux religions orien- Before the Council of Nicaea tales dans l’empire romain xxxii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript©right protected Baker Publishing Group)

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd xxxii 6/24/14 7:19 AM Abbreviations

EpwRev Epworth Review HBT Horizons in Biblical eology Eranos Eranos HCPsy Hospital and Community Psychiatry ErAuf Erbe und Aurag HDBull Harvard Divinity Bulletin ErIsr Eretz-Israel (Erets-Yisrael) HDR Harvard Dissertations in Religion ERT Evangelical Review of eology HekRev Hekima Review ESEC Emory Studies in Early Christianity Helios Helios EspV Esprit et Vie Hen Henoch EstAg Estudio Agustiniano Herm Hermathena EstBib Estudios Bíblicos Hermeneia Hermeneia—A Critical and Historical EstEcl Estudios Eclesiásticos Commentary on the Bible EtBib Études Bibliques Hermenêutica Hermenêutica Ethnology Ethnology Hesperia Hesperia: Journal of the American School of Ethos Ethos Classical Studies at Athens EthRacSt Ethnic and Racial Studies Hesperia Sup Hesperia Supplements ETL Ephemerides eologicae Lovanienses HeyJ Heythrop Journal ETR Études éologiques et Religieuses HibJ Hibbert Journal ÉtudClass Les Études Classiques HisJBehSc Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences Études Études Historia Historia EunDoc Euntes Docete Hist History and eory EurH Europäische Hochschulschri#en HistW History Workshop EurSCO European Studies on Christian Origins HMFT Health/Medicine and the Faith Traditions EUSTS European University Studies, $eology HNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament Series HNTC Harper’s New Testament Commentaries EvJ Evangelical Journal Hok Hokhma EvQ Evangelical Quarterly HolNTC Holman New Testament Commentary EvT Evangelische eologie HR History of Religions Exp Expositor HS Hebrew Studies ExpBC $e Expositor’s Bible Commentary HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Explor Explorations HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs ExpT Expository Times HSS Harvard Semitic Studies FaithFreed Faith and Freedom HT History Today FCNTECW Feminist Companion to the New Testa- HTKNT Herders theologischer Kommentar zum ment and Early Christian World Neuen Testament Femeol Feminist eology HTR Harvard eological Review FF Foundations and Facets HTS Harvard $eological Studies FIAEC Fédération Internationale des Associa- HTS/TS HTS Teologiese Studies/eological Studies tions d’Études Classiques HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual FidHist Fides et Historia HumDev Human Development FilNeot Filología Neotestamentaria HvTS Hervormde Teologiese Studies F&M Faith & Mission IBC Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for FO Folia Orientalia Teaching and Preaching FoiVie Foi et Vie IBMR International Bulletin of Missionary Research ForKatheol Forum Katholische eologie IBRB Institute for Biblical Research Forum Forum Bibliographies FourR e Fourth R IBS Irish Biblical Studies FPhil Faith and Philosophy IBT Interpreting Biblical Texts FreiRund Freiburger Rundbrief IC Inscriptiones creticae 1-4, ed. M. Guarducci FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur (Rome, 1939–50) des Alten und Neuen Testaments ICC International Critical Commentaries FSCS Faith and Scholarship Colloquies Series ICS Illinois Classical Studies FZPh Freiburger Zeitschri für Philosophie und IEJ Israel Exploration Journal eologie IGSK Inschri#en Griechischer Städte aus GBWW Great Books of the Western World Kleinasien GCAJS Gratz College Annual of Jewish Studies IgViv Iglesia viva GDT Global Dictionary of eology: A Resource IJAC International Journal for the Advancement for the Worldwide Church . Edited by Wil- of Counselling liam A. Dyrness et al. Downers Grove, Ill.: IJAHS International Journal of A*ican Historical InterVarsity, 2008. Studies GNC Good News Commentaries IJComSoc International Journal of Comparative GNS Good News Studies Sociology GOTR Greek Orthodox eological Review IJSocLang International Journal of the Sociology of GR Greece & Rome Language GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies IJSocPsyc International Journal of Social Psychiatry Greg Gregorianum IKaZ Internationale Katholische Zeitschri GTJ Grace eological Journal ImBSt Immersion Bible Studies HABES Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und Imm Immanuel epigraphische Studien IndCHR Indian Church History Review xxxiii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript©right protected Baker Publishing Group)

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd xxxiii 6/24/14 7:19 AM Abbreviations

