The Southern Slav's Appeal (The Southern Slavs~Serhs, Croats, Slovenes)

PUBLISHED ON BEHALF OP THE ' JUGC SLAV COMMITTEE' BY MILAN M ARJANOVIÔ. CLEVELAND, O., NOVE MBER, 1916. OFFICES :1 402 E . 40th ST., CLEVELAND, O.

NUMBER 1. THE SOUTHERN SLAVS , OR JUGO SLAVS, AIMS FOR LIBERTY AND UNITY.

THE SOUTHERN SLAVS TERRITORY IN S. W. EUROPE.

THERE WERE MORE THEN 13,000,000 JUGOSLAVS BEFORE THE WAR. THERE WERE 5,000,000 JUGOSLAVS LIVING IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO, MORE THEN 7,000,000 IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY (IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA-SLAVONIA, SOUTHERN HUNGARY, DALMATIA, ISTRIA, TRIEST, GORIZIA-GRADISCA, CARNIOLA, SOUTHERN CORINTHIA AND SOUTHERN STYRIA), MORE THEN 200,000 IN ITALY (UDINE) AND GREECE (VODENA, SALENIK) AND ' 0,000 IN BOTH AMERICAS (700,000 IN THE UNITED STATES).—THE NATIONAL TERRITORY OF THE JUGOSLAVS IN EUROPE COVERS THE AREA OF MORE THEN 96,000 SQUARE MILES. SERBO-CROAT. ORTHOGRAPHY. s —sh in "ship." c = ts in "cats." c = ch in "church." z = j in French "jour." c== ditto (softer). j=y in "your."

Printed by "HLAS", CLEVELAND, OHIO AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDENPENDENCE. "When in the course of human events, it of these ends, it is the right of the people to becomes necessary for one people to dissolve alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new the political bands which have connected them government, laying its foundation on such prin­ with another, and to assume, among the ciples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect powers of the earth, the separate and equal their safety and happiness. Prudence indeed, station to which the Laws of Nature and of will dictate that governments long establish­ Nature's God entitles them, a decent respect ed should not be changed for light and trans­ the opinions of mankind requires that they ient causes ; and, according, all experience hath should declare the causes which impel them to shown, that a mankind are more disposed to the separation. suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to We hold these truths to be self-evident, right themselves by abolishing the forms to that all men are created equal ; that they are which they are accustomed. But, when long endowed by their Creator with certain un­ train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing in­ alienable rights; that among these are life, variably the same object, evinces a design to liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is secure these rights, governments are instituted their right, it is their duty, to throw off such among men, deriving their just powers from government, and to provide new guards for the consent of the governed; that, whenever their future security." any form of government becomes destructive Declaration of Indépendance 1776.

AMERICA'S PART IN FUTURE PEACE. " We are participants, whether we have been honorable enough to admit; but it would or not, in the life of the world. The has become more and more our rule of life interests of all nations are our own also. We and action. are partners with the rest. What affects man­ Second, that the small States of the world kind is inevitably our affair as well as the have a right to enjoy the same respect for affair of the nations of Europe and of Asia. .. their sovereignity and for their territorial in­ .... The nations of the world have become tegrity that great and powerful nations expect each other's neighbors. It is to their interest and insist upon. that they should understand each other. In And, third, that the world has a right to order that they may understand each other it be free from every disturbance of its peace is imperative that they should agree o cooper­ that has its origin in aggression and disregard ate in a common cause and that they should so of the rights of peoples and nations. act that the guiding principles of that common So sincerely do we believe in these thinjrs cause shall be even-handed and impartial that I am sure that I speak the mind and wish justice. This is undoubtedly the thought of of the people of America when I say that the America. This is what we, ourselves, will say United States is willing to become a partner- when there comes proper occasion to say it.... in any feasible association of nations formed We believe these fundamental things: in order to realize these objects and make First, that every people has a right to them secure against violation " choose the sovereignity under which they shall From the Speech of the Presi­ live. Like other nations, we have, ourselves, dent of IL S. A. W. Wilson, no doubt once and again offended against discussing Peace and America's that principle when for a little while controll­ part in a future league to pre­ ed by selfish passion, as our franker historians vent war. May 26th 1916. KING PETER I. TO THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA.

"I have long wanted very much to speak worthy intrigues, like those of the smaller from the bottom of my heart to the great heart Italian States in the Middle Ages, from the of America, which is so deeply moved over the most stubborn ideal of liberty, implanted in fate of Serbia and has done so much for our those ready to fight to the last man to realize unhappy people. It seems to me that somehow that idea. your compatriots have been able to divine in "Yet we have always wanted to live at the struggles of a people, simple and rugged, peace with the Austrians. but stubbornly individualistic, the same sacred "But it is of the very nature of a feudal fire which inspired the first Americans 300 state that liberty cannot and must not flourish years ago to leave Europe to erect in the wild­ in the same vicinity, and Austria arranged erness of America a home for freedom. They all that in the time of the Obrenovitches. 'Ser­ understand us. We speak the same language bia was made merely a tributary to Austria. of liberty. She was no longer free at all. By the treaty "And those of your compatriots who have of 1881 she renounced all her rights. Today, come to us as doctors, nurses—the American again Austria still seeks to follow toward Ser­ Red Cross, the Serbian Relief and Sanitary bia crushed the same policy as before—to Commissions—all these brave young people, create of Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and who have so gladly given their young lives Herzegovina an empire of vassal States for to fight typhus and the sickening effects of the benefit of a mediaeval feudal nobility. But shells and epidemics, of whom not a few rest we cannot stand that. "We are peasants, but forever in Serbian soil—was it not they who free peasants. brought to us the soul of a kindred people "I am King. I eome from the people, but from America?" a heroic people who preferred bitter death to "I do not know if it is quite understood comfortable, shameful slavery. My grand­ in America what it is all about that almost father was a peasant, and I am prouder of entire Europe is at war. But I will tell you in that than of my throne. Crowns are lost, brJ a word; it is the supreme, the last effort of the pure, clean blood of those who have lived feudalism, a fight to a finish between the of the earth does not die out." feudalism of yesterday and the freedom of to­ morrow. So that is why war had to break out (King Peter I. of Serbia, to on the banks of the Danube, and not elsewhere, the representatives of the for the Danube separates by so little the most American Press. February intransigent feudalism, maintained by un­ 1916.) ïNTkÔDUCTÔÎlV NOTÉ.

The Jugoslavs are: the Serbians, the the parts of Jugoslav lands, is such as not to Croatians, the Slovenians and the Bulgarians. allow of any tearing or exclusion, and any But the Bulgarians, pursuing as they are a separation of however small a part would separatistic and imperialistic State policy, do greatly hinder the developement of the en­ not, at the present time, belong to this move­ tirety. ment, nor do they in the contemporary policy After the infamous ultimatum of Austria, of the Jugoslav Unification; consequently, it and for the idea of Jugoslav liberation and is only the Serbians, the Croatians and the unification, the free and independent King­ Slovenians who are the bearers of that idea, dom of Serbia has accepted the war. This is though the central group is formed by the in conformity with the National Programme Serbians and the Croatians alone. of Serbia's State Policy, and was proclaimed The Serbo-Croatians are absolutely one in the exposé of the Serbian Goverment (Nov. and the same people by their blood relations, 1914) and the Serbian National Skupstina made by the identity of their spoken and literary in Aug. 1915 and Sept. 1916 as well as the sol­ language and their aspirations — irrespective emn declarations of the Prince Regent Alexan­ of the territories in which they live. The der and of the Prime Minister Pasic in Paris Slovenians belong to the same race with a and London in the Spring of 1916 ; besides, that slightly different literary dialect. At this idea is supported by the "Jugo-Slav Com­ moment the matter could be summarised thus : mittee" in London which is the representative the Serbians are considered as the Orthodox of the Jugoslavs from Austria-Hungary. South-Slavs and the Croats the Catholic South- Consequently, Serbia to day is a pioneer and Slavs. mandatory for realizing the idea of the South­ ern Slavs freedom and unity. Before this war there were about 13,000,000 Jugoslavs, of which number 5,000,- The Jugoslav Committee in London is the 0O0 were living in the Kingdom of Serbia and central and supreme representative of the Crnagora (or Montenegro), 8,000,000 under Jugoslavs from Austria Hungary in their the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy desire to liberate and unite themselves with of which 1,000,000 abroad, as emmigrants. In their brothers from Serbia and Montenegro. the present war nearly 2,000,000 Jugoslavs on The committee consists of well known and both Serbian and Austro-Hungarian sides have popular political leaders, members of parlia­ been invalidated and have died partly of ments, intellectual workers and financial-com­ cholera, thyphus. and other diseases; partly mercial men of good standing, the greatest through famine and starvation; partly in part of whom have been working upon that prison, on gallows or in cold blood massacres; idea for decades. The Committee numbers partly again in actual battles. now 25 members, of which 15 Croatians, 7 The Jugoslav idea demands that, at the Serbians and 3 Slovenians. All the Jugoslav time of peace negotiations, all the regions, in­ provinces of Austria-Hungary are represent­ habited by the South Slavs in an overwhelm­ ed: there being 10 members from Dalmatia, ing majority and in compact masses, be 3 from Istria, 1 from Goricka, 2 from Trieste granted a full liberty and united into (Trst), 1 from Rieka (Frame), 3 from Croatia, one single and democratically ruled State. 1 from Corinthia, 3 from Bosnia-Herzegovina Such a State would comprise a territory and 1 from South Hungary. The Committee, of about 96,000 square miles with a popu­ as well as its individual members, have in their lation of about 13,000,000, and would consti­ possession confidential authorizations and full tute an element of an adequate equilibrium in powers from the leading circles of all the the South-East of Europe. Any kind of tear­ different Serbians, Croatian and Slovenian ing, chipping or exclusion would be unjust, political parties in the Jugoslav provinces in é *HE SOtJTHËftN SLAV'S APPEAL of the Catholic Clergy amongst the Croatian» about 700,000 Jugoslavs, of which there are and the Slovenians. 400,000 Croatians, 200,000 Slovenians and The idea of the Unification of the South 100,000 Serbians. In the South American Slavs has its traditions as early as the 16th republics there are 100,000 Jugoslavs, who are century, and has been especially clearly de­ almost exclusively Croatians from Dalmatia fined in the first half of the 19th and the first and Istria. At the very beginning of this war decades of the 20th centuries. The movement it was a political organization "Croatian has been started (in 17th and 18th centuries) Alliance" (or "Hrvatski Savez"), which has just in the provinces adjacent to the Adriatic successfully prevented all the Croatians from coast and has past from Dubrovnik (Ragusa) joining as reservists the Austrian armies. On and Dalmatia to the Croatian and Serbian the 10th of March, 1915, a meeting of 563 Vojvodina (Southern Hungary), thence to delegates (Serbs, Croat's and Slovenes) from Cetigné and Belgrade. the entire United States was held in Chicago, The dissention between the Serbians and 111., and they have proclaimed the national the Croatians has begun just in the second unity of the Serbians, the Croatians and the half of the 19th century, after the Congress Slovenians. In the month of May, 1915, of Berlin and the occupation of Bosnia- several thousands of Jugoslavs from Austria- Herzegovina, but it has been stimulated and Hungary have made a similar proclamation at artifically maintained by Austria and Nis, Serbia. In the Summer of 1915 a whole Hungary. That dissention disappeared as series of great national meetings throughout early as 1903. the United States have accepted the same resolutions; in 'September, 1915, representa­ It was Croatia and Dalmatia who, at the tives of 150,000 well organized Jugoslavs have expiration of the 19th century and in the most joined in that resolution in Cleveland, Ohio, recent times, have always mostly promoted the of which the strongest were the organizations idea of Serbo-Croat unification. The Croatian of the Croatians ("Hrvatska Zajednica" with sabors have, as early as the 18th century, its 35,000 members and the "Hrvatski Savez", desired an entirety of territory and the unity (Croation Alliance of America). With that of the people, and more than once have legis­ programme has also agreed the Slovenian or­ lated the unity of the Croatians and the ganization "Slovenska Liga" at the meeting Serbians. That was the leading idea of the of the Slovenian delegates which was held in great Croatian Catholic Bishop Strosmajer Cleveland in 1916, as well as the numberless and his followers. Even nov in the time of meetings which have been held in the course war, under the heaviest pressure, the Croatian of the year 1916, by the delegates of the Ju­ Sabor in Zagreb (Agram) accentuates that goslav Committee, namely, M. Marjanovic and idea, although the Austro-Madyar machinat­ Dr. N. Ëupanic. ions had insisted to repel the Croatians from it. Besides the Serbian Orthodox, the Croatian In the South American republics the un­ and Slovenian Catholic Clergy have been per­ animity of the Jugoslav people is complete secuted, since this war, for their national feel­ and the programme of the unification has ings, and the Croatian leading press, despite been accepted in every sense ; just as much all the censorship, has found the form to ex­ could be said of the Jugoslavs living in New press her sympathy for the Allies, so that the Zealand and Canada. Government suppressed the main organ of the It should be mentioned also that New Sabor majority in Croatia on account of ist Zealand and Canada have sent certain num­ non-Austrophile editorials about the war. bers of volunteers for Great Britain; that a Since in Austria thousands and thousands considerahle number of volunteers from both of Jugoslav men of intellect and politicians Americas have gone of their own free will to have been imprisoned, interned, and about join the Allies; that thousands of Austrians 900,000 forced to the front, the only competent deserters — among whom a great number of voice of the people is that of the refugees and officers — are fighting shoulder to shoulder emmigrants of whom the greatest number with the Serbian armies ; that there have been are living in the United States of America or formed in Russia already two divisions ÏHB SOttfHEftN SLAV'S APÊÉÀL ? solders, who volunteered and are now fight­ thus left behind a most beautiful souvenir in ing in Dobrudga. It ought also to be accentuated the Western Jugoslav provinces. That idea is that the Croatians from the South American defended to-day by the Croatian Sabor and republics have given to the Serbian Bed Cross all the political leaders of the Jugoslav people Society and Serbian orphans a sum of about in Austria-Hungary. For it, to-day, are now $200,000, and are giving every month a sum fighting with Serbs and Russians tens of of $20,000 for the needs of the Jugoslav Com­ thousands Jugoslav refugees and it is accept­ mittee, and have collected already $300,000 ed and supported by almost the entire number for the national reserve fund. The Jugoslavs of the Jugoslav emmigrants. in the United States of America — who are That idea has no spontaneous enemies practically all Serbians and Croatians, most­ among the Jugoslav people, for it has been ly poor workmen, from Austria-Hungary, — proved that all oppositions are being pro­ have given for the Serbian Relief about voked, even in America, by Austria and her $300,000. paid agents who can, only for a time, mislead Finally, as a proof that neither the the most neglected masses ; for absolutely all, religion nor the clergy are opposing the un­ who are consciencious and more educated, ification, could be considered the resolution enlightened that idea. which has been arrived at by the Serbian- The Jugoslav propaganda in America Orthodox, Uniat and the Croatian-Catholic has for its object to secure from the Jugoslav clergy at their meetings held in Chicago, 111., emmigrants the permissible and legitimate and Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1916. help for the great and just national struggle Even the Moslems from Bosnia-Herzego­ and to stimulate the interest of the American vina, who are still at liberty in Switzerland public opinion in that struggle, so that even have declared themselves, by their separate the official America, at the time of the peace agreement, for the Allies and rose up against negotiation, should endeavor, through its Turkey. representatives, that the justified whishes of From all this it is obvious that the Jugo­ the Jugoslavs should be realized in the spirit slav idea is not one of recent creation, that it of the American democracy and for the sake penetrates in the traditional idea of all the of justice, liberty, democracy and lasting Serbians, the Croatians and Slovenians, that peace in Europe and the world. it does not announce an aggressive policy of On the 29th of November there will be Serbia but a policy of liberation by Serbia, held in Pittsburgh, Pa., the Second Universal who is the bearer of the idea for which have Jugoslav Meeting of the delegates from all the hitherto worked and immolated themselves colonies and organizations in North and South the best Serbians, Croatians and Slovenians America and in Cleveland has been established in Austria-Hungary. Napoleon the Great the Central Office of the Jugoslav movement himself had begun to realize that idea by in­ which is publishing this statement. corporating the "Illyrian Kingdom" and had The Jugoslav Committee. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

ENGLISH BOOKS.

1. The Southern Slav Programme (Lon­ 18. The Soul of Serbia, by Nikolai Veli- don, Jugoslav Committee). mirovic. London, 1916. 2. The Southern Slav ; Land and People. 19. The Spirit of the Serbia, By R. W. (London, Jugoslav Committee). Seton Watson, London. (Nisbet & 3. A Sketch of Southern Slav History. Co.) (London, Jugoslav Committee). 20. The Religious Spirit of the Slav, by 4. Southern Slav Culture. (London, Ju­ Nikolai Velimirovic, London. (Mac- goslav Committee). millan and Co.) 5. Idea of Southern 'Slav Unity. (Lon­ 21. Heroic Serbia, By Victor Bérard don, Jugoslav Committee). (Kossovo Committee). 6. The Slovenians. (London, Jugoslav 22. The Women of Serbia. By Fanny S. Committee). Map of Southern Slav Copeland (Kossovo Committee). Territory, by Dr. N. 2upanic. (Pub­ 23. Serbian Ballads. Translated by R. lished on behalf of the Jugoslav Com­ W. Seton-Watson. (Kossovo Com­ mittee). mittee). 7. The War in Eastern Europe, de­ 24., The Balkans, Italy, and the Adriatic. scribed by John Reed, pictured by By R. W. Seton-Watson. (Nisbet and E. Robinson, London, 1916. Co., Ltd.). 8. Jugoslav Nationalism. Three lec­ 25. German, Slav, and Magyar. By R. W. tures by Dr. B. Vosnjak, with an Seton-Watson. (Williams and Nor- address by M. E. Sadler, London, gate). 1916. 26. Serbia Yesterday, To-day, and To­ 9. The Truth about Bulgaria, by Alfred morrow. By R. W. Seton-Watson. Steed, reprinted from the "English (Kossovo Committee). Review". London, 1916. 27. Without Home or Country. By a 10. The Experiences of a Unit in the Serbian Poet. (Kossovo Committee). Great Retreat (Serbia 1915). H. J. 28. Serbia and Kossovo. By Dr. S. Geor- W. A Diary of a Nursing Sister in gevitch. Serbia. London 1916. 29. Austro-Hungarians Atrocities. By R. 11. British "Women in Serbia and the A. Reiss. (Simpsin, Marshall and Co. War, by Dr. M. Curcin, London, 1916. Ltd.). 12. Kossovo Day, Report and two lec­ 30. The German Peril and the Grand tures, (by prof. T. Georgevic and Alliance. By G. de Veselitsky (Fisher prof. V. Yovanovic). London, 1916 Un win). 13. With Serbia into exile, by Portier 31. Jugoslav Culture, By Milan Marja- Jones, New York, The Century Co., novic. London. (Jugoslav Committee, 1916. 1915). 14. The Aspiration of Bulgaria. By Bal- 32. The Strategical Significance of Ser­ canicus. London. Simpkin, Mar- bia. By Dr. Niko Zupanic. (From the shalll, Hamilton, Kent S. C. "Nineteenth Century". London 15. The Slav Nations, by Srgjan Tueic, 1916). George H. Doron Company, New 33. The Persecutions of Southern Slavs York. in Austria-Hungary. Preface by W. 16. Serbia, Her People, History and Aspi­ Joynson Hicks. (London. Nisbet & rations. By W. M. Petrovich, New Co.). York. (Frederick A. Storer Comp.) 34. The Serbian Macedonia. By Pavle 17. Serbia in Light and Darkness. By Rev. Popovic. London, from "The Near Father Nicholai Velimirovic, with East." preface by the Archbishop of Can­ 35. Hero Tales & Legends of the Ser­ terbury. London. New York. (Long- bians. By W. Petrovitch. 32 illustra- PARTI. THE SOUTHERN SLAVS. The Jugoslav form part of the great Slav linguistic unit. Their literary language is race, which is itself a branch of the Indo- identical ;. their spoken language varies locally Aryan race. They are divided into three main according to the dialect, which is differentiat­ groups, the Western, Eastern and Southern ed according, to pronunciation of the word sto Slavs. The "Western Slavs include the Poles, (what; Lat. quid); in one part of the country Czechs, Slovaks, and the Slavs in Germany it is promxnced ca, in another kaj, in the third (i. e. the Serbs of Upper and Lower Lusatia sto. The first or ca dialect is spoken in the and the Cassoubs and Slovinci in West Prussia north of Dalmatia, in the Isles, on the Croatian and Pomerania). The Eastern Slavs-are the coast, and in Istria. The second or kaj dialect Russians, whose Southern branch goes by the predominates in North-western Croatia from name of Ruthenes in Galicia, Bukorina, and the neighbourhood of Karlovac (Karlstadt) to Hungary. The Southern Slavs or Jugoslavs the river Mur, in the counties of Zagreb, (the (Jug—South in the Slav tongues) include the present Belovar), and above all in the Med­ Bulgars, Serbo-Croats, and Slovenes. jumurje. The third or sto dialect is the one Setting aside the Bulgars, who, by their most widely spoken ; it is the speech of Serbia, characteristics and political aims, form an en- Montenegro, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Dalmatia, tily apart, the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes are South-Western Croatia, Slavonia, and Southern one single nation known by three different Hungary. It is also the most beautiful of the names. In this and several other pamphlets three dialects, the most melodious, and the we propose to deal only with these people, richest in vowel sounds; it has taken prece­ whom we call "Jugoslavs." dence of the other two, and reigns to-day as The Jugoslavs (i. e. the Serbs, Croats, and the accepted literary tongue. The Slovene Slovenes) form the compact bulk of the present speech is merely a variety of the kaj dialect; population of the Balkan Peninsula. Part of it is still the local literary tongue of the Slo­ the land inhabited by them constitutes the in­ venes, but it has been greatly approximated in dependent Jugoslav kingdoms of Serbia and its vocabulary, syntax, and morphology to the Montenegro, and the large remaining portior sto dialect, which is the standard literary lan­ belongs to Austria-Hungary. guage of the Serbo-Croats. The national territory of the Serbs, Croats, As regards ethnographical characteristics, and Slovenes therefore comprises: Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes form but one single 1. The kingdom of Serbia and Montene­ nation. Popular tradition has kept the memory, gro. of the national hero, Marko Kraljevic, alive 2. Bosnia-Hercegovina. among all Jugoslavs. His exploits are sung 3. Dalmatia and the Dalmatian archipela­ everywhere, and without exception, in all Ju­ go. goslav provinces. The fact that the Serbs, 4. Croatia and Slavonia, including Rieka Croats, and Slovenes have a national hero in (Piume) and the Medjumurje. common is in itself a great proof of the racial 5. The country of the Drave in Southern unity of the Jugoslavs. Hungary (Baranja), the Backa, and the Banat. In religious maters, our. nation is divided 6. Istria, the Quarnero Isles, and Trieste. between the Orthodox Church, which predom­ 7. The Slovene lands, i. e. Carniola and inates in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Hercego­ Gorica; Southern Carin.tb.ia, Southern Styria, vina, and parts of Dalmatia and Croatia-Sla- and the adjoining districts in South-western vonia, the Catholic Church (in Croatia, Slavo­ Hungary. nia, Dalmatia, Bosnia-Hërcegovina, Carniola, The Jugoslavs are a homogeneous nation, Carinthia, Styria, and Istria), and the Mahom- both as regards their language and their ethno­ medan faith in Bosnia-Hercegovina. There graphical character: are, moreover, Nazarenes in South Hungary, The Serbs and Croats form an absolute and a sprinkling of Jews scattered everywhere. 10 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL Among a large part of the Catholic, divine THE SOUTHERN SLAV TERRITORY AND service is celebrated in the Old-Slav tongue in PEOPLE. the same way as in all Orthodox Churches. In the schools and in the literature the There are more than 13,000,000 Jugoslav Jugoslavs employ two forms of script—the Cy­ (Serbs, Croats and Slovenians). rillic and the Latin. Glagoliti» characters Before the war, there were in round num­ are now no longer used, except in the Catholic bers 5,000,000 Jugoslavs living in the independ­ churches of the littoral. ent Jugoslav kingdoms of Serbia and Monte­ negro. THE PEOPLE OF THE Under Austro-Hungarian rule, there were about 7,165,000 Jugoslav in both Americas AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY. 800,000 (of which 700,000 in the United States). The Habsburg Monarchy is a dual state There are 40,000 Jugoslav living in Italy, formation, founded on the compromise of 1867, near Udine and in southern Italy, also the by virtue of which the Germans and Hun­ ballance in Greece, near Florine, Vodene and garians have divided all the political power near Salonica, and in Northern Albania. — between themselves and thus assured their do­ The National Territory of the Jugoslav mination over other nationalities. people comprises all those lands in South- The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, (Bos­ Eastern Europe in which they have settled nia and Herzegovina included), has in round more than 1000 years ago and which land they numbers 51,000,000 inhabitants. According to inhabit even today in large majority and in the official census of 1910, there are only compact numbers. 12,010,600 (or 23.55%) Germans and 10,068,000 This territory includes the following (or 19.75%) Magyars. lands : In the Austrian half of the monarchy, the The kingdoms of: 9,950,000 Germans (35.6%) rule the 18,000,000 Serbia, with the area of 81,000 square miles and i,500,000 Jugoslavs non-Germans (64.4%). Out of these 18,000,000 Montenegro, " 5,000 500,000 " non - German inhabitants, 16,958,000 (or TOTAL " se.ooo " " " 5,000,000 60.65%) are Slavs. (6,436,000 or 23% are Under the Austrian or German rule : Czechs; 4,967,000 or 17.77% are Poles; Dalmatia, with the area of i,U0 square miles and 610,000 Jugoslavs 3,519,000 or 12% are Eussians and 2,036,000 or Istria, " 1,930 225,000 Triest, " 10 70,000 " 7.3% are Jugoslavs). The ballance are Ita­ Gorizia-Gradisca, " 1,000 " " " 155,000 " lians (768,000 or 2.75%) and Eumanians Carniola, " 3,850 " " " 490,000 (275,000 or 1%). Southern Carintkia, 2,000 " " " 110,000 " Southern Styria, " 3,000 " " " 410,000 "