InnTStud Innsbrucker theologische Studien JHistSex Journal of the History of Sexuality Interchange Interchange: Papers on Biblical and Current JHLT Journal of Hispanic/Latino !eology Questions JHom Journal of Homosexuality Interpretation Interpretation JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies IntRevMiss International Review of Mission Jian Dao Jian Dao ISBE International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Jian Dao DS Jian Dao Dissertation Series Rev. ed. Edited by Geo!rey W. Bromiley. 4 JIHist Journal of Interdisciplinary History vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979–88. JITC Journal of the Interdenominational !eo- IsLN Israel—Land and Nature logical Center IsNumJ Israel Numismatic Journal JJS Journal of Jewish Studies IsNumR Israel Numismatic Research JJTP Journal of Jewish !ought and Philosophy ITQ Irish !eological Quarterly JLH Jahrbuch für Liturgik und Hymnologie ITS Indian !eological Studies JLR Journal of Law and Religion IVPNTC InterVarsity Press New Testament JMBeh Journal of Mind and Behavior Commentary JMenSc Journal of Mental Science JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JMFam Journal of Marriage and Family JAAS Journal of Asia Adventist Seminary JMS Journal of Mithraic Studies JAbnPsy Journal of Abnormal Psychology JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages JA#Hist Journal of A#ican History JÖAI Jahreshe(e des Österreichischen archäolo- JAM Journal of Asian Mission gischen Instituts JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association JPastCare Journal of Pastoral Care JAmFolk Journal of American Folklore JPFC !e Jewish People in the First Century: His- JANER Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions torical Geography; Political History; Social, JANESCU Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society Cultural, and Religious Life and Institutions . of Columbia University Edited by S. Safrai and M. Stern with JAnthRes Journal of Anthropological Research D. Flusser and W. C. van Unnik. 2 vols. JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum JapRel Japanese Religions Testamentum 1. Vol. 1: Assen: Van Gor- JAramB Journal for the Aramaic Bible (now = Ara- cum, 1974; vol. 2: Philadelphia: Fortress, maic Studies ) 1976. JAS Journal of Asian Studies JPJ Journal of Progressive Judaism JASA Journal of the American Scienti$c A%liation JPOS Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society JATS Journal of the Adventist !eological Society JPsycHist Journal of Psychohistory JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JPsyChr Journal of Psychology and Christianity JBLMS Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph JPsyTE Journal of Psychiatric Treatment and Series Evaluation JBPRes Journal of Biblical and Pneumatological Research JPsy! Journal of Psychology and !eology JBPsi Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria JPT Journal of Pentecostal !eology JBQ Jewish Bible Quarterly JPTSup Journal of Pentecostal "eology JCounsDev Journal of Counseling and Development Supplement JDharm Journal of Dharma JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology JR Journal of Religion Jeev Jeevadhara J* Journal of Roman Archaeology JerPersp Jerusalem Perspective J#SS Journal of Roman Archaeology Supple- JerSJT Jerusalem Studies in Jewish !ought mentary Series JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JRefJud Journal of Reform Judaism JES Journal of Ecumenical Studies JRelAf Journal of Religion in A#ica JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History JRelHealth Journal of Religion and Health of the Orient JRelS Journal of Religious Studies JEthS Journal of Ethiopian Studies JRH Journal of Religious History JETS Journal of the Evangelical !eological Society JRS Journal of Roman Studies JEurPentTA Journal of the European Pentecostal !eo- JRT Journal of Religious !ought logical Association JSAlc Journal of Studies on Alcohol JExpPsyc Journal of Experimental Psychology JSCE Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics JFSR Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion JSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus JGES Journal of the Grace Evangelical Society JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Per- JGPSSS Journal of Gerontology Series B: Psycholog- sian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods ical Sciences & Social Sciences JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JGPsyc Journal of General Psychology JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testa- JGRCJ Journal of Greco-Roman Christianity and ment: Supplement Series Judaism JSocI Journal of Social Issues JHC Journal of Higher Criticism JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JHI Journal of the History of Ideas JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testa- JHistPhil Journal of the History of Philosophy ment: Supplement Series JHistS Journal of Historical Studies JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha xxxiv Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript$copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigra- Maarav Maarav pha Supplement Series MaisD Maison Dieu JSQ Jewish Studies Quarterly Man Man JSS Journal of Semitic Studies Manresa Manresa JSSR Journal for the Scientic Study of Religion MAP Monographs on Ancient Philosophy JStRel Journal for the Study of Religion Marianum Marianum JS/TS Journal for Semitics/Tydskrif vir Semitistiek Mayéutica Mayéutica JTC Journal for eology and Church MBPS Mellen Biblical Press Series Jeol Journal of eology McMJT McMaster Journal of eology JTS Journal of eological Studies MCom Miscelánea Comillas JTSA Journal of eology for Southern Aica MdB Le monde de la Bible Judaism Judaism MedQ Mediterranean Quarterly JValInq Journal of Value Inquiry MelT Melita eologica Kairos Kairos Meroitica Meroitica Kairós Kairós MFC Message of the Fathers of the Church KathKomNT Katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen MHR Mediterranean Historical Review Testament MHRC Mental Health, Religion and Culture KBANT Kommentare und Beiträge zum Alten und Midstream Midstream Neuen Testament MilS Milltown Studies KEKNT Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über Mishkan Mishkan das Neue Testament, begründet von Missiology Missiology: An International Review H. A. W. Meyer Missionalia Missionalia Kerux Kerux MissSt Mission Studies Klio Klio MissT Mission Today KuI Kirche und Israel MJCSL Michigan Journal of Community Service LangSc Language Sciences Learning LangSoc Language in Society MM Moulton and Milligan Laós Laós Mnemosyne Mnemosyne Latomus Latomus MNTC Mo%a# New Testament Commentary Laur Laurentianum Moment Moment LCBI Literary Currents in Biblical Monist Monist Interpretation Moralia Moralia LCL Loeb Classical Library MounM Mountain Movers LCQ Lutheran Church Quarterly MScRel Mélanges de Science Religieuse LCR Lutheran Church Review MSJ e Master’s Seminary Journal LD Lectio Divina MTZ Münchener eologische Zeitschri& LebSeel Lebendige Seelsorge Mus Muséon: Revue d’études orientales LEC Library of Early Christianity Leš Lešonénu NABPRSS National Association of the Baptist Pro- Levant Levant fessors of Religion Special Studies Series Ling Linguistics NAC New American Commentary List Listening: Journal of Religion and Culture NBf New Blackiars Listener e Listener NCamBC New Cambridge Bible Commentary LivL Living Light NCBC New Century Bible Commentary LNTS Library of New Testament Studies NCCS New Covenant Commentary Series LOS London Oriental Series NCS Noyes Classical Studies LouvS Louvain Studies NDST Notre Dame Studies in $eology LPSt Library of Pauline Studies NEA Near Eastern Archaeology LQ Lutheran Quarterly NEAEHL New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excava- LRB Library of Religious Biography tions in the Holy Land. Edited by M. Stern. LSEMSA London School of Economics Mono- 4 vols. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration graphs on Social Anthropology Society & Carta; New York: Simon & LSJ Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Sco#. Schuster, 1993. A Greek-English Lexicon . Revised by NEASB Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKen- Ned( Nederlands eologisch Tijdschri& zie. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968. Neot Neotestamentica LTJ Lutheran eological Journal NES(R Near East School of eology eological LTP Laval éologique et Philosophique Review LTPM Louvain $eological and Pastoral NFTL New Foundations $eological Library Monographs NHL e Nag Hammadi Library in English . LTQ Lexington eological Quarterly Edited by James M. Robinson. San Fran- LumVie Lumière et Vie cisco: Harper & Row, 1977. LUOSM Leeds University Oriental Society NIB e New Interpreter’s Bible . Edited by Le- Monograph ander E. Keck. 12 vols. Nashville: Abing- LVit Lumen Vitae don, 1994–2004. MAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in NIBCNT New International Biblical Commentary Rome on the New Testament xxxv Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript'copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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NICNT New International Commentary on the PBMon Paternoster Biblical Monographs New Testament PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome NICOT New International Commentary on the PCNT Paideia Commentaries on the New Old Testament Testament NIDB e New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the PEFQS Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Bible . Edited by Katharine Doob Saken- Statement feld. 5 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 2006–9. PentEv Pentecostal Evangel NIDN" e New International Dictionary of New PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly Testament eology . Edited by Colin PerMS Perceptual and Motor Skills Brown. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978. Personalist e Personalist NIGTC New International Greek Testament PerTeol Perspectiva Teológica Commentary PFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical NIVAC NIV Application Commentary Society NortCE Norton Critical Edition Phil Philologus NotesT Notes on Translation PhilAnt Philosophia Antiqua NovT Novum Testamentum Philosophy Philosophy NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum PhilPA Philosophy and Public A(airs NR La Nouvelle Revue éologique Phoenix Phoenix NTA New Testament Abstracts PHR Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions NTAbh Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen Phronesis Phronesis NTD Das Neue Testament Deutsch PIBA Proceedings of the Irish Biblical Association NTG New Testament Guides PillNTC Pillar New Testament Commentary NTIC New Testament in Context PJBR Polish Journal of Biblical Research NTL New Testament Library PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of NTM New Testament Message: A Biblical- Sciences !eological Commentary Pneuma Pneuma NTMon New Testament Monographs PolSt Political Studies NTOA Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus Pom Pomegranate NTS New Testament Studies PopSt Population Studies N" Norsk Teologisk Tidsskri$ PO"S Pi$sburgh Original Texts and Translations N"S New Testament Tools and Studies Series NumC Numismatic Chronicle P&P Priests & People Numen Numen: International Review for the History P&Pres Past & Present of Religions Prism Prism NV Nova et Vetera ProcArisSoc Proceedings of the Aristotle Society OBT Overtures to Biblical !eology ProcC Proclamation Commentaries OCD 3 Oxford Classical Dictionary . Edited by ProEccl Pro Ecclesia Simon Hornblower and Antony Spaw- ProtMon Protestantische Monatshe$e forth. 3rd rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford Univer- PrRR Princeton Readings in Religions sity Press, 2003. PRSt Perspectives in Religious Studies Oceania Oceania PrTMS Princeton !eological Monograph Series OEANE Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Prudentia Prudentia Near East . Edited by Eric M. Meyers. 5 PSB Princeton Seminary Bulletin vols. New York: Oxford University Press, PSCC Protocol Series of the Colloquies of the 1997. Center for Hermeneutical Studies OiC One in Christ Psychosomatics Psychosomatics OJRS Ohio Journal of Religious Studies PsycRep Psychological Reports ÖKTNT Ökumenischer Taschenbuchkommentar PsycRes Psychiatry Research zum Neuen Testament PsycTRPT Psychotherapy: eory, Research, Practice, OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta Training OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary . Edited by P. G. W. PTMS Pi$sburgh !eological Monograph Series Glare. Oxford: Clarendon, 1982. PWS Pietist and Wesleyan Studies Or Orientalia PWSup Supplement to Realencyclopädie der clas- OrChr Oriens Christianus sischen Altertumswissenscha$ . Edited by OrChrAn Orientalia Christiana Analecta Georg Wissowa, Kurt Wi$e, and Wilhelm Orientierung Orientierung Kroll. 