In the Hungarian half of the monarchy, Total under Austrian, 16,730 " * " 2,070,000 " which de facto controls Bosnia and Herzego­ or German, rule. vina, the 10,050,000 Magyars (48%), rule the Under the Hungarian (or Ma Sfyar) rule: 12,700,000 or 52% non-Magyars. Of these non- Croatia and Slavonia, area of 16,770 sa. m. and 2,800,000 Jugoslavs Rijeka, (Flume}, " " 8 " " 25,000 Magyars 7,534,000 are Slavs. (Slovaks 2,040,- Medjumvïrje, " " 500 " " 200,000 Baranja, Backa and Banat " 6,500 " " 700,000 000). The ballance in this half of the monar­ (in South Hungary), Total under Magyar rule, 23,778 " " " 3,225,000 chy are Rumaninas (2,950,000) and Germans Bosnia-Hertzegovina, area of 19,690 " " " 1,870,000 (1,903.000). Under combined Austro-Hungarian rule: Summarizing the official data, we can Summary : state in round numbers that in Austria-Hun­ Under the Austrian or German rule, area of 16,730 2,070,000 gary live 24,500,000 or 48% Slavs; 22,000,000 Under the Hungarian or Magyar rule, area of 23,778 3,225,000 or 43% Germans and Hungarians and 4,023,- Combined German and Magyar rule, area of 19,690 1,870,000 000 are Latins, (3,225,000 Rumanians and Total under German 798,000 Italians). and Magyar rule, area of 60,198 7,165,000 Total Kingdoms of Serbia Of the 'Slavs in the monarchy, the largest and Montenegro, area of 36,000 5,000,000 GRAND TOTAL, 96,198 12,165,000 group is Czecho-Slovaks (8,478,000) Jugo­ (The official Austro-Hungarian statistics slavs (7,010,270), Poles (5,000,000) and Ruthe- of 1910 claim that there are 7,010,270 Jugo­ nes (3,999,000), slavs in Austria Hungary including Bosnia- THE SOUTHERN SLAVS APPEAL 11 Herzegovina. The difference of 154,730 comes tional bards gave expression, in a cycle of en­ from mixed communities. We are sure that chanting ballads of Homeric beauty, to the our numbers are correct in accordence with a greatest and saddest event in history, in which private census effected by our people. The the Serbian people was deprived of liberty and Austro-Hungarian census agents, in mixed unity. And, indeed, at the close of the fif­ communities invariably consider a person as teenth century, the Serbian suzerain state suc­ Hungarian or German, as the case may be, if cumbed completely under the Sublime Porte he is able to speak the Hungarian or German when the prosperous provinces of the once language. The same rule applies to the Italian mighty Serbian Empire were wasted by the censors throughout Istria and Trieste. Thus agents from Stamboul, whose systematic exter­ a large nuviber of our people are classed under mination of Serbian Velika and Mala Vlastela a false designation.) (i. e. Great and Small Nobility), was nearing a close. The small remainder of the Serbian THE MARTYRDOM OF THE SERBIANS. aristocracy found refuge in the Orthodox At the moment when the world's greatest courts of Vallahia and Moldavia, some of cataclysm is taking the third—and it is to be whom flecl to Dubrovnik (Ragusa), Rome, and hoped the last—phase, it may not be wholly even to Scotland and Ireland. As for the without interest for George Washington's people, they split into three distinct groups. champions of liberty to hear the sighs of a Those who dwelt in the lowlands alongside the most democratic people of Europe that has Danube and in the valleys of Morava and Var- been crucified three times in its history for the dar, remained in their homes and bent under high principle of freedom ond unity. the Turkish yoke; considerable numbers, and Yet, it is a source of an inexhaustible pride especially the inhabitants of the regions in Ma­ and gratitude for the Serbians to know that, cedonia and what was known till recently after five centuries of Western Europe's ignor­ under the name of "Old Serbia", settled, in ance of Serbia's immolation on the altar of the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth Christianity, when the prosperous and mighty centuries, in Hungary and colonized the Banat Serbian mediaeval state crushed—not without Batchka (or Backa), and the provinces of crushing itself—the forces of Amurath and Ba- Sirmia (or Srem) and part of Croatia. Lastly, jazett in the memorable battles of Kossovo, on a third group, unwilling to yield to any autho­ June 15 (0. S.) 1389, the proud sons of Albion rity and composed chiefly of the small Vlaste­ having finally known the incomparable virtues la, withdrew into the mountains, inaccessible of their little ally of the Balkans, have spon­ to tlie Turkish horsemen, and became prac­ taneously and most manifestedly shown their tically outlaws; entrenched in their defiles, admiration and love of their heroic brothers in expert in guerilla warfare, soon inured to per­ arms, by ordering and performing on June 28, secution and hardship, and there they served 1916, throughout their mighty kingdom a cele­ as the only check on the cruel manners that bration of the Kossovo Day. the Turks adopted in exercising wholesale Ottomanization. These indomitable fighters And all that in honor of those Serbians with their nests in the Black Rocks of Monte­ who were so badly handicapped in the popular negro, Dalmatia, and Sumadia (or Serbia prop­ esteem of Great Britain and America on er), are known to history as the Hajduks and account of their national revolution of 1903 Uskoks, who preserved and upheld through and other "sinister" events in their recent centuries of oppression the traditions of hero­ history ! Tout saviour c'est tout pardonner. And ism of their ancestors and the spirit of their when the world comes to know all about Serbia race. So tenaciously did they maintain their there will be no shadow of doubt that her nationality, religion, speech, and most especial­ people is one of the least guilty in human histo­ ly their exuberant balladry, that at the dawn ry, and that her revolutions have not been of the nineteenth century they still formed a nearly so bloody as those of most advanced nucleus round which Serbia was once more to and cultured nations. grow into an independent political body. THE ONCE PROSPEROUS PROVINCES. TURKISH CONTROL. After the battle of Kosovo the Serbian State persisted still, though only as a vassal The subjugation of Serbia proper was province of the Ottoman Empire. But the speedily followed by that of Bosnia (1463) and poetic Serbian soul was so deeply impressed of Herzegovina (1482). 12 THE SOWTHBRN SLAV'S APPEAL cepted Ottoman rule lived thenceforth in a sions, the treaties of Akkerman (1826) and most unhappy condition. They soon ceased to Adrianople (1829) definitely regularized the be proprietors of their own land, which was position of Serbia. By wholesale bribery divided among Turkish spahis. To these land­ Milosh obtained in Constantinoule, in 1830 a lords those of the people who did not embrace formal recognition as hereditary prince of Islam had to render many personal services Serbia. The sudden return erf Karageorge (kuluk), and to give a tithe, or a seventh part from Russia, where he went to seek help and of their produce. They paid a tax to the Sul­ munitions, his mysterious death upon his cross­ tan, another to the governing pasha, and "bak­ ing of Serbia's frontier and the bitter feud sheesh" to the tax collector, whom they were that ensued between the two dynasties, show­ also obliged to entertain. During the Turkish ed clearly that the two imperial governments invasion of Hungary the passage of countless in Petrograd and Vienna struggled, at the ex­ armies again and again reduced a maturally pense of Serbia, for hegemony in that unfortu­ fertile country to an utter waste. There was nate country. Milosh was banished, his son no security of life, honor or property, anr"1 Michael assasinated in Koshutnyak, near Bel­ there was the crowning horror of the gift of grade, Karageorge's son Alexander abdicated, the Christian children, every seventh or every King Milan died in Vienna after having been fifth year, to be trained as janissaries. banished by his own son Alexander and his Thus passed the eighteenth century, with mistress Draga ; Alexander himself paid dear­ promise of better things ever alternating with ly for his haughty manner and the unfort­ bitter disappointments. And the Serbian peo­ unate soil-tillers of Serbia looked at their new­ ple peacefully endured the oppression in the ly chosen King Peter Karageorgevitch, as they hope that, sooner or later, the bright star of did at his grandfather George Petrovitch, for their national unification would appear on the the long-awaited peace and order. And in­ horizon. deed, the wise citizen of Switzerland and the graduate of Saint-Cyr, immediately upon his arrival into power, gave his people a most de­ THE NEW SERBIA. mocratic constitution and his government a There lived at this time in the village of carte-blanche. The three years that followed Topola in Sumadia a man named George Pe- his accession were a period of rest and re­ trovitch. He had some experience of warfare, cuperation under the quiet and wise admini­ having served under Austria as a volunteer in stration of Mr. Nikola Pasic, agriculture, 1788, and was known as one of the most enter­ industry and trade were encouraged and in­ prising men in the country. He had narrowly creased to an unprecedented extend. escaped death at the hands of the Janissaries i by instant fight into the forest. Tall, stalwart, determined, highly intelligent, though illiter­ AUSTRIA AND SERBIA. ate, he was also violent, morose and taciturn, "With the growth of trade, however, Ser­ and known to the Turks on this account as bia's position of complete economic depend­ Kara George (i. e. Black George) ; it is under ence on the openly hostile or extortionate this name that he has passed down to posteri­ markets of Austria-Hungary became more and ty. No sooner had he reached a place of safe­ impossible, and to obtain relief from the ty than many bands of fugitives gathered thraldom she concluded, despite the vigorous round him. One after the other the villages and healthy opposition of a group of Serbian and cities in Central Serbia feel an easy prey industrials a customs treaty with treacherous to the brave troops of Karageorge, and a free Bulgaria. Austria replied by a war of tariffs, 'Serbia, however small, was soon reestablished, the socalled "Pig War", swine remaining to only, alas, to be again subjugated in 1813 by the that day the most important item of Serbia's irresistible forces of the three pashas advanc­ export trade. But as 'Serbia found new outlets ing in three different directions. The efforts in Egypt, Italy and France for her exports which were renewed by another peasant gene­ and thus showed the Dual Monarchy most ral, Milosh Obrenovic, were crowned with manifestly that she could be emancipated from better success, for he made in 1815 a fresh in­ the oppression of her powerful neighbor, Aus­ surrection that terminated in a complete liber­ tria, immediately upon the Young Turk re­ ation of Northern and Central Serbia. During volution, threw a bomb-shell among the Euro­ the "War of Greek Independence Milosh wrung pean powers by annexing the two provinces f TI : a—Li : :_J_: : LL_L_ ÏHBJ. SOtKCSËRN SLAV'S APPEAL 4| manner to become herself a Balkan state in bania for the sake of peace with threatening order better to interfere with the affairs of Austria, gladly hung up her sword and pre­ the Peninsula. Serbia, of course, was in no pared for a period of peace and recuperation, mood to acquiesce to this deliberate tearing up of social and industrial advancement. of the scrap of paper known as the Treaty of Berlin. However, Russia, to whom the chal­ THE MURDER OF FERDINAND. lenge was openly thrown, while endeavoring, Such was the position when, on June 28th, in her momentary impotence, to obtain some 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to compensation for Serbia, counseled modera­ the Hapsburg throne, and his consort were in tion. Thus the crisis was averted for the mo­ ment, but from that day it became obvious a most mysterious manner murdered in the that neither Russia nor Serbia, nor even the streets of 'Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Who Entente Powers, could forgive and forget, and arranged that tragedy? Was it known pre­ that the hour of reckoning was merely post­ viously in Vienna and Budapest, or in Bel­ poned. grade, or also in all the three capitals? This Ever since, Austria has endeavored to find will remain for some time a mystery. But let some casus belli in order to have a free hand us be objective and consider only the facts. • in chastising hard-striving Serbia. The much- Sir Valentine Chirol, in his "Serbia and complicated Macedonian question was settled the Serbs" (Oxford, 1914), wrote about it: by the Balkan League of 1912, whereby the "The absence of the most elementary precau­ Turks, to the astonishment of the world, were tions for his (the archduke's) safety during all but driven out of Europe. The treacherous the visit to Sarajevo, though according to the Bulgars, upon the wink of ever-envious Aus­ Austrians themselves the whole of Bosnia was tria, in open defiance of her secret treaty with honeycombed with sedition, is an awkward Serbia by virtue of which the dispute concern­ fact which has not hitherto been explained. ' ' ing territory in Macedonia should have been On the morrow of the crime the press' of submitted for a final decision to Russia, at­ Vienna and Budapest started a violent cam­ tacked her ally in the hope of renching out paign against Serbia, openly putting upon the of her and Greece the whole of Macedonia, Serbian Government the responsibility for the only, however, to receive severe punishment assassination. It availed nothing to point out by thé armies of King Peter in the memorable that a country still bleeding from the wounds battle of Bregalnica. of two desperate wars, whose most urgent need The defeat of the sultan's forces in all was a period of quiet and of internal consoli­ parts of European Turkey had been a tre­ dation, could not have chosen itself in new un­ mendous blow to Austria-Hungary, and es­ favorable a moment to involve itself in new pecially to Germany. The defeat of Austria's difficulties with a powerful neighbor; it pro­ protégée, Bulgaria, by Serbia, the Greek occu­ duced no evidence to prove that the assassins pation of Salonica and especially the rise in were Serbian subjects. In the words of Dr. R. power and prestige of Serbia—the friend of W. Seton-Watson ("The War and Democra­ Russsia and the apostle of Jugo-slav (or South cy," 1915) : "Bosnia, Dalmatia and Croatia are Slav), emancipation—constituted for the Cen­ a seething pot which needs no stirring from tral Powers a still greater catastrophe. Only the outside." The Austro-Hungarian press set prompt action could retrieve such a miscarry­ itself deliberately to spread the idea that the ing of the Austro-German plans, and it is not outrage had been organized in and by Serbia, surprising to hear that already in 1913, Aus­ and certain classes of people were, unfortunate­ tria was bent on declaring war on Serbia and ly, too ready to admit anything sensational and endeavored to secure the support of Italy. As too deaf to the voice of Belgrade to hear any­ this support was not forthcoming, action was thing else. Although the Bosnian Serbs were deferred for the moment, and a huge army always referred to in Austria by such names bill was introduced in Germany to regain the as "die Bosniaken" or "die Orthodoxen aus balance of power and make ready for any Bosnien" (i. e., "the Bosnians' or "the Ortho­ eventuality. doxes of Bosnia"), the perpetrators, who are unmistakably Austrian subjects, were referred Serbia, after having settled the distribu­ to invariably as "Serben" (i. e., Serbians), tion of conquered territory between her allies and in such a manner as to give the impression in a broad and generous spirit, wherein the that thev were Serbs from 'Serbia. 14 ÏHË âotTTHKftN ëLA^'S ÀÊPJBÀL ÀUàTRIÂ FOR WAR Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey and even the brigandry of Albania, is still too It was at 6 P. M. on July 23rd that the Austro-Hungarian minister in Belgrade handed fresh in the memory of the world to be recalled to the minister for foreign affairs the note here. Before the tremendous multitude of embodying the demands of Austria and insist­ German cannon, which in the words of King ing on a reply within forty-eight hours. Peter, "prevented with their range the very The Serbian Goverment was charged with sight of their gunners", the remainder of the fomenting a revolutionary propaganda, having Serbian army had been ebliged to retreat and for its object the detachment of part of the to reorganize itself for fresh attempts. And if territory of Austria-Hungary from the monar­ the fortune of war has really turned to the chy. It was averred, though no proof was given Allies the Serbs may succeed not only in restor­ and no dossier communicated, that the Sera- ing their lost kingdoms of Serbia and Monte­ jevo assasinations were planned and the mur­ negro but also to free and unite into a power­ derers equipped in Belgrade. The note was an ful homogenous state their brothers across the absolute ultimatum which no sovereign state Sava, Danube and Drina as also those living on with any pride at all could accept. Yet the the Adriatic Coast. Thus it is to be hoped Serbian Goverment exceeded all expectations that, recognizing the principle of nationality, in the direction of conciliation, expressing its the great national unions of Prance, Germany readiness to refer any point either to the Hague and Italy will be followed by that of ;the Tribunal or to the Powers who had taken a South Slavs to which group belong the Ser­ part in the settlement of annexation of Bosnia- bians, Croats, and the Slovenians. Herzegovina. A conciliatory answer was neither expected THE SERBO-CROATS AND SLOVENES nor wanted, however. The very evening of UNDER AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'S the delivery of the Serbian reply the Austrian MISRULE. minister was instructed to leave Belgrade, and A 'Southern Slav patriot has said that on the 28th of July, 1914, Austria declared war no greater misfortune has befallen the on Serbia. Southern Slavs than to pass under dominion Within the next two days Austria awoke of civilized Austria. Had they been obliged to the startling fact that Russia was beginning to share the fate of their brothers, the Serbs to move. In spite of the German ambassador's they would certainly have tasted all the assurances that the Czar would not and could misery of the Turkish yoke, but to-day they not fight, he had decided to intervene. At this would be free, as an independent state with a appearance of a full-grown adversary Vienna right to their own national and intellectual pulled a very long face and, on July 31st, the development. The one thing Turkey has left Ballplatz suddenly consented to eliminate from untouched in the Serbs — the heart of the the ultimatum those demands which involved people — is the very thing that Austria has a violation of the sovereignty of Serbia, to sought to destroy in her Southern Slav sub­ discuss certain others, and in short to reopen jects. Turkish captivity has steeled the hearts the whole question. It was too late. Germany, of the Slavs she oppressed, but Austrian cap­ haying jockeyed Austria into a position from tivity has cankered them and made them which there was no escape, declared war on effete. Russia the next day. Other declarations fol­ lowed in a rapid succession and the world's In many respects this pessimistic view is greatest cataclysm started. justified. The struggle of the Southern Slavs for national life has passed through many phases, and has exhausted itself in many more. THE BRAVE SERBIANS The Croats have elected, after the extinction How severely punished were the three of their royal family in 1102, the King Kolo- successive Austro-Hungarian "punitive expe­ man of Hungary for their own. After the ditions" by the brave armies of the little passing away of the house of Arpad, they kingdom and how the survivors of Kumanovo, elected independently of Hungary Ferdinand Bregalnica, Jadar and Belgrade were, one year I of Hapsburg as their ruler (in 1527). By later, attacked by the combined forces of their own free will thpv adonteri t.ha ™»n.g. fHË SOOTfcÉSN SLAV'S APPEAL 15 inaticai sanction of 1712, by which they ap­ traveled in these beautiful countries have seen, proved the accession of female, where there nothing of Austria's "work of civilization^** was no male, as heir to the throne. For cen­ as they are kept to the beaten tracks specïa^r- turies the Southern Slavs stood under the prepared for them, and they only, see the coun­ protection of "Heaven militant," and his try like a carefully staged panorama on th» motto was, "For faith and freedom." During films of the imperial and royal picture sbcml the time of Turkish power they aquired a But had these travelers caught a glimpse of noble name "Antemurale („ hristianitatis " the abject misery of the people, their pleasure (outworks of Christianity), for their courage­ in these beautiful coutries would have been ous watching over the prosperity of Christian­ spoilt, and they would have better understood ity and the culture of Europe. why the inhabitants are rebelling against thft As a distinctly autonomous state, Croatia "blessing" of Austro-Hungarian rule. dealt with Austria and with Hungary on the The history of these provinces during the principle of equality, and she was recognized past generation is one of neglect and mis- as such so long as she was needed for their government. Croatia has been exploited by defense. the Magyars, and the narrow interests of German "kultur" and Magyar lack of Buda-Pest have prevented railway develop­ culture were held in equal abomination by the ment and hampered local industries by skill­ Slav nations, upon whom they were to be in­ ful manipulation of tariffs and taxation. A flicted, and the ruthless spoliation to which further result is that even today Dalmatia has they were* likewise subjected engendered a no railway connection with the rest of Europe, deep-seated animosity. The Northern Slavs, and those of Bosnia are artificially directed who possess more practical business capacity toward Buda-Pest, rather than toward Zagreb, than the Southern, did not allow themselves Vienna and Western Europe. It is not much to be economically strangled, and even con­ to say, that the situation of those provinces trived to hold their own in this respect ; where­ had become less favorable than it was at as, the Southern Slavs, being mainly an earlier periods of their history; for the old agricultural people, found themselves the system of trade routes had broken down there helpless victims of Austria and Hungarian as elsewhere in Europe, but had not been re­ rapacity. Dalmatia, one of the loveliest spots placed by modern communications. The in Europe, has for the last century known no eentury-old roads built by the French are the privilege except that of paying taxes, and Aus­ only roads in Dalmatia and Croatia, although tria's maladministration of that country has the French rule under Napoleon was only of become proverbial. short duration, it did more for the Southern Croatia and Slavonia fare little better. Slav lands in three years than Austria did They have to pay 56 per cent of their revenues during the century that followed. to Hungary. This tax figures under the head In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria pur­ of "contributions to mutual interests," chief­ sued the same heartless policy. Out of the ly represented by the railways and the postal three religions of one people she made three system. The annual income from these two nationalities, and then fostered dissensions sources amount to 250,000,000 crowns, but of between them. Austria was not in the least this Croatia never receives a penny ! The net interested in the prosperity of the country, profit all goes to Hungary, who brazenly and merely created an intolerable chaos by her employs it as a subvention to the Magyar political intrigue in a land that had already propaganda in Croatia. The condition of suffered beyond endurance. Her evidences of Carniola and Istria is almost as deplorable as civilization exhibited before the world were that of Dalmatia, and in Bosnia and Herze­ pure humbug. govina the Austro-Hungarian government has There have always been two fatal ob­ for thirtyfive years built villages "after the stacles to an Austrian solution of the Southern pattern of Potemkin," for the edification of Slav problem — Magyar hegemony and the foreign journalists, while the people have been dual system, to which alone that hegemony left to starve or sink into poverty and owed its survival. Under the compromise of ignorance. 1867, the dual monarchy is composed of two 16 THE èOTTTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL • tria and kingdom of Hungary, each possessing is without any parallel in civilized Europe. a distinct parliament and cabinet of its own, But the people stood firm. The dire sufferings but both sharing between them the three joint of recent years have begotten a new and ministries of foreign affairs, war and finance. healthy movement, which includes the entire This system really secured the political youth of Croatia. They began to go along the path which leads away from Hungary, and power in Austria and Hungary to two races— away from Austria, back to union with their the Germans and the Magyars, and they, as scattered kindred. Their aim is the establish­ the strongest in each country, fought off the ment of a great, free and independent Jugo­ next strongest, the Poles and the Croats, by slavia (Southern Slav State). the grant of autonomy to Galieia and Croatia. The Southern Slavs in Dalmatia, Carniola Thus it came to an agreement between and Istra fared little better than their brothers the Croats and Hungarian in 1868. This agree­ in Croatia and Slavonia. We have already ment by no means satisfied the aspirations of alluded to the economic neglect of Dalmatia. In the Croats, but it gave them the required foot­ politics, Germanization was practiced in much ing against Magyar oligarchy. It was but a the same way as Magyarization in Croatia. short period after this agreement was signed Dalmatia, unfortunately, does not enjoy inde­ that it became a mere "scrap of paper." The pendence, even on paper, and thus her oppres­ "Ban" (governor) of Croatia became a mere sion could wear a perfectly constitutional guise. exponent of the Hungarian government. Con­ tempt of the constitution and corruption were The Dalmatian "sabor", like that of Istria and the first fruits of the agreement under Carniola, is an assembly quite at the mercy of Hungarian influence in Croatia. the viceroy for the time being, who would never dream of convoking it unless he had Inability of the goverment to get the made quite sure that no inconvenient resolu­ majority of the representatives for their un­ tions would be passed. As a rule these "sabors" constitutional ruling was a cause for the policy enJ°y prolonged periods of rest, and the people of brutal imperialism then inaugurated which are only represented by their delegates in the remained in force to this day. From 1883 to Viennese reiehstrat, but they are too few. 1903 Count Carl Khuen Hedervary was ban of Croatia, and the twenty years of his administration have been the blackest period THE SOUTHERN SLAV HISTORY AND THE as regards political, economic and personal IDEA OF UNITY. thraldom. SOUTHERN SLAV, or Jugoslav, history In the ollowing ten years six administra­ from the earliest times up to the present day, tive heads were changed, some of them reigning presents the record of a people who, though for only two months. The popular rising of stubborn in resistance, are by no means aggress­ 1903 opened new channels for the national ive, and who, notwithstanding the great and struggle ; it was also the prelude to the hardest exceptional misfortunes that have befallen and bitterest time that the. Southern Slavs have them, have succeeded in preserving their yet been called upon to face. Two years later, national individuality, and in asserting them­ in the election of 1905, the opposition parties selves as a homegeneous nation full of youth won a brilliant victory. Not one goverment and vitality. candidate was returned. The sessions of these In virtue of their geographical position, parliaments were very short because the depu­ which makes the Jugoslav lands the most direct ties refused to pass such goverment bills which link between the East and West—that is to say, were against the interest of the people, and between Western, Central, and Southern there are very, very few for the poeple. Europe on the one hand, and the Balkans, the The history of Croatia is the history of Adriatic, and Asia Minor on the other—these repeated persecutions and tyranny. Whole territories have always been the arena of great books might be written to' illustrate the con­ political rivalries and fierce racial conflicts. tentions that in matter of education, admini­ Many powerful states, ambitious of conquest, stration and justice, of association and assem- and aspiring towards aggrandizement—Byzan- THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL 17 break the Jugoslav resistance, which thwarted has been maintained in the face of great odds their ambitions and desires. Despite apparent and is being prosecuted to-day with as much temporary success, these efforts have proved vigour as in past ages, in itself the most virtually fruitless, and have so far failed to beautiful proof that the different provinces bring about the desired results. It is true inhabited by our nation desire to establish at that, during the course of these gigantic least an ethical union, if they can attain to no struggles, the Jugoslavs have outwardly suc­ other? Even in Istria, in the most remote of cumbed and been subjugated by other nations. our western Catholic districts, the Southern It is also true that they were by adverse cir­ Slavs desire to hear Divine Service held in the cumstances checked in the full tide of progress, Slav tongue, simply that they may not lose this and therefore failed to crystallize their civiliza­ bond of union between themselves and their tion or to establish their union. Nevertheless, Orthodox brothers in the east, in the valley of at the cost of tenacious struggles and countless the Vardar, where the Slavs have never been sacrifices they have at last succeeded in creat­ denied the right to use their native tongue in ing conditions which ought to assure their union the Church. This and this alone is the true in the future. A considerable portion of the meaning of this struggle. Jugoslav territory has formed itself into the What is the true significance of the labours independent kingdoms of Serbia and Monte­ and achievements of the Serbian Emperor negro. Such of the Jugoslavs as are still Dusan (14th century) and his contemporary subject to a foreign yoke, look fodward to a Tvrtko, King of Bosnia—these two great rulers, union with these two states; they are keenly one of whom was lord over the eastern half conscious of belonging to the same nation, and of the Balkan Peninsula, while the other ruled deeply desirous of forming part of the one the west—unless they were efforts to accom­ motherland. plish the Union of all our nation, which unfort­ A close study of the history of our nation unately could not be realised at that time, cannot fail to reveal the fact, that from its owing to insurmountable obstacles ? origin to the present day and throughout the Finally, what were those desperate and centuries it presents a record of continuous unremittent struggles against the Turks, in efforts to realise the great idea of Southern which every branch of the Southern Slav nation Slav Unity. These efforts can be plainly has borne its share—whether dwelling in discerned in spite of the 4reat obstacles which Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Hercegovina, Dal- have at times partially obscured this. The matia, Southern. Hungary, Slavonia, Croatia, leading idea in all our progress and develop­ Istria, Carinthia, Carniola or Styria—but ment was the idea of Southern Slav unity. simply one great struggle on the part of one single people? When numbers of our nation Take, for instance, the earlier periods of migrated north and west from the Balkan? our history, the age of the Serbian prince before the overwhelming pressure of the Turks, Oaslav (10th century) and the Croatian King this circumstance merely led to the strengthen­ Zvonimir (11th century) and the Slovene ing of the spirit of the race. It was due to this Emperor Samo (7th century). What do we that Marko Kraljevié, a Serbian King of Mace­ find but that these various early attempts to donia, became the chief national hero of the form small States merely represent the first entire Serb, Croat and Slovene nation, and that beginnings of he creation of our national the popular ballads telling of his exploits are Unity, without regard to the fact that this or sung and known wherever the Southern Slav that branch of the nation belongs to the tongue is spoken. ethnical unit of the Serbs, Croats or Slovenes? Or take the great struggle for the use of When finally the dawn of the nineteenth the Slav tongue in Divine Service—a struggle century gave us thebeginnings of emancipation which began in the days of the first Slav and national re-birth, it also brought the syste­ apostles Cyril and Method (9th century), and matic realisation of our national unity. It is still being fought out at the present day? would be a mistake to believe that Kara George What is the inner meaning of this struggle if Petrovic, the leader of the Serbian insurgents, not one aspect of the great struggle for national and Milos Obrenovic, he first prince of the Unity on the part of the whole nation? And country, had only the emancipation of Serbia is not this thousand-year-old struggle, which in their minds, or that Petar I and Petar II 18 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL Petrovic Njegos, Prince-Bishops of Montenegro It is only natural that during the 19th thought merely of freeing their own particular century the idea of Southern Slav unity was country, because they did not at the time perforce reduced to an ideal of local and attempt the deliverance of the other Southern partial deliverance. It would have been ^rash Slav countries as well. No. The souls of and foolish to attempt this vastest programme both Serbs and Montenegrins are too deeply of all at a time when even the smallest details steeped in the great traditions of the Serbian Empire of the Middle Ages to have forgotten in his programme had yet to be achieved. This them at such a critical time. This great tradi­ fact was due to circumstances and the exigen­ tion has ever guided the liberators of the two cies of the time, but does not in the least prove 19th century Serb States in their mission of that the great Southern Slav idea was lost emancipation, and without it their amazing sight of. Indeed, it was sometimes advisable success would be simply inexplicable. All to conceal it. When the Serbian peasants em­ popular poems, celebrating their achievements, barked on their struggle with the Turks, and are full of reminiscenes of the glories of the •took diplomatic action with the Great Powers Mediaeval Kings and Emperors of Serbia. in order to reap the fruits of their military It would be equally a mistake to believe successes, they could not openly advertise the that the national awakening of the Croats and great ideal of the national emancipation and Slovenes in the 19th century was a purely unification of our whole nation, because the local renascence due to a struggle for material very Chancellories to whom they were apeal- welfare. No. Since the beginning of the ing would haye looked askance at it. On the Illyrian movement, both Croats and Slovenes contrary, they had to represent this idea as have been inspired by the ideas of their great Kings Zvonimir and 'Samo, and still more by being utterly unimportant, so that they might the idea of the ancient kingdom of Illyria, first realise the organisation of their own which included the whole of the Balkan little State, which would then serve as a basis Peninsula. for the greater State in the future.

MESSAGE FROM DR. E. W. SETON-WATSON. (Autor of "The Southern Slav Question" and other Books dealing with S. E. Europe.) Those who advocate the cause of Southern for the past decade has kept the Eastern Slav Unity are to-day no longer voices crying Adriatic shores and their hinterland in a fer­ in the wilderness ; for it is becoming more and ment, and contributed so materially to the more widely recognized that the cause of Serbia outbreak of the Great War. Only a radical and of her oppressed kinsmen in Austria- solution of the Southern Slav question can Hungary represents a vital European and assure permanent peace to the Balkan Penin­ British interest. The conquest of Serbia by sula. Without Southern Slav unity there can the Central Powers alters nothing in the be no serious barrier to those designs of Pan- Southern Slav Programme, even though it German hegemony from the North Sea to the renders its realization more remote; and it is Persian Gulf which prompted William II. and a happy omen for the future that it should his advisers to unchain a wolrd-war. have been in London that the Serbian Prince- Regent publicly pinned his faith to the Jugoslav Not even the tragedy of last winter can idea. make us despair. Serbia has survived five cen­ turies of grinding Turkish oppression, and she Either Serbia must achieve the unity of the will rise onee more Phœnix-like from the ashes race, or she, and Montenegro with her, must of Austrian neglect, Magyar tyranny, and share the fate of Bosnia and be swallowed up Bulgarian treachery. in a victorious Austria. Any other solution would mean a continuance of the intolerable R. W. SETON-WATSON. state of misrule and consequent unrest which June 20,1916. PART II. THE JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE AND THE SOUTHERN SLAV PROGRAMME. The suddenness with which Austria- trian Parliament. (Slovene, of Trst Hungary brought this war upon the nations of (Trieste). Europe placed the Jugoslavs under Austro- Dr. Julije Gazzari, Town Councillor of Si- Hungarian rule in an extremely difficult benik (Sebenieo) Dalmatia. (Croat). position. There was no time to organize a Rev. Don Niko Grskovic, President of the strong resistance against the systematic reign Croatian League of U. S. A. in Cleveland, of terror with which they were confronted. 0. (Croat, of Vrbnik, Istria). According to plans carefully laid beforehand Dr. Hinko Hinkovic, Member of the Croa­ the whole Austrian Jugoslav manhood of mili­ tian Parliament, and Delegate to the Par­ tary age was at once summoned to the colours, liament of Budapest. (Croat, of Croatia). Dr. Josip Jedlovski, Secretary of the Slo­ and almost all representatives of the educated vene Society "Bdinost" and of the Croat professional classes, especially the leading School Union in Trst (Croat, of Trst). men of the nation, were imprisoned. Only a Ciro Kamenarovié, Gen. Mgr. of the "Adria­ very few prominent men were away from tic Bank" in Trst (Serb, of Kotor, Catta- Austria at the time or were able to effect their ro, Dalmatia). escape. These emigrants opened their patri­ Milan Marjanovic, Editor of "Narodno Je- otic campaign in Rome, where they began by dinstvo" (National Unity) in Zagreb publishing protests against the reign of terror (Agram), Croatia. Croat, of Kastav, Is­ in the Jugoslav countries, and against the tria). mendacious reports from Austrian and Hungar­ Ivan Mestrovic, Sculptor (Croat, of Otavice, ian official sources, whereby efforts were made Dalmatia). to represent the Jugoslavs as being in sym­ Dr. Mice Mic'ic, Town Councillor of Dubrov­ pathy with the aggressive pretensions of their nik (Croat, of Dubrovnik, Dalmatia). oppressors. Dr. Franko Potocnjak, late Member of 'the The Jugoslav Committee has been com­ Croatian Parliament and Delegate to the posed of the following members : Parliament in Budapest. (Croat, of Novi, Croatia). President : Prof. Mihailo Pupin, Professor at Columbia Dr. Ante Trumbic, President of the Croat University, New York, President of the National Party in the Diet of Dalmatia, Serbian League "Sloga" and of the "Srp- late Mayor of Split (Spalato), and late ska Narodna Odbrana". (Serb, of Pance- Member for Zadar (Zara) in the Austrian vo, Banat, South Hungary). Parliament. (Croat of Split, Dalmatia.) Dr. Milan Srskic, Member of the Bosnian Members : Diet. (Serb, of Bosnia). Frano Supilo, Editor of "Novi List", Rije- Dr. Ante Biankini, President of the Jugo­ ka (Fiume), late Member of the Croatian slav Committee for the U. S. America, Parliament, and Delegate to the Parlia­ Chicago. (Croat, of Starigrad, Dalmatia). ment in Budapest. (Croat). Jovo Banjanin, late Member of the Croatian Dr. Nikola Stojanovic, Member of the Bos­ Parliament and Delegate to the Parlia­ nian Diet. (Serb, of Herzegovina). ment at Budapest. (Serb, of Croatia). Dr. Dinko Trinajstic, President of the "Slo- Dr. Ivo De Giulli, Town Councillor of Du- veno-Croatian Society in Istria", and brovnik (Ragusa, Dalmatia). Croat, of Member of the Istrian Diet. (Croat, of Dubrovnik, Dalmatia. Vrbnik, Istria). Dr. Gustav Gregorin, Member in the Aus­ Dusan Vasiljevic, Vice-President of the Serb 20 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL National Union of Bosnia-Herzegovina". kinsman in Serbia and Montenegro, in the (Serb, of Herzegovina). unredeemned part of the nation still en­ Dr. Bogumil Vosnjak, Professor of the Uni­ slaved in Austria-Hungary, and with the versity of Zagreb, and Editor of the "Ve­ numerous Jugoslav emigrant communities da" (Slovene, of Gorica, Gorizia). in the North and South Americas, and in the Dr. Nikola Zupanic, Curator of the Ethno­ British Colonies. graphical Museum. (Slovene, of Metlika, The Committee have been deeply gratified Carniola). by the sympathy and appreciation of their la­ During its plenary meeting of June 1916, bours on behalf of their country and country­ the Jugoslav Committee elected the following men extended to them in political and intel­ members : lectual circles among the Allied nations; their M. Pasko Baburica, President of the "Jugo­ thanks are equally due to the Press which in slav" National Defence" in Valparaiso, all the friendly countries has taken a keen in­ Chile, (Croat, of Dalmatia). terest in their cause and given it full attention. Louis Mitrovic, (Croat) and Louis Moro The Jugoslav Committee, whose head­ (Croat), both of Dalmatia, and residing quarters are in London, England (54. Chep­ in South America, where they own large stow Villas, Bay s water), has offices in follow­ commercial interests. ing countries : On May 1, 1915, the Committe presented a France (Paris) ; memorandum dealing with the national aims Russia (Petrograd and Odessa) ; of the Jugoslavs and the desperate position in Switzerland (Geneve) ; which they are now placed, to M. Delcassé, United States (Cleveland, 0.) ; French Minister of Foreign Affairs, and to M. Chile (Valparaiso ). Isvolsky, Russian Ambassador in Paris. Sub­ The Jugoslav Committee publishes : sequently the Committee, having in the mean­ "The Southern Slav Bulletin" (Semi­ time transferred its headquarters to London, monthly) in London. published a manifesto to the British Parlia­ "Le Bulletin Yougoslave" (Paris). ment and to the nation on May 12, 1915, and "The Southern Slav Library" (1. "The on July 2, 1915, it presented a duplicate of the Southern Slav Programme"; 2. "The South­ Paris Memorandum to Lord Crewe, who was ern Slav Land and People; 3. "A sketch of at the time representing Sir Edward Grey at the Southern Slav History"; 4. "Southern the Foreign Office. Slav Culture " ; 5. " Idea of Southern Slav Uni­ Through its members and representatives ty"; 6. "The Slovenians". and Members of Parliament, the Parliamenta­ "Biblioteque Yougoslave". (Paris. Pub­ ry Committee is in touch with the Ministers lishes all the above pamphlets in French). and the Press in all the capitals of the Allied "The Map of the Jugoslav Territory." Powers; it is in close contact with the re­ "The Persecution of the Jugoslav" (The sponsible leaders of its free and independent same in French). THE JUGOSLAV MEMORANDUM. A PART OF THE MEMORANDUM OF THE JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE IN LONDON SUBMITTED TO THE REPRESENTATIVES OF FRANCE, RUSSIA AND ENGLAND IN 1915. All Jugoslavs, whether Serbs, Croats, or pendenee and unity, and of all the national Slovenes, confidently believe that this war will struggles in Dalmatia, Istria, Rieka (Fiume), bring about the union of all the branches and and South Hungary, in the Slovene lands, and all the territory of their race into one inde­ in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Political deliverenee, pendent 'State. This belief is based on the the integrity of our national territory, and the solemn and oft-repeated assurances given by foundation of a unified State have been the the representatives of the Triple Entente final aim of all Pan-Croatian and Pan-Serbian touching the realization and sure maintance of aspirations, of every constitutional struggle and the principles of nationality. It has saved the of every riot and insurrection throughout our still enslaved nations of our race from despair ; lands, whether in Austria-Hungary or in the it has been the mainspring of the moral force Balkans. Strenghthened by the principles of whence arose the prodigious heroism of Ser­ democracy, and crowned by the successes of bia and Montenegro when, by blocking the ad­ the Serbian arms in the recent Balkan wars, vance of the Austrian armies, they rendered this idea has now assumed a precise and de­ such gallant service to the cause of the Allies. finite form. The present war has given it the Serbia and Montenegro are not waging a sanction and support of the civilized world, war of aggression to extend their frontiers. and our national ideal is ripe for realization. These two Serbian states are the champions AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN OPPOSITION TO of liberation for all Jugoslav alike, as are also THE JUGOSLAV IDEA. our helpers in the common task of establishing our national existence in our own united coun­ Austria-Hungary has vainly pitted all her try. strenght against the Jugoslav idea. By every means in her power she has tried to compro­ THE GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN JUGOSLAV mise, to defame, and to crush it. To this end she HISTORY. established the Dualism in the Monachy, par­ This idea of national and political unity celled out the Jugoslavs in detached provinces, was in the minds of the great rulers of our mutilated the kingdom of Croatia, and sought national Empires before the Turkish invasion; to germanize the Slovenes and to magyarize it was the ideal of all martyrs of our race dur­ the Croats. To this end Bosnia-Herzegovina ing the time of the Ottoman oppression; it in­ was first occupied and finally annexed. To spired our national poetry and the works of this end innumerable political charges were the great thinkers and poets of Dubrovnik brought against the Jugoslav and they were (Ragusa), to whom Napoleon I. owed his idea subjected to endless persecutions. To this end of a united Illyria; it gave strenght to the she encouraged mutual jealousies and conflicts heroic resistance of the Montenegrins, and to between the Slav states in the Balkans, and the rising under Karadjordje which gave birth finally, by threatening the soverign rights of to the modern Serbia. It directed every action Serbia, Austria unchained the present war. of the great Njegos, inspired the policy of For, in her subservience to German Im­ Price Michael, and has been the goal of the perialism, Austria thought by this war to entire house of Karadjordjevic and of Petro- crush Jugoslavdom, the great obstacle in the vic. It accomplished the renascence of the Cro­ path of Germany and herself towards the East. ats and Slovenes, which bore such heroic fruit She provoked the war, because she believed in the struggles of 1848, and irradiates the life- that the Jugoslav question could no longer be work of the great Bishop Strossmayer. It was solved by partial or palliative measures, and 22 PHE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL as Germany's vassal state and pioneer, en­ Diets of Zadar (Zara) and Zagreb (Agram) countered the national resistance of Serbia, the have never ceased to demand such a union. Powers of the Triple Entente rose on behalf Obviously these demands were prompted by a of the smaller nation. In this way the Jugo­ strong desire on the part of our countrymen in slav question became a European problem, and Dalmatia to be united with the rest of the it is of paramount importance to Europe that Jugoslav race. it should be fully and finally solved; only a For centuries Croatia-Slavonia sturdily complete solution will ensure the results for defended her autonomy against Germanism which the Triple Entente has gone to war. and Austrian centralization no less than a- gainst Magyarization. In a union of all Ju­ THE JUGOSLAV IDEA. goslav countries Croatia would at once take Our nation, which has suffered so cruelly her proper place ; first of all for ethnical rea­ and been so often deceived, is determined that sons; secondly, because her national and po­ its fate shall be decided once and for all, even litical renascence was accomplished under the at the uttermost cost. Our unnatural existence banner of a great Jugoslav movement, and be­ and constant sufferings must be ended ; we de­ cause the Croatian Diets have always demand­ sire peace and peaceful development. We hold ed Jugoslav unity, territorial integrity, and that we have a right to be something more political independence ; and finally because her than a subject for intrigues and a pawn on three great waterways, the Sava, the Drava, the chess-board of foreign interests. Neither and the Danube, as well as the railway that will we continue to bring slaughter and ruin traverses the country and connects Belgrade upon each other at the bidding of strangers with Eieke (Piume) render Croatia the na­ The Jugoslav people, known in history tural intermediat link between eastern and as Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, are all mem­ western Jugoslavia. bers of one and the same nation, with all the Rieka (Piume) is the only natural and necessary conditions for the formation of an praticable seaport for Croatia-Slavonia, and independent national state, and they have at present also for Serbia. The right of Croa­ every ethnographical and historical right to tia to Piume as an incontestable part of her the territory which they inhabit and in which territory was never called into question before they form a compact population. the falsification of § 66 of the Croato-Hunga- INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE JUGOSLAV LANDS rian Agreement in 1868. As a result of this crime Hungary deprived Croatia of the ad­ All these lands form an ethnical unit ; they ministration of the town and seaport of Rieka, are geographically contiguous, and economi­ just as she had in 1861 deprived her of the cally interdependent. administration of the Medjumurje,a purely Serbia and Montenegro with Bosnia-Her- Croatian district between the Drava and its cegovina cannot attain their normal develop­ affluent the Mur. As a port Rieka is valueless ment without the possession of Dalmatia; de­ without its hinterland, and this again cannot tached from its hinterland the Dalmation coast thrive without its natural seaport. A Jugoslav would be valueless for commerce and naviga­ Rieka is of vital necessity to Croatia-Slavonia, tion, and the safety of Dalmatia would be per­ Serbia, and a large part of Istria and Carniola. manently jeopardized, were she deprived of The possession of the Quarnero (Kvarner) her aehipelago. One reason why Austria-Hun­ Islands and of Eastern Istria is inseparably gary occupied and annexed Bosnia-Hercegovi- bound up with Rieka, just as Western Istria na was that she already possessed Dalmatia. is bound up with Trst (Trieste), the only sea­ Dalmatia and the Dalmatian archipelago must port of the Slovene hinterland. properly belong to the owner of Bosnia-Herce- govina. In the hands of the Jugoslavs, Trst Moreover, in the Middle Ages, Dalmatia (Trieste) would prove, economically speaking, formed an integrant part of the Jugoslav an important stronghold against German eco­ states—whether Serbian or Croatian—which nomic pressure, and nobody would stand to arose during the course of history, and when benefit more by this than Prance and England. she was incorporated with Austria, Dalmatia If the Jugoslav lands were deprived of herself evinced the tendency towards union Trieste and their communication with the sea, with other Jugoslav countries. As the utmost they could no longer be sufficiently strong to THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL 23 ry in Carinthia and Styria. Only the posses­ fore earnestly desires to live in perfect accord sion of Trieste, Carinthia, and Southern 'Styria with its neighbors. United in one State, it can enable the Slovenes to block the advance will posess all the necessary attributes to be­ of Germanism towards the Mediterranean, and come an element of order and progress in so accomplish their ' mission as the Alpine South-eastern Europe. Neither numbers nor Guard of the Adriatic and Jugoslavdom. In aggressive propensities will render the Jugo­ this capacity they would serve the interests of slavs a danger to their neighbors, more all the opponents of Pan-Germanism, and en­ especially because the great problems of their sure the security of the Mediterranean Powers own organization will fully occupy thier ener­ as well as the national existence of all the Ju­ gies. goslav countries. Tolerant in religious matters both by There are in Hungary 102,000 Slovenes nature and because of its democratic senti­ living between the Mur and the Raab, and ments, our nation, once free and united, will 800,000 Serbo-Croats north of the Drava and see no cause to persecute other creeds and Danube. This entire population, which con­ nationalities, more especially as we ourselves sists largely of wealthy landholders, can only do not profess the same creed, a circumstance be saved from forcible Magyarization by union which neither impedes nor prevents the unity with the brothers of their race. If they be of our sentiments and interests. Our nation permitted to remain Jugoslavs, the fertile therefore contains in itself the necessary plains of the Backa and Banat will be pre­ guarantees for religious liberty. served to the nation and furnish the other Our nation inhabits the entire eastern Jugoslav countries with the granary they re­ coast of the Adriatic. In this district we are quire. above all things anxious to live in complete Any partition of the national territory, economic co-operation with all our neighbours and above all things the cession of any part by land and by sea, and to utilize our natural whatsoever to a foreign Power, would not talents, not in warfare, but for the further­ only seriously impede the development of Ju­ ance of peace, by placing them at the service goslav unity and violate the principle of na- of civilization and commerce. It will be to tionnality, but prove a mere repetition of the our own economic advantage to throw open Austrian system, and a fresh source of endless our ports to commerce and to guarantee the conflicts and collisions. freedom of the routes of communication be­ THE PRINCIPLE OF JUGOSLAV FUTURE tween those ports, and of all traffic with our POLICY. hinterland. All questions as to the modes and forme Thus the interests of our nation coincide of the grouping of our nation in the future entirely with those of peace and universal civi­ state must be considered.as internal questions, lization, and especially with the interests to be settled in accordance with the free de­ which inspired the great Powers of the Triple cision of the whole nation. Entente, when they took up arms against a After centuries of struggle for existence brutal Imperialism, that perpetul menace to our nation feels the need of peace, and there- peace. THE STATISTIC NOTES IN SUPPORT OF THE SOUTHERN SLAVS UNITY