15 vols. Stu$gart: J. B. Metzler, Orpheus Orpheus 1903–80. OTP e Old Testament Pseudepigrapha . Edited PzB Protokolle zur Bibel by James H. Charlesworth. 2 vols. Garden Qad Qadmoniot City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1983–85. QC Qumran Chronicle PAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy for QDisp Quaestiones Disputatae Jewish Research QF Quatres Fleuves Paci%ca Paci%ca Ramus Ramus Parab Parabola RB Revue Biblique PAST Pauline Studies (Brill) RBL Review of Biblical Literature PastPsy Pastoral Psychology RBPH Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire PastRev Pastoral Review RCB Revista de Cultura Biblica xxxvi Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript%copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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RCT Revista Catalana de Teología SAOC Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations RdT Rassegna di teologia SBB Stu!garter Biblische Beiträge REA Revue des Études Anciennes SBEC Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity Readings Readings: A New Biblical Commentary SBET Sco(ish Bulletin of Evangelical #eology REAug Revue des Études Augustiniennes SBFLA Studii Biblici Franciscani Liber Annuus REB Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira SBL Society of Biblical Literature RechBib Recherches bibliques SBLABib SBL Academia Biblica Reconstructionist Reconstructionist SBLBMI Society of Biblical Literature #e Bible RefR Reformed Review and Its Modern Interpreters REG Revue des Études Grecques SBLBSNA Society of Biblical Literature Biblical REJ Revue des Études Juives Scholarship in North America RelBiog Religion und Biographie SBLCP Society of Biblical Literature Centennial RelHHeal Religion, Health and Healing Publications Religion Religion SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation RelIntL Religion and Intellectual Life Series RelS Religious Studies SBLEJL Society of Biblical Literature Early Juda- RelSRev Religious Studies Review ism and Its Literature RelT Religious Traditions SBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph RésCon Résister et Construire Series ResQ Restoration Quarterly SBLRBS Society of Biblical Literature Resources RevAg Revista Agustiniana for Biblical Study RevAgEsp Revista Agustiniana de Espiritualidad SBLSBL Society of Biblical Literature Studies in (= RevAg ) Biblical Literature RevExp Review and Expositor SBLSBS Society of Biblical Literature Sources for ReVision ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Biblical Study Transformation SBLSCS Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint RevistB Revista Biblica and Cognate Studies RevMet Review of Metaphysics SBLSemS Society of Biblical Literature Semeia RevPhil Revue de Philologie Studies RevQ Revue de Qumran SBLSemSup Society of Biblical Literature Semeia RevRel Review for Religious Supplements RevScRel Revue des Sciences Religieuses SBLSP Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Rev#éol Revue de #éologie Papers RGRW Religions in the Graeco-Roman World SBLSymS Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Rhetorica Rhetorica Series RHPR Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie religieuses SBL$ Society of Biblical Literature Texts and RHR Revue de l’histoire des religions Translations RivB Rivista Biblica SBLWGRW Society of Biblical Literature Writings RivSAnt Rivista storica dell’Antichita from the Greco-Roman World RMPhil Rheinisches Museum für Philologie SBLWGRWSup Society of Biblical Literature Writings RNT Regensburger Neues Testament from the Greco-Roman World Supple- RocT Roczniki Teologiczne ment Series RocTK Roczniki Teologiczno-Kanoniczne (= RocT ) SBS Stu!garter Bibelstudien RomPhil Romance Philology SBT Studies in Biblical #eology RQ Römische Quartalschri& ScC La Scuola Ca(olica RR Review of Religion ScEs Science et Esprit RRéf Revue Réformée SCEthn Series in Contemporary Ethnography RRJ Review of Rabbinic Judaism SCHNT Studia ad Corpus Hellenisticum Novi RSLR Rivista di Storia e Le(eratura Religiosa Testamenti RSPT Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et SChrJud Studies in Christianity and Judaism #éologiques SCI Scripta Classica Israelica RSR Recherches de Science Religieuse SCJ Stone-Campbell Journal RSSSR Research in the Social Scienti)c Study of SCR Studies in Comparative Religion Religion ScrB Scripture Bulletin RStMiss Regnum Studies in Mission Scriptura Scriptura R&T Religion and #eology Scripture Scripture R#om Revue #omiste ScrJudCr Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia RTL Revue #éologique de Louvain Scr# Scripta #eologica RTP Revue de #éologie et de Philosophie ScSoc Science and Society RTR Reformed #eological Review SE Studia Evangelica RuBL Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny SEÅ Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok SacEr Sacris Erudiri SEAJT South East Asia Journal of #eology SAJPsyc South A+ican Journal of Psychology SecCent Second Century Salm Salmanticensis Sefarad Sefarad SANT Studien zum Alten und Neuen SEHT Studies in Evangelical History and Testaments #ought SAnthM Studies in Anthropological Method Sem Semitica xxxvii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript%copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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SémBib Sémiotique et Bible SUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Semeia Semeia Testaments SGRR Studies in Greek and Roman Religion Supplément Supplément Shamanism Shamanism SUSIA Skri!er Utgivna av Svenska Institutet I SHBC Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary Athen SHCM Studies in the History of Christian SvMT Svensk Missionstidskri# Mission SVTQ Saint Vladimir’s "eological Quarterly SHR Studies in the History of Religions (Sup- SWJA Southwestern Journal of Anthropology plements to Numen) SWJT Southwestern Journal of "eology SICHC Studies in the Intercultural History of SyllClass Syllecta Classica Christianity TA Tel Aviv SIFC Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica TANZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentli- Signs Signs chen Zeitalter SJFWJ Studia Judaica: Forschungen zur Wissen- TAPA Transactions of the American Philological scha! des Judentums Association SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity Tarbiz Tarbiz SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament TBC Torch Bible Commentaries SJT Sco!ish Journal of "eology TBei "eologische Beiträge SJTOP Sco"ish Journal of #eology Occasional TD "eology Digest Papers TDNT "eological Dictionary of the New Testa- SK Skrif en Kerk ment . Edited by Gerhard Ki"el and Ger- SkI Skeptical Inquirer hard Friedrich. Translated by Geo$rey W. SLJT Saint Luke’s Journal of "eology Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerd- SMedJ Southern Medical Journal mans, 1964–76. SNTA Studiorum Novi Testamenti auxilia Telema Telema SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies Teresianum Teresianum Monograph Series Teubner Bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et ro- SNTSU Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner manorum teubneriana Umwelt Textus Textus SO Symbolae Osloenses TGl "eologie und Glaube SocAnal Sociological Analysis "em "emelios SocG Sociologische Gids "eo "eologika SocRes Social Research "eof "eoforum Sophia Sophia "eolEv "eologia Evangelica SP Sacra Pagina "éologiques "éologiques SpCh "e Spirit & Church "eology "eology SPCI Studies in Pentecostal and Charismatic THKNT #eologischer Handkommentar zum Issues Neuen Testament SPhilA Studia Philonica Annual (Studia Philonica) "ought "ought SPhilMon Studia Philonica Monographs "Q "eologische Quartalschri# Spiritus Spiritus "To "eology Today SPNT Studies on Personalities of the New TijSW Tijdschri# voor Sociale Wetenschappen Testament TJ Trinity Journal SR/SR Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses TJT Toronto Journal of "eology SSAMD Sage Series on African Modernization and T&K Texte & Kontexte Development TLG "esaurus linguae graecae . Online: h"p:// SSCS SUNY Series in Classical Studies www.tlg.uci.edu. SSMed Social Science & Medicine TLZ "eologische Literaturzeitung ST Studia "eologica TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commentaries StanHR Stanford Humanities Review TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries StBibLit Studies in Biblical Literature (Lang) TP "eologie und Philosophie StBibSlov Studia Biblica Slovaca TPAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the STDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of American Philological Association (later = Judah TAPA ) StHistMiss Studies in the History of Missions TPQ "eologisch-Praktische Quartalschri# STJ Stulos "eological Journal Tradition Tradition STK Svensk Teologisk Kvartalskri# TranscPsyc Transcultural Psychiatry StMkRev St Mark’s Review TranscPsycRR Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review StOv Studium Ovetense Transversalités Transversalités StPat Studia patavina TRu "eologische Rundschau StPB Studia Post-Biblica TS "eological Studies STRev Sewanee "eological Review TSAJ Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism StSpir Studies in Spirituality TSHP Texts and Studies in the History of St#eolInt Studies in #eological Interpretation Philosophy St#St Stellenbosch #eological Studies TSJTSA Texts and Studies of #e Jewish #eo- Studies Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review logical Seminary of America SubBi Subsidia Biblica %CABS T&T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies xxxviii Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript'copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Ed Teaching and Teacher Education WMQ William & Mary Quarterly Ki Tidsskri for Teologi og Kirke WomSt Women’s Studies Z Trierer eologische Zeitschri Worship Worship TynBul Tyndale Bulletin WPJ World Policy Journal TZ eologische Zeitschri WPR World Press Review UCPLA Unidade Cientí"co-Pedagógica de Letras WSCM World Studies of Churches in Mission e Artes (World Council of Churches) UCPP University of California Publications in WSPL Warwick Studies in Philosophy and Philosophy Language UJT Understanding Jesus Today WTJ Westminster eological Journal UltRM Ultimate Reality and Meaning WUNT Wissenscha(liche Untersuchungen sum UNDCSJCA University of Notre Dame Center for Neuen Testament the Study of Judaism and Christianity in WW Word and World Antiquity YCS Yale Classical Studies UnS Una Sancta YJS Yale Judaica Series USFISFCJ University of South Florida International YonsJT Yonsei Journal of eology Studies in Formative Christianity and YonsRTC Yonsei Review of eology & Culture Judaism YPR Yale Publications in Religion USQR Union Seminary Quarterly Review YSMT York Studies in Medieval +eology VC Vigiliae Christianae ZAC/JAC Zeitschri für Antikes Christentum/Journal VD Verbum Domini of Ancient Christianity VE Vox Evangelica ZAW Zeitschri für die Al$estamentliche VerbEc Verbum et Ecclesia Wissenscha VFVRUL Verö%entlichungen des Forschungsinsti- ZDMG Zeitschri der Deutschen Morgenländischen tuts für vergleichende Religionsgeschichte Gesellscha an der Universität Leipzig ZDPV Zeitschri des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins Vid Vidyajyoti ZECNT Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on VidJTR Vidyajyoti Journal of eological Re!ection the New Testament VitIndRel Vitality of Indigenous Religions Zion Zion VR Vox Reformata ZKG Zeitschri für Kirchengeschichte VS Vox Scripturae ZKT Zeitschri für Katholische eologie VSpir Vie Spirituelle ZKWKL Zeitschri für kirchliche Wissenscha und VT Vetus Testamentum kirchliches Leben VTSup Vetus Testamentum Supplements ZNT Zeitschri für Neues Testament WAfJES West A"ican Journal of Ecclesial Studies ZNW Zeitschri für die Neutestamentliche WArch World Archaeology Wissenscha WBC Word Biblical Commentary ZPE Zeitschri für Papyrologie und Epigraphik WD Wort und Dienst ZRGG Zeitschri für Religions- und WestBC Westminster Bible Companion Geistesgeschichte WJBlSt Western Journal of Black Studies ZSNT Zacchaeus Studies: New Testament WLQ Wisconsin Lutheran Quarterly ZTK Zeitschri für eologie und Kirche WMANT Wissenscha(liche Monographien zum Zyg Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science Alten und Neuen Testament ZZ Der Zeichen der Zeit