The Adriatic Barrier Against Germanism Incomplete Liberation and Unification of the Jugoslavs The Slovenes are the natural barrier against the German thrust towards the There are thirteen million Jugoslavs living Adriatic. This deserving, progressive, and in South-Bastern Europe ; five million are free energetic people, which is a pure branch of and eight million, roughly speaking, two-thirds the Jugoslav race, effectively closes the way of the nation, living in Austria-Hungary, are to Germanism on the southern German ethno­ still awaiting liberation. If Italy is permitted graphic boundary in Carinthia and Styria— to realize her aspirations, though all the rest that is to say, upon a frontier line of 120 km. as of the Jugoslavs were liberated, 900,000 would the crow flies. In the event of the Slovenes in still remain under foreign rule ; if, futhermore, Carnia and the littoral not being liberated and the Jugoslavs living north of the Drave and united with the rest of their Jugoslav brothers, the Danube ar assigned to Hungary and to or the Slovenes in Carinthia and Styria being Rumania another 900,000, or a total of sacrificed to the German Austrians, the 1,800,000, would remain unliberated. Germans could very soon and with ease advance Finally, by allowing Austria to retain by the Drava-Mura line (Celovac [Klagenfurt] Southern Carnia and Southern Styria 530,000 and Maribor [Marburg] ) to the Carso, to the Jugoslavs would still be Austrian subjects and Adriatic, to Trst, and Rieka, and a progressive 2,820,000 in all would remain under foreign and nation of 1,400,000 souls would certainly hostile rule. By the deduction of Carniola perish. with 420,000 Jugoslav inhabitants from the Importance of the Slovenes future free state of Jugoslavia, the number would rise to 2,820,000, and if an analogous The Slovenes are the most western of the process is applied to Croatia-Slavonia and her Jugoslavs, and they are Catholics by religion. population of 2,820,000 the total number of un­ Their mountainous country lies in the direct liberated Jugoslavs would amount to 5,130,000, line between Germany and the Adriatic, and i. e., it would be equal to the added populations this is why the possession of their territory is of Serbia and Montenegro to-day. If Italian of such supreme importance for the defence aspirations be satisfied, Croatia, Slavonia, and of the Mediterranean against Germanization. the Slovene countries separately dealt with, But the Slovenes can hold their own and and the Jugoslavs in Hungary sacrificed, Serbia accomplish their task if they are united with their Jugoslav brothers in one State of suf­ and Montenegro would only gain a population ficient strength. There are in all 1,400,000 of 2,185,000 by this war. Their total popula­ Slovenes. Italy is demanding 420,000, and if tion would amount to little more than six the 110,000 Slovens in Hungary, and another million, and six million Jugoslavs would remain 120,000 in Carnia are sacrificed to other aspira­ unliberated. Needless to say, a solution of this tions, a total of 610,000 Slovens, or almost the kind would simply leave the Jugoslav problem half of the nation, would remain under foreign unsolved. rule. In the case of the further cession of Southern Styria with 410,000 Slovene inha­ Statistics of the Eastern Adriatic Littoral bitants, only 380,000 Slovenes would remain to There are 450,000 Jugoslavs living in the profit by liberation and union with their Austrian littoral (Gorizia-Gradiska, Trieste, brothers. The application of such a policy of and Istria) and only 350,000 Italians. In Dal- dismemberment to a small nation in an import­ matia there are 610,000 Jugoslavs and only ant geographical position would mean its 18,000 Italians. If the whole of the Austrian fHÉ SOUfHËJRN SLAV'S APPEAL §5 Dalmatia north of Trogir, and all the islands annually, whereas among the Bulgars the in­ north of Mljet (with the exception of Brae), crease amounts to 1.5 per cent., and among the are assigned to Italy, 350,000 Italians would Roumanians to 1.9 per cent. be liberated and united with Italy, whereas 900,000 Jugoslavs would remain under a Orthodox and Catholic Jugoslavs foreign yoke. In Dalmatia 350,000 Jugoslavs would be sacrificed for the sake of 15,000 The confessional differences among the Italians, and only the 278,000 Jugoslavs in Jugoslavs, which are in many quarters looked Southern Dalmatia would be liberated. The upon as an obstacle to the unification of the Jugoslav population of the Dalmatian Islands whole Jugoslav race, do not really present any amounts to 100,000 and the Italian only l,50(f obstacle at all to Jugoslav unity, but, on the souls. Gorizia-Gradiska, with the exception contrary, a strong argument against the dis­ r of the valley of the Friuli, w hich the Jugoslavs memberment of the Jugoslav territory, as it is are not demanding, has a Jugoslav population impossible to draw a just boundary between of 150,000 and an Italian population of 28,000. Orthodox and Catholic religions. If Serbia Central and Eastern Istria with the Quarnero acquires Bosnia-Herzegovina, Southern Dalma­ Islands has a Jugoslav population of 120,000 tia, Syrmia, and part of Slavonia, more than and an Italian population of only 16,000. In one million Serbian Orthodox Jugoslavs would Southern Carnia there is not one single Italian still remain in the unliberated and non-incor­ inhabitant among a population of 110,000 Jugo­ porated Western districts, viz., 437,000 in slavs. Only Western Istria, Trieste, and the Croatia, 76,000 in Dalmatia, and about 500,000 valley of Friuli (Gradiska) can be accounted in Hungary; whereas the enlarged kingdom of districts with a mixed population, and even Serbia wuold only have acquired 1,064,000 there the proportion is 260,000 Italian to Orthodox, and 1,600,000 non-Orthodox subjects, 272,000 Jugoslavs, so that even in these dis­ viz., 279,000 Catholics in Southern Dalmatia, tricts the Jugoslavs are slightly in the majority. 385,000 Catholics and 612,000 Moslems in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 208,900 Catholic Jugoslavs Just Balance of Power in Syrmia and Slavonia, and 110,750 non-Slavs The unification of all the Southern Slavs of different confessions. Niether Serbia nor the Western Jugoslavs could consent to such would by no means interfere with a just balance dismemberment of the race. It would be of power in South-Eastern Europe, but would strenuously opposed equally by the one million be in proportion to the natural balance of sacrificed Orthodox Jugoslavs, by the 1,750,000 power between the nations most concerned. non-Orthodox Jugoslavs given to Serbia and The Southern Slav State (Jugoslavia) would cut off from their brothers, and by the 4,200,000 have a population of about twelve million inha­ unliberated and non-incorporated Catholic bitants. Hungary, reduced to her natural Jugoslavs among the Croats and Slovenes. borders, would also have about twelve million ; The Jugoslavs refuse to be crushed and Eoumania, enlarged and united, also twelve divided; they must, and will, be liberated as a million; and Bulgaria and Greece between whole and united in one single State in which them about fourteen million inhabitants. The they can consolidate themselves into a national Jugoslav State would certainly not pursue an political unit. expansive policy, as the territory inhabited by the Jugoslavs amply suffices for the population, whose density amounts to fifty persons to one JUGOSLAV APPEAL TO BULGARIA IN square km. In Roumania the density of the OCTOBER 1915. population amounts to 53 persons to one square km. ; in Bulgaria it amounts to 41.6, in Greece Before the Bulgarian entrance into the to 41, in Hungary to 64, in Austria to 95, and war, The Southern Slav Committe in London in Italy to 113 persons to one square km. sent (in Oct. 1915.) the following message to Finally, the birth-rate among the Jugoslavs the President of the Bulgarian Sobranje cannot be expected to increase in such a (Parliament) in Sofia : manner as to constitute a danger to their "The Southern Slav Committee in London, neighbours. During recent years the propor- representing the Southern Slav countries in- Se tfïîti SOUTHERN SLATS APPEAL under tlie Austro-Hungarian domination, sends Serbia or Bulgaria has been tainted by these the following brotherly message to the Bul­ unfortunate events; and with profound horror garian nation at the moment of its coming to and indignation we refuse to believe that the the fateful parting of the ways : Bulgarian people will stoop to play the part ' ' This committee, which is working for the of Turko-German janissaries, and by this act liberation of the whole Serbo-Creato-Slovene withdraw from our fraternity." race from the hateful Germano-Magyar oppres­ sion and for the realization of national and THE JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE AND political unity with Serbia and Montenegro, M. VENIZELOS after centuries of suffering and longing, refuses ! Through the Royal Greek Legation the to credit the gloomy forecast circulated in Jugoslav Committee sent the following tele­ Europe in connection with the Bulgarian gram to M. Venizelos, the Greek Premier, on mobilization. the occasion of his resumption of office in "In the name of the genius of the noble September, 1915 :— Slav race, in the name of the Slav blood which "In the name of the Serbs, Croats, and has been shed like water in the never-ending Slovenes in Austria-Hungary, who desire to be struggle against Turkish aggression, we protest freed from the Austrian yoke and united with emphatically in the defence of the Bulgarian their brothers in Serbia and Montenegro, the nation against the German insinuation that the Bulgarian army would attack Serbia in the Jugoslav Committee offer their sincerest con­ hour of her martyrdom and provoke a fratrici­ gratulations to Your Excellency, as the leader dal war. of modern and Christian Hellas, the author of the Balkan League, the Graeco-Serbian Alliance, "It is unthinkable that Bulgaria shall and the Treaty of Bucharest; they trust that stretch her hand across Serbia to help the your return to power will greatly facilitate the Germano-Magyar forces to join the Turkish struggle of the Balkan nations for the realiza­ armies and thereby assist in the subjection of tion of the principle 'the Balkans for the Bulgaria, of the whole of Slavdom, and the Balkan nations', and that your resumption of civilization of the human race, to the most brutal tyranny ever known in the world's office will also prove a guarantee for the history. continued alliance and sincere and lasting friendship between the noble Hellenic nation "Faithful to the laws of nature and civili­ and the Serbians who are striving for union zation, we are emphatically on the side of the with their brothers, the Croats and Slovenes.— Slav warriors of Montenegro, Serbia, and For the Jugoslav Committee, Eussia, and their gallant allies, and we heartily hope and trust that Bulgaria will also take her "The President, Dr. Ante Trumbic." rightful place on that side. ' ' The Greek Minister in London most cordially received the President of the Com­ At the same time the representatives of mittee and showed the greatest interest in the the Croats and Slovenes in Austro-Hungary, cause represented by the Jugoslav Committee. who have found a refuge abroad and are now conferring in Geneva, have sent the following telegram to the Bulgarian Goverment:— THE JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE TO SERBIA IN OCTOBER 1915. "We, the representatives of the Croats and Slovenes, who have taken refuge abroad in On the 12th day of October 1915, the Jugo­ order to represent the interests of our country­ slav Committee sent the following telegram to men, and who in these days of trial firmly the Serbian Goyerment at Nish :— believe in the ultimate triumph of the cause of "On this occasion of the latest offensive liberty over terrorism, and consequently in the of the German and Austro-Hungarian forces deliverance of our people from the th eAustro- against Serbia, the Jugoslav Committee desires Hungarian yoke, have watched the recent turn again to emphisize its full and complete soli­ of events in Bulgaria with unfeigned amaze­ darity with the Serbian nation in this terrible ment. We, who have equally deplored both hour, and to express its firm belief that in this Slivnica and Bregalnica, and have seen the struggle Serbia will once more astonish the Wnrlrl Iw >lf»r o-lnrinng onrl nnormallorl -irolrmT flïE SOUÏHËRN SLAV'S APPEAL ft Austro-îïungarian armies in Serbia, both the for the liberation of the entire Jugoslav nation Central Powers are returning together to crush from the foreign yoke under which it is for the and trample down little Serbia. But Provi­ time being united. dence, who guards both great and small, will The Committee has with satisfaction and again endow the Serbian army with super­ admiration noted the generous action of France human strength to repeat the history of David and her Allies in rendering efficient help to the and Goliath. To the Serbian Army, as the Ju­ Serbo-Montenegrin army in its painful retreat goslav David, we send our hearts, our hopes, before the overwhelming superiority of the and our faith. At the same time the Jugoslav enemy, by transporting it to a place of safety, Committee appeals to all Croats, Serbs, and and reorganizing it for fresh heroic exploits. Slovenes from the unredeemed countries in For this the whole Jugoslav nation will be Austria-Hungary, and at present living in Ser­ eternally grateful to her. bia, to place themselves, at this most critical As the representatives and mouthpiece of moment in the history of Serbia and all the i;he sentiments and aspirations of the Jugoslavs Jugoslavs, unreservedly and without hesitation in Austria-Hungary and in America, the Com­ at the disposal of the Royal Serbian Govern­ mittee protests its unflinching adherence to the ment, to aid Serbia in her struggle for life. cause of the Allies, and its endeavour, by every "Dr. Ante Trumbic, President." means in its power, to further the common cause in Europe as well as in the Jugoslav At the same time the Committee sent colonies in America. urgent appeals to all Jugoslav emigrants out­ In its absolute confidence in the final side Serbia to give their unconditional help to victory of the Allies the Committee has re­ their brothers and to offer their very lives in corded the resolution that the future peace this struggle for the salvation of the only in­ shall not be confined to a mere restoration of dependent, but now endangered, Jugoslav Serbia. For her superhuman efforts and sa­ country, for the future of the Jugoslav race, crifices adequate compensation is impossible. and that the Balkans and the East may be But on the basis of the principles of nation­ saved from the Germano-Turkish terror. ality, right, and justice, which the Allies have solemnly inscribed on their standards, the A DECLARATION OF THE JUGOSLAV peace of the future must solve the Jugoslav COMMITTEE IN FEBRUARY 1916. problem in its entire extent. The Jugoslav Committe, under the presi­ By uniting and unifying the Jugoslav dency of Dr. A. Trumbic, met in Paris for a nation, which has for centuries in the past plenary sitting, lasting from Feb. 16 to Feb. 24. maintained a successful struggle on all fronts All the members of the Committee were pre­ sent, with the exception of those who were against the Germans, Magyars, and Turks, in absent on missions to the Southern Slav colo­ one single State, the peace of the future will nies in both Americas. raise an impenetrable rampart against any new The Committee considered the general attempts at expansion towards the south-east situation from the Jugoslav point of view in all on the part of the Teutons ; it will provide the its details, with due regard to the events that necessary conditions for its durability, and have occured since the Committee was con­ thereby ensure peace and brotherly good fel­ stituted in May, 1915. Eeviewing the results of its propagandist activity in friendly countries, lowship between the nations of Europe. it was able to record a notable success. Both The Committee further decided upon a the knowledge and appreciation of the Jugo­ whole series of important measures with a view slav problem have made undeniable progress. to collaborating efficiently in the common The Committee, having met in a plenary cause of the Allies. It also discussed suitable sitting for the first time since the last invasion means of increasing the work of propaganda. of Serbia and Montenegro, testified its soli­ Finally, it sent, by telegram, a message ex­ darity with the sufferings, aspirations, and hopes of all the Jugoslavs—Serbs, Croats, and pressing its profound sympathy with the Ser- 28 THÉ SOUTHERN SLAV'S AÊPÉAL THE MANDATE AND THE DUTY OP THE other considerations, even if such a part con­ JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE. sists merely of a "negligible quantity" in a di­ plomatic sense, offers no solution of the Jugo­ "The Southern Slav Bulletin, No. 19, (Au­ slav question at all. A single one of our bro­ gust 14. 1916) has published following decla­ thers enslaved in his ancestral territory means ration : that there can be no freedom for all the rest until he also is freed. ' ' We are sure that students of our question and of the national, polical, and etnogra- History must record this war as a war of phical conditions in our countries must, if Justice against oppression, as the Holy War of right and justice are to triumph, in the end nations against castes, as the sum of human be wholy converted to the great necessity brotherhood united in overthrowing the mon­ of settling the Jugoslav question in full ster Greed. Love, peace, and mutual confidence accordance with the programme issued by must be issues of this war. Humanity and not the Jugoslav Committee in London. It Imperialism must be the conqueror. The flag is the programme of our whole nation, of freedom must adorn every palace, every cot­ tage, every hut in the new Europe. If that of our whole race, and therefore in no cannot be achieved, then, of course, this war is sense a political but a national programme. only a preparation for new struggles, a new The Jugoslav Committee is neither a political troubling of the waters in which the Hohen- party nor the author of this programme. At zollerns and Habsburgs will find their richest home and before the war its members belonged fishing ground. to different political parties, and as regards domestic political matters they perhaps still The Jugoslavs have never asked, and do dift'fer, but out here they are united as a body not ask anything but the just recognition of which represents the whole nation, viz., all the their indisputable rights. They desire nothing Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes dwelling in Croa­ more than to live in peace on their ancestral tia, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Istria, Bosnia-Herze- territory, to develop in freedom, and to main­ govinia, Carniola, Carinthia, Goricka (Gori- tain absolutely sieere relations of friendship zia), Trieste, Styria, Gradiska, Prekomurje, with their neighbours. They never demanded Baranja, the Banat, and Backa; and, further­ a single square inch of territory which rightly belongs to nayone else, and they call only more, those Jugoslavs who live as emigrants in those countries their fatherland which bave the United States, in South America, and the been theirs from the days they first settled British Overseas Dominions. Being the only there, the lands where they made their history, body which is at present in a position to voice where their language is spoken, and their soul the unanimous desire of all the Jugoslavs, the linked with the soil for more than a thousand Jugoslav Committee is to all intents and pur­ years. Their cry for freedom has risen higher poses the nation itself, and the Jugoslav nation than ever, even in the present time, because is the author of the Jugoslav programme. We they are convinced that the Allies are warring must put it in this way so as to make it clear and shedding their blood for all the oppressed, to our many friends, as well as to our adver­ and not only for those who are excluded from saries, that the Jugoslav Committee has the "strategical considerations". The future of mandate and the sacred duty only to propa­ nations must be founded on confidence and gate, to the limit of its extent and in every pos­ friendship, and not on strategical frontiers. If sible way, the Jugoslav programme, but no our resolution to dwell in amity and confi­ power whatsoever to negotiate concerning the dence is reciprocated by our neighbours, then resolution of the nation, or to make any con­ our mutual honesty will be our best frontier cessions as regards the Jugoslav aims. Right fortification. But only malice can sugest that and justice can be overthrown, but they are the Jugoslav—even Serbia proper—have ever not subjects for negotiation. shown symptons of aggression or a desire for expansion beyond their own ancestral terri­ Our programme remains as it was in the tory. History proves that they never sized beginning, and as it originated in the martyred upon the land of others, but on the contrary, soul of our whole nation, which has for cen­ that they were constantly robbed of their own. But these ages are past and one of the main turies struggled for liberation and unity. To pillars of the future peace of Europe must liberate one part of our nation and enslave PART III. SERBIA AND THE JUG 3-SLAV PROGRAMME. In the painful days, when the Austrian ar­ the Serbians, Croats and Slovenians. This an­ mies in the late autumn of the year 1914 raised nuls all the suspicions and reproaches that Ser­ Serbia, the Serbian National Skupstina assem­ bia strove after the formation of a "Greater Serbia ' ' in which the Croats and the Slovenians bled at Nis and formed a new Serbian Govern­ would be drowned. At the moment when Italy ment from the representatives of all political demanded our littoral, first representatives of parties. That government, through the Prime the Serbian policy as well as representatives of Minister Pasic made on the 24th of November the government participated in the great (0. S.) the following declaration: national meeting at Nis, at which has been received the resolution of national unity of the "The present government has been formed Serbians, Croats and Slovenians as also the re­ in order to personify the unity of will, forces jection of the Italian imperialistic demands. and purposes of our land. Convinced of the The Premier Pasic has made in the Serbian confidence of the National Skupstina as long Skupstina a reiterated declaration that Serbia as it places all its forces at the service of the officially does not know anything about the great cause of the Serbian state and the Serbo- demands of Italy, nor is she able to recognize Croatian and Slovenian race, the government them. When Serbia's allies, devining that they considers its paramount duty to bow with a will be able to win over Bulgaria, demanded boundless respect before the exalted victims Serbia to yield to Bulgaria a part of Macedonia who emmolated themselves bravely and wil­ lingly on the altar of the coutry.... Convinced Serbia has agreed to it reluctantly, and after of the determination of the entire Serbian long deliberations of the Serbian Skupstina a people to persevere in the holy struggle for resolution has been brought to the effect that the defense of its hearth and of its liberty, the Serbia is ready for sacrifices if by her so doing Government of the Kingdom considers it its she be able to contribute towards the triumph prime—and indeed in these fate-shaping mo­ of the common cause of the progressive Europe, ments —its only task to secure a successful end and to facilitate the liberation and unification of this great struggle which, at the moments of of all the Serbians, Croats and Slovenians. By its beginning has developed into a war for the that resolution the Serbian Skupstina has unification of all our un-liberated brothers Ser­ proved that she is exalted to the height of the bians, Croats and Slovenians. The brilliant great part of Serbia as the liberator, for she has success which will have to crown this warfare agreed even to dismember the Serbian fixed will redeem opulently the bloody sacrifices territory and yield of it a very considerable which the present Serbian generation is part which has been won and preserved only at enduring." very bloody sacrifices. It has proved that Ser­ bia, in compensation for her territorial con­ By that declaration, which the Skupstina cessions, does not demand nor receive greater has unanimously sanctioned, Serbia has clearly or smaller reparations and does not wish to defined her intentions and thereby has become enter in "hair-splitting" for the territories in before Europe the representative of our entire the West, but to contribute her sacrifices for people. the sole purpose of liberating of her entire At several later opportunities declarations race. in the same sense have been made to the public When before the incursion of the Germans, by Premier Pasic, his assistant Mr. Jovan Jova- novic, and by the Prince Regent himself in Austrians and Bulgarians, Serbia was offered which the same purpose has always been ac­ by the Germans certain concssions in Bosnia if centuated, viz.: Liberation and unification of she would allow free passage of German armies 30 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL through her territory, and when the invaders tion, with the same traditions, with the same after having penetrated far and wide in Serbia, language, and the same tendencies, and whom promised to spare both the Serbian country only adverse fate has divided. and Serbian army if that army offers no or "This ideal, and the conviction that we very slight, opposition to the German ag- are fighting shoulder to shoulder with our gresssion; when the Germans and the Bulgar­ great Allies for right and justice, has main­ ians were before the walls of Nis and the Ser­ tained our courage through the indescribable bian Skupstina assembled for its last and most trials which our nation and army has had to painful deliberation, and when the Premier endure. Pasic declared that Serbia will not be able to On April 20, 1916 his return from the Allied capitals, Prince Alexander of Serbia, resist the overwhelmingly superior enemy, the Commander-in-Chief of the Serbian army, ad­ King, the government and the Skupstina have dressed a manifesto to his soldiers to convey to unanimously declared even to sacrifice their them his impression of his journey. entire land but to fight to the end, and not to "Our powerful friends and Allies admire deviate from the announced idea of liberation the irreproachable conduct of chivalrous 'Ser­ and unification of the Serbian, Croatian and bia, and appreciate the contless sacrifices of Slovenian race. the Serbian people in whom they recognize all This declaration, the sincerity of which the qualities warranting the guarantee of an has not been insured by written treaties but by independent political existence and successful blood covered victims and by immolation of the effort towards intellectual development. They liberty of the entire Serbian country, grant to have decided to give us every assistance in this the struggling Serbia the right to be and to re­ great struggle, so that Serbia may become main-—as long as lasts the war in which the great, that she may include all the Jugoslavs— other non-liberated Jugo-slavs wish not or can­ that she may, in fine, become a mighty Jugo­ slavia in recompense for all the sacrifices she not participate—the representative before the has hitherto consented to make, and the ful­ world of all the Jugo-slavs. Her suffering and filment of new requirements which will show her sacrifices will mean that—if even by her themselves after this bloody crisis." own forces she should not be able to liberate her brothers but enters our regions with her liberating armies together with those of her MR. PASIÔ, THE SERBIAN PREMIER, allies—to be saluted by all the Jugoslavs under DECLARATIONS IN LONDON AND PETROGRAD. Austria-Hungary, as the liberator and redeem­ er. April 3, 1916. The London Times had a statement from premier Pasie, who said in SOLEMN PROCLAMATION OP THE JUGO­ part: SLAV PROGRAMME BY THE PRINCE "It is natural that the future Serbia or, REGENT OF SERBIA. rather the United Southern Slav people, will be a somewhat different State from what Ser­ The most momentous event of the Serbian bia has been in the past. The new Serbia will Crown Prince Alexander's stay in London (in necessarily become more Western, more Euro- April 1916) was unquestionably his reception pan than the purely Balkan Serbia of old could of the great British deputation at Claridge's possibly be. A State that includes 5,000,000 Hotel. Led by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Catholic Southern Slavs within its borders will the most prominent men of British public life necessarily be a State tolerant and respectful came to pay homage to Serbia and her heroic of religious and political liberty. We conclud­ leader. The Crown Prince said: ed, not long ago, a concordat with the Vati­ 'This manifestation of sympathy on the can. When I had recently the honour to 1 part of so many represantatives of British na­ received by the Pope, his Holines remarked tion will strengthen me when I shall again be that the concordat concluded with us wa; at the head of my army, shoulder to shoulder markedly liberal in character, and that the re­ with the gallant Franco-British Army for the storation of the Slav liturgy in the Eoman Ca­ furthering and realization of the ideal for tholic Southern Slav churches was a proof of which we have longed through centuries. That good will of the Vatican towards us. Had we ideal is the unity in one single state of all the not been animated by equal good will the con­ Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, who are our na- cordat could hardly have been arranged. We THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL 31 Serbs of Serbia belong to the Orthodox Church THE CROWN PRINCE ALEXANDER OP and are true to our religion. But just as we SERBIA AND THE SOUTHERN SLAV are faithful to our own beliefs, so we respect COMMITTEE. the belief of others and expect them to be as faithful to their own creed as we are to ours. On April 10 1916 the Crown Prince Alex­ This as I understand it, is true religious ander, then in Paris, received the members of tolerance. the Southern Slav Committee and its Presi­ dent, Dr. A. Trumbic, in a special audience at On May 5, 1916 the chief of the Serbian the Hotel Bristol, where he was staying. On Government made his declarations to the re­ this occasion Dr. Trumbic, in the name of the presentatives of the Eussian press on the ob­ Committee and of all unredeemed Jugoslavs, jects and results of his diplomatic tour, which addressed the Crown Prince in part as fol­ we will quote from the Russian journals in so lows: far as they refer to the Jugoslav question. "We cannot consent to any division of the Jugoslav nation, just as we cannot consent to According to the "Retch" of April 23 any part of our blood soaked territory being (May 6 n.s) Mr. Pasic took advantage of his wrested from us ; but we demand national uni­ visit to the Allied Government to effect an ex­ ty of our country, including our wonderful change of views on questions of vital interna­ waters in the Adriatic, in whose fairy mirror tional importance, and especially on that which all the beauty and charm of our fatherland is is nearest to himself, a knowledge of the fu­ reflected, and which sea is the very lungs of ture organization of the Serbian nation which the life of our land. firmly believes in the final victory of the Allies "This is to be the new era in our history, in their fight for the triumph of right and founded on nature, and no artificial intrigue shall succeed in frustrating it. justice. In the opinion of the Serbian Premier The Crown Prince replied :— the moment has arrived to clear up in princ­ "Gentlemen, your words have dejeply iple the intentions of the Great Powers with touched my heart. God and the fortune of regard to the Balkan question in general and heroes will provide that the wishes you have the Serbian question in particular. Mr. so beautifully expressed will be realized as Pasic has noted with satisfaction that the soon as possible. They are, of course, as you Serbian ideals have met with perfect consent rightly said, no longer merely wishes, but a from the Allies. They have promised Serbia political programme. They are even more than a programme. They are the goal of a every help to attain this object. The idea of struggle in which the blood of Serbia's sons is the unification of the Serb, Croat, and Slovene flowing in rivers. Gentlemen, it is quite im­ nation in one State has been most sympathet­ possible that out of so much noble blood free­ ically received in Rome, no less than in Lon­ dom should not arise anew, freedom for our don, in Paris, and, finally, in Petrograd. The martyred nation, wherever it lives, from the Governments of the Allied Powers have un­ Adriatic to Timok, from Perister to the Tri- animously recognized that the national aim of glav. My grandfather fought for the Jugoslav idea, my father on his throne remain­ Serbia, i.e., the unification of the Serbian ed faithful to the ideals for which he once people and country must be realized. fought as rebel, rifle in hand. The same blood To the "Russkoe Slovo" Mr. Pasic, speak­ flows in the veins of the grandchild and son. ing of Serbia's future expressed himself in the Forward into the struggle, gentlemen, with following terms: "Our hope in Serbia's future pen, with the spoken word, and with arms in are fixed on the deliverance and union of the hand, for the same high cause—for the free­ entire Serb, Croats, and Slovene nation. This dom of our whole race and its glorious fu­ is our national ideal, and we are prepared to ture!" endure every sacrifice for its realization. No one can say how the war will finish and what MEETING OF THE SOUTHERN SLAV COM­ it will bring to Serbia; but under no circum­ MITTEE WITH THE SERB DEPUTIES stances whatsoever can we renounce our Croat IN NICE (FRANCE), IN APRIL 1916. and Slovene brothers. Serbia places great The members of various Austro-Hungta- hopes in the support which the Allies will give rian Parliaments and Diets, who belong to the her for the realization of her national ideal. ' ' Southern Slav Committee in London, in April 32 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL 1916 proceeded to Nice in order to enter into DECLARATION OP THE SERBIAN SKUP- personal contact, and exchange their views on âTINA AT CORFU, SEPTEMBER 1916. the general situation with their colleagues of In September 1916, the Serbian Parliament, the Serbian Skupstina, 104 of whom were (Skupstina), met in Corfu for a short session, there. The meeting took place in the morning and has given out the following official bulle­ of April 18 in the Great Hall of the Marie (the tin: Town Hall), which the town of Nice had kindly placed at the disposal of its guests. M. "After seven days deliberation in secret Kosta Stojanovic, President of the 'Serbian sessions in which foreign minister Pasich, made Club, speaking in the name of the Serbian his report, based on the secret documents in the members of Parliament, extended a glowing foreign ministry ;—The Skupstina held an open welcome to their Jugoslav colleagues from Aus­ session and without a dissenting vote, has ap­ tria-Hungary, whom the unheard of misfor­ proved the report of the Royal Servian Govern­ tunes which have befallen the common mother ment as well as the Foreign Ministry future country on both banks of the Sava and Drina course of action, which the goverment has pro­ have now brought together so tragically in posed to pursue. The Skupstina also has voted exile on the friendly soil of France. Then M. the following resolution :— Ante Trumbic, President of the Jugoslav Com­ After hearing the Government report of mittee, in a most graphic speech, which was the foreign situation, Skupstina consider its frequently interrupted by enthuasiastic ap­ duty to affirm again, for its own part too, after plause, gave an account of all the propagandist all the suffering and privation of the Serbian work accomplished by the Southern Slav people, that we stand firmly most faithful to Committee during these twenty months of war our National claims. in all the allied countries, and in several The course which Serbia has pursued un­ neutral states as well, for the realization of til, the present time, and thru which she has the ideal we all share in common, viz., the as­ acquired very valuable friendship, it is the surance of the unification of all our race in one only course which leads to the realization of State under the native dynasty of the Kara- her National Ideals. The painful road which gjorjevic! After M. Marko Trifkovic, in the we have gone thru and by which we lost nume­ name of the Serbian deputies, had reaffirmed rous national treasures, our most valuable the complete accord between the Serbian Club treasure, the honor of our people has been left and the Jugoslav Committee, not only with re­ untouched.—Depressed in our sorrow, but be­ gard to their political programme, but also as lieving in our ideals and in the ideals of human­ to the methods of the propaganda, the Presi­ ity,—Serbia full of pride and with full confi­ dent declared the proceedings terminated. dence looks into the future. ' '— PART ÏV. THE SOUTHERN SLAV EMMIGRANTS FOR THE CAUSE OF LIBERTY AND UNITY

A GREAT JUGOSLAV CONVENTION HELD RESOLUTION PASSED AT NIS (SERBIA) IN CHICAGO, ILL. IN 1915. On May 9, 1915, a large demonstration took At a general Congress in Chicago on place in Nish, when at a meeting of several March 10, 1915, the Jugoslav emigrants from thousand Serbian and Austro-Hungarian Jugo­ Austria-Hungary in America and Canada, and slavs, a resolution was passed, demanding the union of all Jugoslavs, and protesting against represented by 563 delegates, recorded their the abandonment of any part whatsoever of enthusiastic adherence to this national pro­ the national territory. gramme. The resolution was worded as follows:— (1) The following resolution was unani­ "In these momentous times of sacrifice and mously passed :— of faith in Freedom and the Eight, we herewith "The Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes are one proclaim the indivisibility of our Serbo-Croato- Slovene national unity, which must be polit­ and the same as regards nationality and langu­ ically realized, even as it has already been age, though they are known by different names. morally accomplished. We therefore declare They inhabit a number of provinces in South- that we will never permit any purely Jugoslav Eastern Austria-Hungary, as well as the king­ territory to be sacrificed or dismembered, least doms of Serbia and Montenegro. Collectively of all in any part of our Adriatic coast-lands they are known as 'Jugoslavs.' In Austria- inhabited by Serbs, Croats, or Slovenes. We Hungary, where the Germans and Magyars appeal to all the Powers who are at this moment are the dominant races, the Jugoslavs are ruth­ fighting for the principles of nationality and lessly oppressed. Having no political rights, justice, to guarantee the unity of our race, so they are economically victimized and exploited, that Serbia may fulfill her mission of liberation hampered in their development, socially down­ and thus ensure one of the primary conditions trodden, and their nationality is imperilled. for the future peace of (Europe. The dis­ memberment of the Adriatic eoast-lands would This state of affairs can no longer be tolerated, be an act of terrible injustice, especially in a if their national existence and individuality is war waged for the liberation of nations." to be preserved, but their only hope lies in lib­ eration from Austria-Hungary and the sever­ THE JUGOSLAVS IN THE UNITED STATES ance of every tie that binds them to her. Their AND SERBIA, lives and national development can only be safeguarded through a union of all Jugoslav In the summer 1915, Jugoslav mass meet­ countries with Serbia in one single state. They ings were held in all the great cities in the confidently appeal to the Powers of the Triple States possessing Jugoslav colonies. Entente, who are waging this war for the The meetings in Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, deliverance of the down-trodden nations, and Cleveland, San Francisco, Los Angeles and entreat their help in the realization of their New York—each attended by from two to three just aspirations, which, by establishing order thousand delegates—cabled the following mes­ sage to the Serbian Premier, M. PaSic:— in South-Eastern Europe, will greatly help in "In the name of our brothers in Austria- laying a durable foundation for the world's Hungary, who are at present unable to express 34 THË SOOTHÉKN SLAVE ÀPÊËAL our own behalf, we hereby declare that all Slo­ tional unity; that we will not by strikes pro- venes, Croats, and Serbs regard the struggle vent or hamper the work of any factories en­ of Serbia as their own national struggle, and gaged in supplying armaments and munitions Serbia's ideals as their own. We unanimously to Eussia, Great Britain, or France; and that demand that by the stipulations of the future we will rouse our brothers from the sleep of Peace Congress not one inch of Jugoslav terri­ apathy with the clarion call to freedom, which shall finally dawn upon the Jugoslav also—the tory may remain under foreign rule; but that last slaves in Europe." all this territory shall be united in one state with Serbia and Montenegro. With the earnest request that you will in due course give your JUGOSLAV MANIFESTATIONS IN THE support to this demand, and with full confi­ UNITED STATES IN SEPTEMBER 1915. dence in you, we hereby send you our best wishes from this great meeting; and through During the month of September, the great you we beg to greet the Serbian King, the Jugoslav Labour Union, "Hrvatska Narodna Crown Prince, and the whole Serbian Army Zajednica, ' ' which has 35,000 members, held its as our liberators." congress in Cleveland, Ohio, U. S. A. The Austrian Consuls had previously done their Similar resolutions were passed at other best to undermine the authority of the leaders meetings, and the Jugoslav propaganda as­ of the Union, who are anti-Austrian and sumed considerable proportions in the U. S. A. thoroughly patriotic, and to replace them by their own few followers. The Jugoslav papers JUGOSLAVS IN AMERICA TOR in the United States even publish the facsimile THE ALLIES. of a letter from the Austrian Consul in Pitts­ burg, from which it transpires, that Austrian The following resolution was unanimously agents actually founded a pseudo-Jugoslav carried at all the great Jugoslav meetings in paper, and tried to bribe the delegates of the America (in Summer 1915). Congress. Nevertheless the Congress passed "In the name of our oppressed brothers off without any kind of disturbance; all in Austria-Hungary, who are at present com­ Austrian attempts were defeated, the old lead­ pelled by ruthless tyranny to fight against ers were re-elected, and duly authorized to their brother Slavs, or to languish in prison, continue to make use of the official paper of and who are therefore unable to lay the facts the Union for the propaganda in favour of the of their sufferings before the world, we hereby idea of Jugoslav emancipation from the protest energically before the whole of the civ­ ilized world against the inhumanities now Austrian yoke. being practised upon them; against the hang­ Towards the end of September a great de­ ing and shooting of innocent people; the monstration called the "Slovenski Dan" strangling and perversion of law and justice; (Slovene Day) was organized in San Francisco, the slaughter of women and children; the cal­ at the Pacific Exhibition. All Slovenes present, ling to the colours of youths under military and a large number of other Jugoslavs as well, age and infirm old men ; against the placing of demonstrated in favour of their liberation and our countrymen in the first line of danger; unification. against foully murdering them from behind; On September 18 and 19 the Congress of all and against the burning of homesteads and the the Croatian Gymnastic Associations in the robbing of property in our devasted country. We implore all the brothers of our race in both United States took place in Cleveland, Ohio. continents to turn their hate and their arms Public exhibitions of gymnastics and pro­ against their oppressors, and we implore our cessions of many thousand gymnasts were most brothers who are suffering in prison to be successfully arranged. On this occasion it was patient and to trust that victory will be with decided that henceforth all Croatian, Serbian, the Slavs and their friends, the French and and Slovene gymnastic associations should be British, whose triumphs will achieve the Ju­ united in one great single Union, which will be goslav ideal of liberty and unity. We pledge in constant touch with the Czech, Polish, and our solemn word that we will in every way Russian Associations. This resolution was ap­ help the cause of the Slavs and their Allies; proved by the great Congress of représenta- ÏHB SOWHÉËN SLAV'S APPEAL 85 Ëajedniea,*' Iby the Serbian Unions "Sloga" ing to different confessions were met together and "Srbobran," the political Unions "Hrvat- to demonstrate that divergencies of faith are ski Savez" and "Slovenaeka Liga,' and many- powerless to divide either the Jugoslav nation other Unions and Associations, representing in or their clergy. The meeting adopted the all more than 150,000 organized Jugoslavs in proposal that these joint meetings should be the United States. At this meeting the follow* continued, elaborated a programme for further ing Resolution was unanimously carried :— activities, and passed a resolution expressing "The Croats, Serhs, and Slovenes are one the "complete agreement of the Jugoslav clergy and the same nation in blood, language, and with the will of the nation as expressed at by the national ideals they hold in common. many meetings". The resolution proceeds: We are heart and soul with the army, the na­ ' ' We also claim the fulfilment of those demands tion, and the Government of our brothers in of right and justice for which our free brothers Serbia and Montenegro. Their struggle is our in Serbia and Montenegro are fighting, and struggle. Shoulder to shoulder we stand with for which our unredeemed brothers in Austria- them against our common enemies the Teutons, Hungary are suffering. And God's justice, Magyars, and Turks in this fight for the reali­ which we hold to be on our side, consists in zation of the freedom and unity of all Jugo­ this, that all Slavs in Europe shall be liber­ slavs in one great national State. We trust ated from the chains of German militarism and that no part of our nation, nor one inch of our Austro-Hungarian oppression; that all Jugo­ soil, will be given into slavery to foreigners. slavs, being one nation by blood, language, and We confidently expect the victory of our bro­ national claims, shall be liberated from thers the Russians, and of their noble Allies Austro-Hungarian misrule and united in one and our own. Pull of loyalty to the great independent State; that, futhermore, not one country of Washington and Lincoln, we hail inch of Jugoslav soil shall be excluded from the the wise policy of President Wilson with re­ gard to the hostile and inhuman conduct of the borders of this State, either in Dalmatia, or in Austro-Germans. ' ' Istria, in Slovenia, the Banat, or Macedonia; A copy of the resolution was forwarded that those differences of faith, which have to Mr. Lansing, Secretary of State, to Mr. Pa- been regarded as the greatest obstacles to sic, the Serbian Premier, to Mr. Plamenac, the national unity, are in fact and according to the Montenegrin Minister, to the Jugoslav Com­ conviction of ourselves, who are representa­ mittee in London, and to the Russian, British, tives of the two principal confessions in Jugo­ and French Ambassadors in Washington." slavia, no obstacles at all to the practical reali­ Finaly, on September 23, the "Hrvatski zation of our ideal of one nation in one State; Savez" (Croatian League) held a meeting in that the free and united Jugoslav nation should Cleveland protesting energetically against the be permitted—free from foreign interference— Austro-German intrigues in America. A re­ to organize the Jugoslav state on a democratic solution similar to those quoted above was pas­ basis, which will guarantee political and re­ sed, and copies of it were sent to the represen­ ligious freedom; that hitherto Serbia and tatives of the Allied Powers. The League also Montenegro have proved by their excellent passed a resolution approving of the work of example that Catholic and Orthodox Christians the Jugoslav Committee in London and promis­ can live together in love and friendship in one ing it every possible support. State. We speak in our own name and in that of our brothers, who are still in Austro- JUGOSLAV CLERGY AND NATIONAL Hungarian bondage, and we are sure that these UNITY brothers would speak as we do, were they per­ On August 27, 1915, prompted by the mitted the liberty to do so." Serbo-Orthodox priest, the Rev. Father Nikolai SLOVENES IN AMERICA Velimirovic, the Catholic, Orthodox, and Uni­ tarian priests of Jugoslav nationality resident On April 28, 1916, a great Slovene meeting in the United States, held a joint meeting in was held in Cleveland, U. S. A.,, at which 500 Chicago. Opening the discussion, the Rev. Mr. delegates represented the Slovene emigrants in Reljic, Chairman of the meeting, remarked that North America. The meeting adopted a resolu­ "after a short interval of many centuries" this tion which was sent to President Wilson and was the first assembly at, whieh nripsts hAlnng- whiVh roarls-— Se ttïE SOUTHERN SLAT'S APPEAL "We, Slovenians of Cleveland and vicinity, A GENERAL ORGANIZATION OP THE gathered together in a national mass meeting, SOUTHERN SLAVS IN SOUTH April 28, 1916, realize that in view of the AMERICA present conditions existing between the United States and the German Empire, it is OUT In January, 1916, at a meeting held in patriotic duty as good American cititzens to Autofagasta, Chile, the delegates from all the pronounce our unlimited loyalty to the condi­ Jugoslav Colonies in South America, passed tion and laws of the United States; and we the following resolution :— express our loyalty and our sincere thanks to "In these epoch-making times of sacrifice the President, Woodrow Wilson, for his noble and hope for right and freedom, we proclaim defence of humanity, honour, and the welfare first of all the indivisibility of our Serbo- of American citizens. Croato-Slovene National Unity, which must be "We express also our heartfelt gratitude politically realized, even as it is already to those fighting for real democracy and the morally accomplished .Consequently, we declare freedom of small and oppressed nations, and that we will never permit that purely Jugo­ we thank noble France and her allies, as we slav territories be sacrificed or partitioned, see in their victory the liberation of our particularly our Adriatic littoral, which is brethern suffering under the inhuman Austro- inhabited by Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. We Hungarian rule, from which tyranny we fled appeal to all the Powers who are at the present across the ocean to the land of golden liberty. moment fighting for the principles of national­ "United by ties of blood, language, and ity and justice to safeguard the unity of our suffering with the Croations and Serbians, we race, and thus to enable Serbia to fulfil her feel the sacrifices and sorrows of Serbia as our mission of liberation, which is one of the con­ own suffering, and we hope from the bottom of ditions of stable peace in Europe. The dismem­ our hearts for the liberation and union of our berment of the Adriatic littoral would be a nation in one independent and democratic state terrible injustice, especially in a war for the of Jugoslavia." liberation of nations. JUGOSLAVS IN AMERICA AND "With the repeated declaration that they PREPARADNESS have broken all ties that bound them to the Austrp-Hungarian Monarchy and the House of With reference to the Preparadness in the Habsburg, they place themselves at the disposal United States, the Jugoslav immigrants called of the Serbian Goverment and express their several meetings, from which the following complete confidence in the Southern Slav message was sent to President Wilson:— Committee in London, which they look upon as "The Southern Slav Serbs, Croats, and the legitimate representative body of the Slovenes here assembled at their national meet­ Southern Slav countries under the Austro- ing, send their most sincere greetings to Your Hungarian yoke. Excellency, and beg to express their complete "They consider themselves—and desire to confidence in your guidance of the politics of be considered by the Allies of Serbia—as Allies the United States. They are prepared to in the common struggle, and claim the protec­ respond to your call at any moment, should it tion of the representatives of the Entente." become necessary to repulse foreign attacks aimed at the foundations of our democratic This congress, which was presided over by institutions." Messrs. Petrinovic and Jordan, assumed truly impressive proportions. All the Jugoslav The meeting received the following colonies of the five Republics were united in a answer :— huge gathering in order to take their import­ "The President highly appreciates the ant decisions jointly, and to form a vast Jugo­ noble words of our message, and has ordered slav National Defence organization, me to express his profound gratitude to you and to all concerned. Your friendly assurances The attendance was considerable, in spite have pleased and encouraged him extremely.— of intervening distances and travelling ex­ Yours sincerely, penses. Chilian personages, as well as French "J. P. TUMULTY, and English, were present. M. Micic, Delegate WHJB 80WTHBRN SLAV'S APPEAL 37 Bepresentative of the Young Jugoslavs, were all the greater as it is manifesting itself so likewise present. strikingly at the very moment when the in­ In six days of deliberation, the Jugoslavs dependent principalities—Serbia and Monte­ of South America have fulfilled all the hopes negro—are likewise crushed and enslaved in of their fellow-citizens, and at this momentius their turn. juncture they have nobly fulfilled their It is well to mention that the South Amer­ national duty and deserved well of their ican Jugoslavs come for the greater part from country, the littoral of Dalmatia and Croatia, notably They have severed all the links that could the presidents of the Congress and the new still bind them to the Empire. They have organizations, are Croats from the littoral, and placed themselves at the disposal of "their all are natives of the Dalmatian Isles. native King", Peter I., and of the Serbian Goverment. They have passed a vote of com­ THE JUGOSLAV COLONY IN plete confidence on the Southern Slav Com­ NEW ZEALAND mittee, regarding this as the sole legitimate representative body of the enslaved countries. There is a small Jugoslav colony in New From the practical point of view, these resolu­ Zealand, numbering 3,000 Croats, chiefly tions assumed the following forms. A new working men from Dalmatia. This tiny colony organization, the Jugoslav National Defence, has nevertheless its own friendly societies and has been formed with a very thorough-going publishes its own newspaper. Since the begin- programme. Mr. Baburica is the President, ing of the war it has collected £200 for the and the Council (Senate) is presided over by British Belief Fund, £2,000 for the Serbian and Mr. J. Moro. Next, an amalgamation of all Montenegrin Bed Cross Society and the Belief Jugoslav papers in South America has been Fund for Austrian emigrants, and given one realized, and all will henceforth represent a hundred volunteers to the British Army. single outlook. Furthermore, the members have contributed the largest (proportionate) donation to the Serbo-Montenegrin Eed Cross JUGOSLAVS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA i Society and Orphans, and have undertaken the responsibility for the budget of the Southern Last summer, the Jugoslavs—Croats, Slo­ Slav Committee. Finally, they have recruited venes, and Serbs—in British Columbia have a volutary legion to help in the national organized themselves and have held a mass deliverance. meeting in Vancouver. The meeting, which These, then, are the practical results. Their was attended by many British sympathizers, solidarity with martyred Serbia, thus openly was very fully reported in all the English avowed by the Congress, demonstrates that the papers in Vancouver, and the sympathy Jugoslavs deserve their liberty, since they are prepared and demand as their right to suffer extended to the Jugoslav cause by the Press for its name. Thus we are in possession of has been quite remarkable. At the meeting the yet another proof that the Jugoslav nation in present position of the Jugoslavs in Austria- its entirety is conscious of the greatness of the Hungary and the efforts for deliverance and times through which we are passing, and of the unification were explained, after which a aim in view. resolution was passed, demanding the liber­ The Jugoslovenska Drzava, the organ of ation of all the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes the Jugoslav National Defence, in bringing out its first number, comments upon the growing from Austria-Hungary and their unification interest aroused by the Jugoslav cause among with Serbia in one single independent State. the Chilian public and the foreign colonies. Telegrams expressing loyalty to their land of The entire Chilian press has devoted long refuge and to the cause of the Allies were sent articles, and in some cases an entire issue, to to H. B. H. the Duke of Connaught, to Sir these events. Chilian publicists (notably M. Bobert Borden, the Canadian Premier, to Mr. Villagrau-Valenzuela) spoke at the Congress. Jugoslav faith and determination deserve in the W. J. Bowser, Premier of British Columbia, 38 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL THE SOUTHERN SLAVS APPEAL TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE.