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PAUL ’S DIASPOR A MISSIONS (12:25–19:41)

(CONTINUED )

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Historians recounting the origins of peoples o!en reported not only the stories of their founders but also major changes in their constitutions a!er the founders’ deaths. 1 A work documenting the earliest history of the Gentile mission would need to include the theological watershed for that mission that occurred at the Jerusalem Council (a decision the leaders seemed to uphold even when dissent was widespread, Acts 21:25). In this section, 2 the church, led by God’s Spirit, rati"es the Gentile mission without the requirement of circumcision. #e Jerusalem church previously a$rmed the ministry to Cornelius’s household but now has to reckon both with the Gentile ministry’s dramatic spread (and perhaps some Jerusalemite complaints; cf. Gal 5:11; 6:12) and with miracle accounts suggesting that God is with this mission. #at circumcisionists a!er this meeting continued to cause Paul trouble, as at- tested in his le%ers, is less relevant for Luke’s narrative, which focuses on the Pauline mission and its continuity with the apostolic leadership of the Jerusalem church. In any case, by Luke’s day, the Gentile mission was too widespread and the remnants of the Jerusalem church too sca%ered for the circumcisionists to remain a primary potent threat for Luke’s Diaspora audience. 3 Luke thus reports a theological ba%le important in the historical development of the Gentile church of his day, but it was no longer a major ba%le in his day. Continuity with the church’s heritage, however, remained an important theological issue, making the events of the council a ma%er of continuing interest. #e council’s decree can hardly be Luke’s "ction; it is a compromise solution that paci"es the circumcision party (by treating Gentile converts as God-fearers) rather than rati"es Gentile converts’ full status as members of God’s people. Nevertheless, it was a compromise that saved the day and prevented a major schism from forming.

1. Introduction Historians of early Christianity are interested not only in Luke’s theological point but in the historical events that stand behind his report. How has Luke adapted his

1. See esp. Balch, “ ΜΕΤΑΒΟΛΗ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΩΝ ,” 146n23 (citing, e.g., Dion. Hal. Ant. rom. 4.41–85; Jos. Ant . 6.31–67). Writers sought to show the excellence of their constitutions; thus, e.g., Cicero portrays Rome’s as be%er than Plato’s ideal (Asmis, “Model”), though technically Rome lacked the sort of constitution found in the Greek city-states (Judge, First Christians , 111). 2. For reception history, speci"cally medieval and especially Luther’s readings of Acts 15, see Brockmann, “Apostelkonzil.” For sample applications, see, e.g., the application to the Indian church in Kariamadam, “Council”; an emphasis on the productivity of dialogue in Malcolm, “Conversion.” 3. #e issue had not completely receded even in Ign. Phld . 6.1 (cf. Magn . 8.1; 10.3), but docetic and other problems were far more signi"cant than some Jewish Christians seeking to impose circumcision. For the circumcisionist faction’s persistence, see also sources in Talbert, Romans , 98. 2194 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript©right protected Baker Publishing Group)

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sources? Many historical questions involve the relevance of Gal 2:1–10. If that passage also reports the Jerusalem Council, we have a primary (albeit polemical) source reporting the same events from another vantage point and hence an opportunity to test Luke’s historiographic approach on points addressed by both sources. Where some points appear only in one source (particularly the decrees of Acts 15:20, 29), however, we should be cautious about inferring negative conclusions from silence. Even had Luke had Galatians in front of him (which is highly unlikely), he was under no obligation as a historian to include every point that appeared in all his sources. !at is, given the undoubtedly much broader range of events that either writer could have reported, we should compare what our sources include, not what they omit.

a. e Relevance of Galatians 2:1–10 Scholars are divided as to whether Paul mentions this council in Gal 2:1–10; the majority view is that he does so. C. S. C. Williams, noting that this question repre- sents the most di"cult item to reconcile between Acts and Paul, summarizes #ve basic views (of which the #rst two are treated most fully here), to which we will add a sixth category: 4