Based upon the immortal "Declaration of Independence."

When in the course of human events, it render the military superior and independent becomes necessary for one people to dissolve of the civil power ; abolished some of our most the political bands which have connected them valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the with another, and to assume among the powers forms of our government; politically attempt­ of the earth, the separate and equal station ed to complete the works of death, desolation to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's and tyranny, already many times begun with God entitles them, a decent respect to the circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely opinions of mankind requires that they should paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and declare the causes which impel them to the totally unworthy of the heads of a civilized na­ separation from the dual monarchy, namely tion; constrained our people to bear arms Austria-Hungary and to form a union with our against their brethren, the Serbians especially, kin of southern Europe based upon the Ameri­ or to fall themselves by their hands; incited can democratic principles, consisting of the domestic insurrections amongst us, and have following branches of the Southern Slavic allied themselves with that gory tornado, the race, namely, Croatians, Serbians and Slovenes. Turk, against democracy and civilization; and "We hold these truths to be selfevident, that in every stage of these oppressions we have all men are created equal, that they are endow­ petitioned for redress in the most humble ed by their Creator, with certain unalienable terms, being in each and every instance answer­ rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and ed only by repeated injury. the pursuit of Happiness. And since the A government whose fundamental princi­ government of the Dual Monarchy, Austria- ples are thus marked by acts, which define Hungary, is entirely foreign to its downtrod­ barbarous tyrants, are unfit for human fellow­ den Slavic subjects in race and traditions, it ship among sister nations. has furthered its tyrannical ambitions by at­ "We Croatians, Serbians and 'Slovenes (or tempting severely to Germanize them, who are Slovenians) situated in the southern part of a people with nobler traditions, more ancient the Dual Monarchy, together with our kindred than the Teutonic, whose so called "flower states have for ten centuries been the bulwark of chivalry" in the time of the Crusades, name­ of Christendom against the Turks, Avars and ly the Teutonic "Knights of the Cross", were other tribes of Mongol origin. Theorize, our in reality but a band of robbers and plunder­ American brother, theorize upon the vast dif­ ers, masquerading under the sacred symbol of ference that would have been to the detriment "The Cross", conquering Prussia, Pomerania, of western civilization if the Southern Slav etc., in 1309, and successfully Germanizing the did not for a thousand years resist the west Slavic inhabitants by the power of the sword. ward march of Asiatic barbarians on many a The history of the present Emperor glorious battlefield, immortally inscribed in Francis Joseph is a monstrous record of re­ history! Almighty God, alone, may know if peated injuries and usurpations, all having for the Gaul, Anglo-Saxon or Latin would have direct object the establishment of an absolute advanced from darkness, and taken the world tyranny over the Southern Slavs as a whole. with them as they did, if it were not for the To prove this let facts be submitted to a Candid heroic Slav battling the hordes of Satan on the world : eastern and southern borders of Europe. He has with the assistance of his Germanic The only source of information to be he" clique, dissolved parliament repeatedly for by the western world was through Teutonic opposing their invasions on the rights of the channels, and it being the height oU absurdity people; sent swarms of officials to harass our to expect compliments from one's tyrant, we people and eat out their substance; refused therefore are not surprised at the mistake] his assent to laws, the most wholesome and conception of the European Slavic world in THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL 39 Henryk Sienkiewicz, the author of "Quo sians and Serbians, thereby trying to sow the Vadis", said that "America was the conscience seed of discord even among the Slavs through­ of the world." AMERICANS! we appeal to out the world, by trying to fasten their bloody that conscience ; to those noble hearts that feed claws on the conscience of their numerous martyred Belgium; to your seats of science victims. whose genius freed stricken Serbia of typhus ; Therefore, we wish to express our thanks to those noble traditions and impulses thr and appreciation to the American people for drove you into the realm of Mars in 1861 fo liberties extended us and sincerely desire to re­ over four bloody years, which resulted in the mind them of their ancestors of the Revolution­ emancipation of the black race and the preser ary War, the immortal heroes of 1776, when­ vation of the Great Union under the gemiv- ever they enter a discussion of the Slavs in of martyred Lincoln,—for sympathy—for You- general, thereby extending us what is right­ Voice at the Fatal Hour, to help us secure our fully ours,—the sympathies of a great demo­ coveted freedom through the power of your cracy, towards a downtrodden nation that de­ moral and material influence in world con­ sires a share of the glow of that mighty ferences and diplomacy. beacon—LIBERTY. The Central Empires, in their official war From the "Appeal" reports, state that the Croatians or Dalmatians Issued under the auspices of the and other Slavs are enthusiastic victors in com­ Croatian Benevolent Society "Dalmatia" bats with their brother Slavs, such as Rus­ of Oakland, Cal. 1916.

MUSSULMANS FROM BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA FOR THE ALLIES.

La Tribune de Genève, in its issue of July War' on the part of Turkey, our Islam was 8, 1916 publishes the proclamation by the not in the least threatened. By this declara­ Bosnian and Herzegovinian Mussulmans living tion Turkey has not only ruined herself, but in Switzerland:— she has also—and this is far more regrettable "The Mussulman academic youth from —endangered our whole religion. We hold Bosnia-Herzegovina in Switzerland unanimous­ that she has thereby forfeited all her rights ly hails the action of the Grand Sherif of Mec­ as protectress ot Islam. ca, the chief of Islam, and sovereign lord of the native county of Mohammed. "Turkey can never justify herself for having proclaimed the 'Holy War' for the ad­ "As faithful sons of Islam we perfectly vantage of the Austro-Germans, the secular approve the manner in which the Grand She­ enemies of Islam, and she will be responsible rif has acted in the interests of our sacred to the Sherifate. We Musselmans of Bosnia- duties, and we emphatically blame the present Herzegovina, who well know the methods em­ Government in Turkey, which has dishonoured ployed by the State called Austria, are in a our Holy Faith by placing it at the service better position than others to say what use of Austro-German interests. It is a great mis­ Austria has made of our religion. take to believe that the Turkish Sultans were the rightful protectors of Islam. Neither Or- "Therefore the Musselman youth of Bos­ togol Bey, nor Osman Ali, nor the Sultan So­ nia-Herzegovina cannot but hail with joy the liman II. the Great ever possessed any author­ movement of the Arabs who have risen in de­ ity to justify their depriving one Mussulman fence of our religion, and rejoice in their race of liberty to the advantage of another; action. We cannot conceal the fact that our and they are still less in a position to justify sympaties are always on the side of those who the abuse of our religion in their own interests. devote themselves to the defence of the prin­ "Before) the proclamation of the 'Holy ciples of religious and national freedom." BIBLIOGRAPHY.