1. Galatians 2:1–10 corresponds instead to the meeting in Acts 11:30 and 12:25 (W. M. Ramsay, W. L. Knox, and others). 5 2. !e Jerusalem Council of Acts 15 corresponds to the meeting in Gal 2:1–10 (J. B. Lightfoot and others). 6 3. Galatians 2:1–10 appears in both Acts 11 and 15, a Jerusalem source and an Antioch source reproducing it di$erently. 7 4. Some reject the historicity of Acts altogether, hence denying that Gal 2:1–10 corresponds to either occasion. 5. Other, more imaginative reconstructions. 6. Many a"rm that the Jerusalem Council corresponds to Gal 2:1–10 (the second view above) but believe that Luke has added other elements, either creating or borrowing from a later occasion when Paul was not present. . A"#$%&'() F*+," '# G*-*( *') 2:1–10 *) (/& F*% '& V ) ( ,3 A8() 11:30 !e second view on the list is the majority view (when some form of the sixth view is included), and it is also my own view. But I begin by discussing instead the #rst view, held by a respectable minority of scholars (including Williams himself)—namely, that Gal 2:1–10 corresponds to the earlier famine visit in Acts. 8 Arguments for this view include the following:

4. C. Williams, Acts , 24–30. I have switched the sequence of his #rst and second views to avoid confusion, since I will take up his second view #rst. 5. Bunine, “Réception,” suggests that Luke even moved the Jerusalem Council from Acts 11:30 to Acts 15. 6. Skarsaune, Shadow , 169, notes a mediating position held by some—namely, that Luke “telescoped into one meeting in Acts 15 decisions really taken at two meetings, the second a&er the writing of Galatians.” 7. In this case, the famine and circumcision issues must have coincided chronologically; this is possible, but in view of Luke’s having be*er access to the original traditions than we do, Luke’s distinction between the two events seems likelier. Cf. Schoeps, Paul , 65 (with Acts 11 representing a somewhat confused doublet). A&er the “pillars” requested that Paul remember the poor (Gal 2:10), Paul and Barnabas may have returned from Antioch with the o$ering (the return trip to Antioch perhaps also explaining how Silas returned there); in this case Luke may have simply not known the precise chronology except that the trip occurred during Claudius’s reign (Acts 11:28). 8. Knox, Acts , 40–53; C. Williams, Acts , 30; Longenecker, Acts , 236–38; idem, Ministry and Message , 39; Faw, Acts , 170; Larkin, Acts , 218; Trebilco, “Itineraries,” 453–55; Witherington, Acts , 90–97, 375, 440–43; 2195 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript+copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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1. Paul would not have omi!ed the famine visit (Acts 11:30; 12:25) in Galatians. 2. "at Galatians would mention the council but not the decrees, which would have silenced his opponents, is “inconceivable.” 9 3. Discrepancies between Gal 2:1–10 and Acts 15 are too many for them to be the same account. 10 4. Paul says that he went to Jerusalem because of a “revelation” (Gal 2:2), which #ts nicely with the prophetic basis for the famine visit in Acts (Acts 11:28–30). 5. If, for other reasons, one supports an earlier date for Galatians, this view allows for that position. 11 6. Responses to counterarguments; for example, responding to the correspondence of issues in Acts 15 by arguing that the decision of Gal 2:1–10, if identi- #ed with Acts 11:30 and 12:25, may not yet be secure, and thus requiring the revisiting of the question in Acts 15. 7. Luke need not mention the details reported by Gal 2:1–10 in Acts 11 because they led to no decisive result. 12 8. If Paul wrote Galatians a$er the visit to Galatia depicted in Acts 16:1–5, he would have mentioned Timothy, who was from that region, whereas, if he wrote before that visit, he may have also wri!en before the Jerusalem Council of 15:4–29.

Many supporters of this position argue that Paul wrote Galatians in the heat of the con%ict described in Acts 15:1–2 (hence the close correspondence of ideas) but before the Jerusalem Council of Acts 15 (hence without appealing to its decrees). 13 . A"# $%& A'"()*$&% T+#& G#,#& #$% 2:1–10 I% &+* F#) $* V % & I will respond brie%y to each of the arguments o&ered for the famine visit (cf. also my briefer discussion of some related points at Acts 11:30). First, Paul had no reason to record the famine visit in Galatians. 14 He is concisely surveying a large amount of time, and his point involves his independence from Jerusalem’s apostles. 15 If he

Hoerber, “Galatians and Acts”; Morgado, “Paul in Jerusalem”; Mitchell, Anatolia , 2:4–5 (in this case, based on his understanding of Paul, not Anatolian archaeology); Bock, Acts , 487–90 (very tentatively); Peterson, Acts , 420; see especially the detailed cases of Schnabel, Mission , 988–92; Wenham, “Corpus,” 234–43 (having summarized [228–34] arguments for the other view); cf. Emmet, “Tradition,” 281–82. Rainer Riesner, “Pauline Chronology,” 20, a!ributes this view to a “growing number of exegetes.” See further comment at Acts 11:30. 9. Longenecker, Acts , 236 (the decrees would supply Paul’s “coup de grâce”). 10. E.g., Schnabel, Mission , 987. 11. Witherington, Acts , 449, also argues that Paul in Galatians points to recent events as in 1 "essalonians. But Gal 1–2 is narratio for the issue at hand, starting with his conversion (some fourteen to seventeen years earlier); the events need not be “recent.” For an early date for Galatians (perhaps ca. 48 +./.), see, e.g., Hemer, Acts in History , 270; Witherington, Acts , 449, 817–20; Longenecker, Paul , 258; Ramsay, Teaching , 383–403. Others, including me, date it later (perhaps ca. 57 +./.), e.g., Fee, Presence , xxii; Lightfoot, Galatians , 36–56; Ridderbos, Galatia , 78–80; Bligh, Galatians , 1, 3; Ropes, Galatians , 46. Some others survey the various posi- tions and doubt that the ma!er can be decided conclusively (Tenney, Galatians , 59–63). On the destination of Galatians, see “"e Province of Galatia” in this commentary’s introduction to Acts 14:1–23 (Keener, Acts , 2:2115–19). 12. Knox, Acts , 44. 13. E.g., Bruce, Commentary , 298; Bauckham, “James,” 468–69. 14. "is would especially be true if the famine visit is Luke’s adaptation of Paul’s later collection, as some argue, which would date it a$er the Jerusalem Council; but Barnabas would not have been with him then (unless we collapse it into the Acts 15 trip, making the famine and circumcision issues coincide chronologically), and I believe that this takes Luke’s historiographic freedom further than his typical use of historical data elsewhere warrants (see comment on Acts 11:30). Cf. further Robinson, Redating , 40. 15. Further, that details sometimes slipped Paul’s memory elsewhere (1 Cor 1:14–16) allows that he need not have recalled every detail, relevant or not; some of his epistles (especially Galatians) were probably wri!en more on the spur of the moment and with less forethought than was Acts. 2196 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript

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delivered famine relief to the elders but did not meet with the apostles (who might have even been in hiding; cf. Acts 12:2–3, 17) or if any meeting was in passing and concerned only the famine relief, he has no reason to record this in Gal 2:1. 16 Second, it is true that Paul nowhere mentions the decrees, but this is true not only in Galatians (whenever one dates it) but also in Romans and the Corinthian correspondence, which surely postdate the Jerusalem Council and where mention would also be helpful. If Paul must mention the decrees because he writes a!er them, the question to be asked is not the date of Galatians but the authenticity of Acts’ account (addressed below); or one must restrict the application of the decrees, in which case Galatia, too, is excluded: Acts speci"es the decrees’ application only to Syria-Cilicia. Far away from Jerusalem and in churches started by the Antioch mission, an appeal to "rst principles would be more helpful than an appeal to Jerusalem’s authority—especially if the la#er could appear to undermine Paul’s own vis-à-vis that of his opponents. 17 (Greeks’ democratic traditions would also diminish the appeal of foreign ecclesiastical authority.) %ird, discrepancies between Acts 11:30 and 12:25, on the one hand, and Gal 2:1–10, on the other, are greater, all told, than those between Acts 15 and the Galatians passage. 18 Acts 15 matches Gal 2 on numerous details whereas Luke’s descriptions of events in Acts 11:30 and 12:25 are so brief that arguments for parallels can be made only from silence, nothing in common being stated except that both occur in Jerusalem and that Barnabas was present (Gal 2:9)—correspondences that also appear with Acts 15. Further, a visit to bring famine relief seems an odd time for the Jerusalem leaders to ask Paul and Barnabas to remember the poor (Gal 2:10). By contrast, this detail could be omi#ed from the narrative in Acts 15 for the same reasons that Luke virtually omits mention of Paul’s collection (only 24:17 a!er 12:25). Fourth, Paul’s revelation in Gal 2:2 need not refer to a prophetic word to the An- tioch church by another prophet (though these certainly occurred; see Acts 13:1–2). In Gal 2:2 it seems closely related to Paul’s own gospel, and 1:12 and 16 con"rm that he refers to his reception of Christ and his gospel as a revelation. Granted, this is not Paul’s only use of the terms “revelation” and “reveal” (1 Cor 2:10; 14:6, 26, 30; 2 Cor 12:1, 7), but it is his only usage in Galatians (cf. Gal 3:23). Fi!h, a date for Galatians before the Jerusalem Council is not likely; 19 it may be earlier than Romans (where the lines of thought seem more developed and less polemically driven), but it addresses the same sorts of issues and may derive from the same period in Paul’s life. 20 One could keep Galatians fairly early while allow- ing that it refers to the Jerusalem Council, if Paul wrote it during the time in Syrian

16. Lester, “Galatians 2:1–10,” 238, further points out that li#le is known of the famine visit and hence those who defend its correspondence with Gal 2:1–10 ought to provide be#er evidence for the connection. 17. Paul’s treatment of Jerusalem in his le#ers suggests that he, though interested in the church’s unity and respectful of Jerusalem’s priority, probably preferred local control. Even Rome in this period delegated many local ma#ers to local cities, provided they paid taxes and observed laws; Paul supported the Roman system (Rom 13:1–7) but was aware of its potential for abuse (1 %ess 2:18; 2 %ess 2:4). 18. With, e.g., Chance, Acts , 250. 19. Some may "nd it appealing for apologetic purposes to claim that Paul’s basic gospel was the same during his entire career; but the di&erence in time between earlier and later datings of the le#er is less than a decade, in any case, and most elements of his gospel are spread throughout his le#ers. 20. With, e.g., Fee, Presence , xxii. %is is not to claim that Paul never taught justi"cation by faith before circumstances forced this emphasis; the essential lines of thought are implicit as early as 1 %essalonians (see comment on Acts 13:38–39; further Kim, New Perspective , 85–99). Galatians may also address the period of Paul’s Jerusalem collection and hence the time of 1–2 Corinthians and Romans, but this surmise depends on the interpretation of Gal 2:10 (some would add 6:10; cf. Hurtado, “Collection,” 53–56), which can be understood di&erently. 2197 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript*copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Antioch a!er the council in 15:35; this remains as a genuine possibility, although it requires Paul’s circumcisionist detractors to follow his route into Phrygia almost immediately a!er they lost ground in Antioch. 21 Any date earlier than this, however, is in my opinion very unlikely. Immediately before the council in Jerusalem, Paul knew of the con"ict in Antioch (Acts 14:26–15:1), but it had not yet had time to reach the Galatian churches that he had recently founded. Paul speaks in Galatians as if the circumcisionist teachers have already followed his itinerary and swayed the Galatians (Gal 1:7–9; 4:17; 5:7–8, 12; 6:12–13), yet Luke sounds as if Paul and Barnabas went to Jerusalem for the council when the issue came to a debate even in Antioch. Dating Galatians early creates more problems for connecting Luke’s record with Paul’s le#ers, not less. 22 If Luke was composing freely, it would have served his purposes to make the council cover areas evangelized in Acts 13–15, but Acts 15 reports decrees sent only as far as Syria-Cilicia—that is, Antioch’s (and Tarsus’s) province (15:23, 41). 23 $is limitation suggests that Luke accurately reports a period in which the “Judaizers” who are opposed in Paul’s le#er to the Galatians have not yet reached Galatia. $us the Jerusalem Council must precede, not follow, Paul’s le#er to the Galatians. Sixth, the suggestion that Acts 15 may revisit an arrangement made earlier in Acts 11, although it is a possible response to the shared theme in Acts 15 and Gal 2, is not the simplest (Occam’s razor) solution. Acts 11:30 and 12:25 mention nothing of the discussion, a discussion that would suit Luke’s purposes well (he pre%gures the council’s decision elsewhere, e.g., 11:1–18). $e discussion is read into these passages by means of Galatians, yet (on the famine-visit view) the passage in Acts that actually bears the closest similarity to the discussion in Gal 2 is counted a “revisiting” of the issue. Seventh, it is conceivable that Luke would omit details reported by Gal 2:1–10 because they were not relevant to his narrative, but how plausible is it that this visit in Acts addresses an entirely di&erent issue (the famine visit) yet the same issue that Galatians addresses is se#led in a later but unrelated meeting in Acts (i.e., Acts 15)? Surely the content of the meeting should carry more weight than Paul’s summary mention of visits to Jerusalem’s apostles (which are not even numbered). 24 Eighth, the argument that Paul must mention Timothy if he writes later is an argument from silence. $e harsh tone of the le#er may explain why Paul names no other coauthors (especially local ones). Paul also names no other coauthors in Romans (Rom 1:1), which we date to the same period in his ministry, and he adds no greetings from anyone in Galatians. Even if Paul’s failure to mention Timothy necessarily suggests that the la#er was not yet his coworker, Timothy joined Paul sometime a!er the close of the council. If Paul writes a!er the circumcision contro- versy has become an issue in Antioch (Acts 15:1–2), which it apparently reached before Galatia, he could write the le#er during the period that he “stayed” in Antioch

21. $ey could have targeted areas mentioned in Paul’s testimonies (15:3-4, 12) and hoped to secure favor with Jewish communities Paul had allegedly alienated on the way (13:45-51; 14:2-5, 19). 22. Paul’s “%rst” visit ( πρότερον , Gal 4:13) may be contrasted with the later visit of 1 Cor 16:1 (Acts 18:23; cf. 19:1), which would be a!er the Jerusalem Council, but one defending the early date could make a good case for a second visit in Acts 14:21. $e converse argument, that “%rst” must mean the %rst of only two times (hence Paul has not yet undertaken the visit of 1 Cor 16:1; Acts 18:23; Ramsay, Galatians , 405), would falter if Paul wrote from Antioch in the period of Acts 15:30–36, even if we press the sense of “former,” which we probably should not in Koine (cf. comment on πρῶτον in Acts 1:1; it can simply mean “earlier”). 23. Although the decree was reported in southern Galatia orally (Acts 16:4), that region was not speci- %ed in the decree. 24. D. Williams, Acts , 259, also notes that the apparent con"ict over whether it was Paul’s second or third visit constitutes “a problem only if we accept the premise that Paul was enumerating his visits,” which he does not explicitly do. 2198 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript*copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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for “a number of days” 25 a!er the council (15:35–36), just as easily as before going up to the council (15:2). 26 "e decrees are treated more fully below and also at Acts 15:20. In addition to my responses to arguments supporting the famine visit, Paul’s mention of Titus as some- one known to the Galatians further weakens the possibility that the famine visit is in view. 27 Indeed, if the famine visit preceded Paul’s missionary journeys as Luke suggests (11:30; 12:25), it cannot be the event of Gal 2:1–10, if Titus (2:1–3) was a convert from Paul’s missionary journeys. Against this, Titus may be from Antioch rather than a Galatian convert; even in my view of the visit, some Antiochene Christians accom- panied Paul for this occasion (Acts 15:2). But if he was from Antioch, why are the Galatians familiar with him (especially on the view that Paul has #nished at most one missionary journey)? We have three options: Paul discussed Titus of Antioch with them during his visit; Titus was one of Paul’s (unmentioned) 28 traveling companions on the #rst journey; or he was from Galatia and returned with the apostles to Antioch. "e #rst view is unlikely; in contrast to Paul’s having discussed James, Cephas, and John (Gal 1:18–19; 2:8–9, 11–12), who were part of the gospel story, Titus was not a #gure in Jesus’s story. It is not impossible, since Paul apparently did recount stories of traveling companions to later churches that did not know them (1 Cor 9:6), but if Titus was a traveling companion, this brings us to the second option. 29 "e second option concerning Titus is possible, and it allows for identi#cation of the famine visit with Gal 2, since Titus could have been part of the Jerusalem visit as well as the Phrygian mission. Luke’s silence about Titus on the #rst journey is not a decisive argument against his participation (although it is a likely one), since Luke elsewhere assumes others not part of the main action (Timothy, in Acts 17:14, is not mentioned in Philippi but must have been there [cf. Phil 1:1]) and for some reason never mentions Titus’s name even later in the work despite his closeness to Paul (2 Cor 2:13; 7:6, 13–14; 8:6, 16, 23; 12:18; cf. 2 Tim 4:10; Titus 1:4). "is is not, however, the simplest solution. 30 Luke speci#es that other believers traveled with Paul and Barnabas to the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:2), yet he is silent about anyone helping Paul and Barnabas on the #rst Galatian mission once Mark has departed (13:13). 31 "e greatest potential weakness of the third view lies in the question of why Paul would bring a convert from his missionary journey back with him; we do, however, know that Paul took some intimate converts on missionary journeys (16:3). If we accept the third view, which I regard as most likely, it might still allow Galatians to

25. Luke’s similarly ambiguous “many days” could span signi#cant periods of time, as in Acts 9:23 (see comment there). 26. Luke presents the council as expecting its agents to accompany the le$er (Acts 15:25–27) as far as Cilicia (15:23); but disseminating a circular le$er from Antioch, the center of the northern mission, clearly did not require all the agents to circulate beyond Antioch (15:32–33), and Paul becomes explicit about plans to visit Phrygia-Galatia only in 15:36. 27. It does not decisively refute it, as I wrongly assumed in Keener, Background Commentary , 517–18. 28. Unless, as has been argued, Titus and Timothy are the same person; but this would place the visit to Jerusalem a!er Acts 15, not before, confusing the chronology of our sources further. 29. Unless Titus le! a!er Cyprus, but then we would expect some rancor as with John Mark (Acts 13:13); by 2 Corinthians, the epistolary Paul was fond of Titus. 30. We should keep in mind that the period of Paul’s ministry where Titus is prominent is summarized by Luke in only a few verses (Acts 20:1–2); though we would expect his name in the list of 20:4, it might be omi$ed because, unlike that of the others listed, his commission is translocal. Otherwise, Luke and Titus might have been on bad terms (they would have surely known of each other in Macedonia, 2 Cor 2:13); Titus may have had another name in Acts (but what? Gaius of Derbe?); or Titus might have turned out badly (cf. 2 Tim 4:10, but if the passage meant this, it is surprising that an entire pastoral le$er should be devoted to him). 31. See Kistemaker, Acts , 534. 2199 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript%copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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be wri!en before the council (though I believe a later date likelier); it would not, however, allow an easy identi"cation of the famine visit with Gal 2:1–10. #e connection between the famine visit and Gal 2:1–10 is not impossible, but it requires more hypothetical assumptions lacking clear textual basis (as, e.g., the a!ri- bution of some Pauline le!ers to an “Ephesian imprisonment”) than does the more straightforward view that Paul’s and Luke’s accounts of a Jerusalem meeting addressing circumcision are two versions of the same event. (Some scholars also object that the famine visit does not chronologically "t the fourteen years of Gal 2:1, 32 especially if these are added to the three years of 1:18. But the status of this question depends on a number of antecedent questions not easily resolved.) 33 . O"#$% A%&'($)"* +,% G-/-" -)* 2:1–10 -* "#$ J$%'*-/$( C,')4 / Some of the arguments I have used above against the likelihood of identifying Gal 2:1–10 with Acts 11:27–30 support the identi"cation of Gal 2:1–10 with Acts 15, but they are here supplemented with additional arguments. #at Gal 2:1–10 refers to the same meeting as Acts 15 seems to many scholars, including me, to be obvious. 34 Both meetings share the same basic object (Acts 15:5; Gal 2:4) and outcome (Acts 15:19–21, 28–29; Gal 2:5–6). In both, Paul’s mission is recognized (Acts 15:12; Gal 2:2), and leaders agree that Gentiles need not be circumcised (Acts 15:19–20; Gal 2:7–9). 35 #e same primary leaders are involved (Peter and James appear in both whereas at least Peter may have been missing during the earlier famine visit [Acts 12:17, 25] and Luke mentions then only elders [11:30]). 36

Commonalities Acts 15:6–22 Gal 2:1–10 The same basic object Acts 15:5 Gal 2:4 The same basic outcome Acts 15:19–21, 28–29 Gal 2:5–6 Paul’s mission is recognized Acts 15:12 Gal 2:2 Leaders agree that Gentiles need not be circumcised Acts 15:19–20 Gal 2:7–9 Peter was involved Acts 15:7–11 Gal 2:9 James was involved Acts 15:13–21 Gal 2:9

#e issue raised in Gal 2:1–5 was hardly resolved prior to Acts 15:1–2. #at Paul was involved in two such meetings, the second repeating the "rst, is unlikely. #at Paul reports only one of these meetings and Luke the other strains plausibility even further.

32. Ibid. 33. Because I date Paul’s conversion earlier than many do, I could accept either date, depending on whether entire years are meant (part of a given year counting as a whole), the exact year of Paul’s conversion (probably not in, yet not long a$er, 30 %.&.), and whether Paul intends his chronology in Gal 1:18–2:1 to be complete. 34. E.g., Rackham, Acts , 238–43; Knox, “Evidence of Acts,” 44; Stagg, Acts , 154–59, 267–73; Stein, “Galatians 2:1–10 and Acts 15:1–35”; Lester, “Galatians 2:1–10,” 238; Betz, Galatia , 81–83; Finegan, Apostles , 40 (probably); Hansen, Galatians , 17–22 (probably); Lüdemann, Christianity , 171; D. Williams, Acts , 256–61; Ridderbos, Galatia , 78–80; Kistemaker, Acts , 533–36; Barre!, Acts , 2: xxxviii–xxxix; Fitzmyer, Acts , 540; Rolin, “Pierre”; Hill, Hellenists , 111–13; Dunn, Acts , 196; idem, Beginning , 446–50; Krieger, “Abendmahlsgemeinscha$”; Pervo, Dating Acts , 79–96; idem, Acts , 369 (though viewing Acts as dependent on Galatians); Nepper-Christensen, “Apostelmodet” (similarly); Meeks and Fitzgerald, Writings , xxiv; see the comparison in Tatum, “Galatians 2,” highlighting di+erences and the distinct agendas of Luke and Paul. Earlier, see, e.g., Bede Comm. Acts 15.2. 35 . #e contrast that some o+er on details—such as Acts 15 addressing table fellowship conditions (15:20) and Gal 2 dividing the mission between Peter and Paul (2:7–8) and Paul commi!ing to raise a collection (2:10; Johnson, Acts , 270)—is forced-choice logic; why, then, not contrast the agendas of comity (Gal 2:7–8) and collection (2:10) in Gal 2:1–10? Acts 15 and Gal 2 address the same basic issue, but there is no more reason to assume that only one issue was raised during the visit than to insist that each later church council could include only a single order of business on its agenda. 36. Kistemaker, Acts , 534. 2200 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript/copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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Luke does omit some details that Paul includes, such as agreement for Paul to care for the poor (presumably in Jerusalem, Gal 2:10). 37 But as noted above, he also omits Paul’s collection (except in Acts 24:17), about which he certainly knew. What is important, however, is that Luke’s focus in Acts 15 is also the main focus of the council in Gal 2:1–10, and he does not digress from it. Paul’s “private” meeting with the leaders in Gal 2:2 may correspond to the gathering of “apostles and elders” in Acts 15:6 (cf. 15:23; contrast the larger gathering in 15:4–5), though Luke does not demarcate the closing boundaries between the private and the public meetings as explicitly as we might like (the community apparently assents a!er the closed meeting, in 15:22; but cf. 15:23, the elders apparently representing the people). 38 Acts 15 also does not emphasize the a"rmation of Paul found in Gal 2:7–9, though Luke implies approval (Acts 15:25). Perhaps it would be counterproductive for Luke to raise the issue that at that time Paul needed approval, whereas Paul, defending his gospel to the Galatians, has reason to mention it. Luke is more generous to speak of “Judeans” (Acts 15:1) or “Pharisees” (15:5), as compared with Paul’s “false brothers” (Gal 2:4); writing later, he can write somewhat more dispassionately than Paul, but this is hardly an argument against Luke’s historicity. Acts also omits mention of Titus or John (Gal 2:1, 3, 9), but it probably assumes John’s presence. Presenting James as reconciler (Acts 15:13–21) di#ers from presenting him as provocateur (cf. Gal 2:12), as some note, 39 but it is, $rst, not clear that James himself is the cause of the con%ict in Galatians (the le&er seems clear that James himself was not present, though his messengers or partisans were), and more important, Luke and Paul probably viewed his in%uence di#erently at this point because of their dif- fering emphases and rhetorical agendas (especially the question of whether the compromise of Acts 15:20 was positive or negative). Moreover, Gal 2:12 probably belongs to a period a!er the council of 2:1–10 and certainly (given the di#erent venue) cannot be simultaneous with it. Even in Acts, despite Luke’s emphasis, the Jerusalem church grew more conservative; though not dishonoring a previous agreement about Gentiles, the leaders might well seek to avoid alienating the large right wing of their movement (Acts 21:20–24). Some other proposed di#erences stem from reading Gal 2:11–14 as if it is a chronological, rather than simply topical, continuation of the same incident; if it is chronologically distinct (which its di#erent venue demands), Luke’s silence about it in Acts 15 requires no explanation. Some scholars o#er such contrasts—for example, Paul and Barnabas’s opposing Pharisees (15:1, 5) di#ers from Paul’s opposing Cephas and Barnabas (Gal 2:11–13). 40 Some go beyond the text, in any case; presenting Paul’s spli&ing from Barnabas over John Mark (Acts 15:36–40) as a con%ict with Galatians’ portrayal of a theological dispute (Gal 2:13) presses too much into the details inci- dentally preserved, since Galatians does not, in fact, mention any long-term split. 41

37. *e famine visit does address Jerusalem believers’ poverty—but addresses it before the putative conversation. 38. Luke is less interested in staging and more in the narrative’s content; cf. his relative disinterest in the transition between the upper room and apparent preaching in temple courts in Acts 1–2. I read the “mul- titude” (15:12) as that of the apostles and elders, rather than the entire assembly, which would prove even more confusing. 39. Johnson, Acts , 269. 40. See esp. ibid. Johnson also contrasts the amicable conclusion of Acts 15:22–29 with continuing con%ict in Gal 2:11–14; but Gal 2 does not relate the meeting’s outcome (even if it were the same meeting; if it is an earlier meeting in Acts 15:1–2, it remained unresolved at that point even in Acts). 41. *e theological incident probably would have contributed to the strain that a#ected the split over Mark (or vice versa), but Paul does not present it as decisive: “even” Barnabas followed their hypocrisy, leaving Paul 2201 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript+copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

_Keener_Acts_10_Pt2a_TW_djm.indd 2201 6/24/14 7:19 AM Paul’s Diaspora Missions (12:25–19:41) (!"#$%#&'))

Both these con!icts between Paul and Barnabas occur in Antioch (in my view, on di"erent occasions), not Jerusalem. #e main di"erences between the accounts stem from their independence and the writers’ di"ering agendas: although both note what is at stake, Paul emphasizes the concluding agreement and Luke the “role of Peter and James,” who must have been vital there, as Paul himself hints (Gal 2:6, 9). 42 #ough agreeing on basic points, Acts emphasizes continuity with the law whereas Paul, responding polemically to the crit- ics that scholars o$en call Judaizers, emphasizes that circumcision was not enforced and that his collection would symbolize the church’s unity. 43 (#e most signi%cant speci%c di"erence is Paul’s omission of the decree, which is addressed below; but we should note here that this is an omission, not a contradiction.) #e many agreements, by contrast, challenge an argument from omissions; given the selective nature of all historiography and certainly the condensed character of Acts, arguments from omissions are arguments from silence. As Fitzmyer notes, none of the di"erences “is signi%cant enough to undermine the substantial agreement of the two reports,” which in multiple ways a&ests the basic contours of the historical event. 44 #e di"erences demonstrate that the sources are clearly independent; as Johnson, a$er highlighting potential di"erences, notes, “#e divergence of sources on so many important details makes their agreement on other points the more impressive.” 45 Comparison of the two independent accounts reveals that Luke is an accurate reporter by the standards of ancient historiography for events of recent decades. #at he is tendentious, reporting what %ts his emphasis, is not in dispute, but this was true of all ancient historians (including those who, like Polybius, denied it), and it is also true of Paul’s own report in Galatians. 46 Both early Christian accounts, in fact, reveal that Paul’s agenda di"ered from that of others; hence he may be fairly regarded as a partisan source on the ma&er. 47 (Although Plutarch is a tendentious biographer, we would not arbitrarily dismiss his reports about Cicero on the basis of the la&er’s writings; Cicero is, as Plutarch points out, himself tendentious.)

b. e Decrees of Acts 15:20, 28–29 #e most signi%cant di"erence between Acts 15 and Gal 2:1–10 is Paul’s omission of the decrees of Acts 15:20, 28–29. Noting the usefulness of such decrees for Paul’s later le&ers (cf. even 16:4) and the consequent strangeness of their absence, some scholars who accept the historical event of the council doubt that the council issued such decrees. 48 One possible explanation is that Luke has con!ated two events; although this proposal cannot be proven, it is among the plausible solutions.

completely (from his rhetorical standpoint) isolated. But “even” suggests something unexpected; the Galatians had no reason to expect Paul and Barnabas to di"er on the principles involved. 42. Dunn, Acts , 196. Gal 2 may also report the more “con%dential conferences with the leading people behind the scenes” whereas Luke focuses on the public assembly and its conclusions (Hort, Judaistic Christianity , 66; cf. Emmet, “Tradition,” 275–76). 43. Stendahl, Paul , 67–68. 44. Fitzmyer, Acts , 540; cf. Rackham, Acts , 239. 45. Johnson, Acts , 270. #e range of approaches may be illustrated by Weiser, Apostelgeschichte , 375, who supports a middle way regarding Acts 15 between the skepticism of M. Dibelius and E. Haenchen, on the one hand, and the con%dence of W. Dietrich and R. Pesch, on the other. 46. Like Acts, Galatians uses “history to make theological points” (Hall, “Inference,” 320), against those who insist that Galatians is a far more accurate source (e.g., Foakes-Jackson, Acts , 132–33; Dibelius, Studies in Acts , 100–101). On Paul’s narrative self-defense in Galatians, see Lyons, Autobiography . 47. Cf., e.g., Krieger, “Abendmahlsgemeinscha$” (for Luke’s account being compressed and Paul’s being partisan). 48. E.g., Esler, Community , 97; Barre&, Acts , 2:xxxviii–xxxix. 2202 Craig S. Keener, Acts, vol. 3 Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2014. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript*copyright protected Baker Publishing Group)

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