FRENCH BOOKS.

36. La retraite de Serbie, par Louis L. 49. La Yougoslavie, par Pierre de Lanux, Thomson, Médecin major, Paris, (Paris, Payot, 1916). Hachette & Co. 50. L'épopée Serbe, par H. Barby, (Paris 37. Pierre Bertrand. L'Autriche a voulu 1916). la grande guerre. Paris. 1916. 51. L'Autriche et la Hongrie de demain, 38. La Serbie et Kossovo, par le Dr. T. par le Dr A. Chervin, (Paris, Bergër- Georgevitch, Paris, 1916. Levrault, 1916). 39. La Question de l'Adriatique, par 52. Les Yougoslaves au point de vue Charles Vellay. Paris. 1915. (Literai- ethnique. Leur union nationale, par rie Chapelat). le Dr A. Chervin. (Paris, L'Associa­ tion française pour l'Avancement des 40. Le Plan Pangermaniste démasqué. Sciences, 1916). Par André Cheradame. (Paris, Plon- Nourrit A Cie, 1916). 53. Les persécutions des Yougoslaves. Procès politiques (1908-1916). Avan- 41. Le Banat, par Grégoire Yakchitch. propos de Victor Bérard. (Paris, Paris. (Plon-Nourrit & Cie. 1916). Plon-Nourrit & Cie. 1916). 42. Le Problème Italo — slave, par P. T. de Sakolovic. (Paris, Plon-Nourrit & 54. Le Regime Politique d'Autriche-Hun- Cie.) 1916. grie en Bosnie-Herzégovine. A les Procès de Houte Trahison, par un 44. Le Problème italo-slave, par J. T. groupe d' Hommes politique yougo­ (Paris, Plon-Nourrit & Cie. 1916). slaves, (Paris, Zupremerie Nouvelle- Aunemane. 1916). 45. L'Autriche-Hongrie en guerre contre ses sujet, par Pierre de Lanux et Mi­ 55. Balcanicus. La Bulgarie; ses ambi­ lan Topliea. (Paris, Plon-Nourrit & tion, sa trahison, (1915). Cie., 1915). 56. La liquidation de l'Autriche-Hungrie, 46. L'Unité Yougoslave (manifeste de lo par Louis Léger, (Paris. 1915). jeunene Serbe, Croat et Slovine reu­ nie). (Paris, Plon-Nourrit & Cie. 57. Avec l'armée d' Orient. Dardanelles, 1915). Serbie, Salonique (avril 1915 — jan­ 47. Les Yougoslaves, lour paisé, leur ave­ vier 1916) par. Joseph Vassal, (Paris, nir, par H. Hinkovic. (Paris, Librai­ Plon-Nourrit & Cie. 1916). rie Felix Alcan, 1916). 58. La Hongrie d'hier A de demain, par 48. La Grande Serbie, par E. Denis. (Pa­ André Dubosco, (Paris, Blond et ris 1915. Librairie Delagrave.) Gay, 1916). PART V. THE JUGOSLAV VOLUNTEERS.

Even during the Balkan war many Jugo­ also the thirteenth army corps composed chief­ slavs from Austria-Hungary have deserted in­ ly of the Croatians forms the bulk of the lists to Serbo-Montenegrin armies and fought on of the war prisoners in Russia. That is the their soil. only manner to explain the fact that there are In the beginning of this war all those Ju- to-day in Russia in round numbers 200,000 Ju­ go-slavs from Austria-Hungary who happened go-slav, Austrian soldiers, who have been to be in Serbia and Montenegro at that time captured. and whose numbers exceeded two thousand, The majority of these prisoners have been placed themselves at the disposal of the Serb­ liberated by the Russian Government, and they ian and Montenegrin authorities. Whoever have volunteered and formed two complete from the younger generation could, he immi­ divisions who are being drilled under the grated during the first months of the war into command of the superior Serbian officiers, as Serbia and Montenegro. A considerable num­ also the ex-Austrian officiers who have joined ber of such deserters came from Dalmatia, but those divisions. the greatest numbers fled from Bosnia and Besides there are many Jugo-slav volun­ Herzegovina. During the fighting in 1914 a teers in British and French armies. It may be great number of Jugo-slav soldiers from Aus- established that since the beginning of this tro-Hungary surrendered readily and of whom war untill now at least 100,000 Jugo-slavs have several thousands later joined of their own participated or organized for battle in the war free will either the fighting line or the police against the Central Powers. forces or the civil service of Serbia and Monte­ All this proves most persuasively that the negro. There were entire companies and in­ Austrian Jugo-slavs long so much for their li­ deed whole battalions from the Austro-Hunga- beration that they give freely and in masses rian armies who passed over to the Serbian their lives in the struggle for liberation and side : thus a whole regiment from Dalmatia, helping their Serbian brothers, the Liberators. has passed over with all officers, banners, arms, music and equipment to the Serbian side. JUGOSLAV SOLDIERS IN THE During the Serbian retreat in the winter of FRENCH ARMY. 1915 the greatest number of the Austrian war There are many Jugoslavs serving in the prisoners of Slav nationality joined the Serb­ French Foreign Legion, and fighting bravely ian fighting lines, and although, all the on the side of the gallant French. One of prisoners were at liberty either to remain in them, Thomas Goricki, was recently mortally Serbia or to return to the Austrian lines, none wounded, and we fear that he has since died. from the Jugo-slav prisoners remained in He was a brave and gallant boy, and was de­ Serbia. None of the war prisoners would re­ corated for valour. As far back as on Feb. 8 main but all joined the Serbian armies in their the Paris Temps brought the following notice retreat through Albania. Even at this moment about him, sent by one of its correspondents. : there are in the Serbian army great numbers "Thomas Goricki, from Virovitica (Croa­ of Jugo-slav volunteers from Austria. tia), private in the marching regiment of the Foreign Legion, at present on leave in Paris, In the very beginning ot this war many came to see me, and told me the following: Slavs, especially the Czechs and Jugo-Slav, sur­ "As I was in France at the moment of the rendered themselves to the Russians where- declaration of war, I hastened to enlist in the ever an opportunity presented itself. This is Foreign Legion. The medal of St. George explained by the fact that in the first engage­ which you see on my breast was recently be­ ments around Lvov (Lemberg) the greater stowed on me by His Majesty the Tsar. Several part of the third army corps, composed of others of my countrymen, who have distin- 42 ÏHE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL deeds of dash or heroism, were similarly deco­ initiative of forming volunteer contigents ol rated. All of us Jugoslavs are mixed up with Southern Slavs captured by Russians. At our the Czechs, and that is why even the French do appeal our heroes rushed from all parts of the not know that we too are fighting on their vast Russsian Empire to perform their sacred side. We are fighting with enthusiasm beside duty. Enthusiastically they offered their young the French, for their victory, which will be lives to a noble cause. This cause is to crush ours as well, because the foremost result of their gaolers—the Germans and Magyars; to this victory must be the dissolution of Aus­ destroy their prison—Austria-Hungary; to free tria-Hungary, and consequently the deliverance themselves, and to establish with Serbia an of our whole Jugoslav race from the Austro- independent State embracing the whole Jugo­ Magyar yoke and our reunion with resuscitat­ slav race. ed Serbia." There are those who ask if the Croats and ! 'Slovenes really wish to join the Serbs. The SOUTHERN SLAV VOLUNTEERS FROM Jugoslav volunteers who entered Rumania and RUSSIA. those who from every possible part rush to Salonika to enlarge the number of the Serbian Dr. H. Hinkovic, for the Jugoslav Com­ fighters answer this question in an incontest­ mittee, gave following communication through able manner. They are all ready to shed their "Manchester Guardian", September 1916: blood with their Serbian brothers with a com­ mon enthusiasm for their common fatherland, According to a Petrograd despatch pub­ for their common national ideals. lished in the papers, Serbian troops, under

the command of the Serbian General Hadjich, vr 9P Çr have entered Rumania in order to co-operate FRANKFURTER ZEITUNG, 10, 16th, has with the Russian and Rumanian troops. Evi­ an article from its correspondent Alolf Koes- dently they could only come from Russia. But ter. "The news that there are Russian troops how did they arrive there? And do we not fighting in Dobrudja, under the Rumanian know that the remnants of the Serbian troops command, must be confirmed; it is a fact who survived the Albanian castrophe are at though, that on the Roumanian side there is present on the Salonika front! Kindly allow one Serbian division in which besides others, me to unveil this mystery. there are a number of Austro-Hungarian vo­ lunteers. The Serbian officiers in command These Serbian contigents are principally have come fron Corfu to Russia, around formed of the Southern Slav prisoners of England " war who succeeded in surrendering to the Rus­ THE GLOBE (N. Y.), of September 17th, sians. The war which the Germans and Ma­ has received the following from Lausanne;. gyars of Austria-Hungary are waging against Some time ago the telegraphic news has stated that there are a number of Serbian troops in Serbia and Russia is for the Austro-Hungarian Odessa, Russia. We are able, now, to give Southern Slav (Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes) a some authentic news about this unusual phe- fratricidal one. To force them to fight their nomen. From the large number of prisoners of brothers and kinsmen is a crime unparalleled war captured by Russia, more then one half in history. Thousands of young men succeed­ of them, or about 700,000 are Slav, Rouma­ ed in escaping from Austria-Hungary, and nians or Italians. Russia did not ask one other thousands who flocked from both Ameri­ prisoner of war to volunteer into the army, cas and the British over-seas dominions joined but thousands of prisoners ; Croat, Bosnian and the Serbian army as volunteers and helped to Herzegovinian have asked to be enrolled in a win its magnificent victories. There are also Serbian Corps. Their wishes have been grant­ Southern Slavs in the British and French ranks. ed and last May, one hundred and thirty Serb­ Tens of thousands are working in American, ian Officiers have gone to Russsia to organize these volunteers. Since then the number, British, and French ammunition factories. without doubt, has risen considerably. Those who have been by force enrolled in the This movement is of more political then Austro-Hungarian armies surrendered in mass- military consideration and it will no doubt, es wherever there was an opportunity. It was be of great significance for the Austro-Hun- t*HfiS âotfTHBftN SLAVES APPEAL 4§ TÎÏÈ JUGOSLAV VOLUNTEERS IN THE by General M. Zivkovic, commander of the BATTLE OF DOBRUDJA, Jugoslav volunteers in Russia. SEPTEMBER 1916. "I consider myself fortunate that his Majesty our beloved King Peter has given me The first Jugoslav division, numbering the command of the volunteer corps, which is 25,000 men, has given an excellent account of composed of the sons of the Serbo-Croat-Slo­ themselves in the big battle fought the later vene people, and of our brothers Czechs and part of September in Dobrudja. This division Slovaks. I am especially glad to see you all is composed entirely of ex-Austrian soldiers united, of your own free will, in the blessed that were made prisoneres of war in Eussia land of the defender of Slavs, the great Russia. and now are volunteering into the army. They I am confident that the long awaited day, the were on the left of the battle line covering day of the liberation and the union of the Jugo­ the town of Constanza. The position of the slav people and the liberation of the Czechs and Allied army was extremely bad, and when the Slovaks from the Austrian yoke, has arrived. lines started to waver the time came for our volunteers to go into the battle under the In the past, we have always been cogni­ leadership of he high Serbian officers. The zant of our peril and so for centuries we had enemy stormed the lines of this particular di­ to fight our enemies. Today, as participants vision eighteen times without success. Furious in this great war for rights, we can see more at such resistance, Mackensen ordered cavalry clearly, better than ever before, that the safe­ to storm the lines but our boys broke the enemy ty of the Jugoslavs lies in unity and solidarity. lines with bombs and bayonets. Five thou­ I can see that your young hearts are full with sand Germans were killed and eight big guns this idea, and I as your commander can testify and sixteen mittrailleuse composed the booty that you have been fighting for it as heroes, taken from the Germans. The Second Jugo­ as well as your brothers from Sumava, and the slav division has been also formed and with first division's heroical sacrifice is the best the first one it will make a special Jugoslav proof of it. Corps under the command of the Serbian Heroes, do not forget for a moment that general. in this war against our wicked enemies, not only the survival of the Kingdom of Serbia is This has been also noted by the Austrian at stake, but the whole question of unification Press and the Eoumanian high command has of all Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, in one insep­ complimented our volunteers. arable state of Jugoslavia, as-well as the future Even the Russian Tsar on the occassion of our sister countries, Bohemia and Slovak- of the review of the Jugoslav troops at Odesa land. has congratulated our troops for its bravery. Serbia has proved to the world that her existence is not worth while without being THE PROCLAMATION OF GEN. ËIVKOVIÔ united with her sisters, Croatia and Slovenia, TO THE JUGOSLAV VOLUNTEERS. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and Dalma- M. Zivkovic, Serbian commander and gen­ tia, Srij em, Backa and Banat, and without free eral adjutant to His Majesty the King. Bohemia and Slovakland. In volunteering to The Novoe Vremja, leading Russian news­ fight for Jugoslavia, you are fulfilling the vow paper, published in Petrograd, Oct. 17, has of your great teachers: "Love your brother, brought the following order of the day, given whatever his faith." 44 ïtffl lOttMttW 8UVB ASÎtëAL LORD CROMER ON THE JUGOSLAVS (From "The Spectator", Auguet, 1918.) "Some of the smaller countries of the one people with the same traditions, the same world owe their importance largely to the tongue, the same tendencies, but whom an evil accident of their geographical position. Egypt fate has divided. ' Further, Bohemia must be and Belgium are cases in point. Serbia is rendered autonomous. The disintegration of another. Serbia occupies a position of the Austria would be a necessary consequence of highest strategical and political importance. these changes. The German provinces of 'Just as in the Middle Ages Serbia lay across Austria would fall to Germany. There is no the path of the Turkish conquerors moving reason why they should not do so. Their westwards, so last autumn she blocked the path adjunction would be in strict conformity with of the German conquerors moving eastwards.' the application of those Nationalist principles It cannot be too clearly understood that the which are generally favoured in all democratic Drang nach Osten has constituted the corner­ countries. Moreover, the addition of a South stone of the foundations on which all recent German population to the German Empire German policy has been built. The fact that would possibly strengthen the revolt against at the commencement of the war the efforts that disastrous Prussian hegemony which has of the German General Staff appeared to be caused such fatal results, and which may not exclusively directed to reaching Paris some­ improbably receive a check from the Germans what obscured this view of the question. The themselves when the present war is con­ British public were disposed to think that cluded." German action in 1914 was analogous to that Lord Cromer concludes:— of 1870. In reality, no such analogy existed. In 1870, the Germans were fighting to secure "The formation of a strong Southern Slav German unity and nothing more. This almost State, which 'would form a barrier against necessarily led to a conflict with France. In Teutonic aggression, ought not to encounter 1914, the French contest was merely a side­ any opposition in Italy. Its creation would be show. The defeat of the French Army and the distinctly favourable to Italian interests. The occupation of Paris were mainly regarded as Hungarians will, of course, be violently op­ indispensable preludes to the execution of an posed to any such political combination. The Eastern policy which had long been contem­ spirit which still animates the Magyars is the plated. This became apparent when the same as that proclaimed by Kossuth, who was advance to Paris was checked. The true cha­ only a Liberal when direct Magyar interests racter of the war became manifest when King were at stake, when he said: 'I know no Croa­ Ferdinand of Bulgaria threw off the mask and tian nationality'. This opposition should 'not, events developed in Mesopotamia. The real however, be allowed to stand in the way of the objective of the German Government was then realization of the project. On grounds alike of revealed. That objective had been explained sentiment and interest, the establishment of a by numerous German writers long before the Southern Slav Federation merits not merely war commenced." the sympathy, but the full support of the British Government. Thus, Dr. Seton- Dealing with various ways of combating Watson says: 'The small and land-locked Germany's sinister and ambitious projects, Serbia of the past will be transformed into a Lord Cromer says.- "One of them is to main­ strong and united Southern Slav State upon tain intact that naval supremacy which excites the eastern shore of the Adriatic, no longer the boundless wrath of Count Reventlow, and seething with unrest as the result of Magyar which has induced him to term Great Britain misrule in Croatia and Austrian economic the 'Vampire of the Continent.' But this alone tariffs, but free at last to develop a national would not suffice to secure the object in view. life which has resisted five centuries of Another highly efficacious method would be Turkish oppression.' Moreover, by the adop­ to adopt the policy advocated by Dr. Seton- tion of this plan not only would an act of Watson, and described by Prince Alexander of political justice be performed, but a very "•-' " 'the —-•— •- PART VI. CROATS AND SLOVENES IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE SOUTHERN SLAV UNITY.

CROATIA AND NATIONAL UNITY. tia, the Croatian Parliament proclaimed "the unity of the Serbs and Croats" and their Prom the fifteenth century to the present brotherhood in arms, adopting "all Serbian day every Croatian Parliament has consistently claims as our own, even as we form one nation demanded that the national territory should with the Serbs, and will never permit ourselves not be divided, but united in one state. Croa­ to be divided from them." The Parliament tia has always been the home of every move­ further demanded that the provinces of Dal- ment in favour of Jugoslav unity. Her greatest matia, Istria, Gorizia, Carnia, Carniola, and men, no less than every one of her nineteenth- Southern 'Styria should be included in the century Parliaments, have never ceased to union of Croatia and the Serbian Vojvodina. preach the doctrine of Jugoslav unity to the nation, especially to the Serbs and Croats. It When in 1860 the Austrian Constitution was because Austria and Germany realized was re-established, and the Conference con­ that a union between Croats and Slovenes on voked by the Ban of Croatia was invited to the one hand, and 'Serbs and Croats on the express its views, it replied by demanding that other, would endanger their supremacy in the "all Dalmatia, and at least the Quarnero Is­ Adriatic, that the Central Powers provoked lands of Krk, Cres, and Losinj belonging to this war, through which they hoped to deal the Istria, as well as the former Croatian districts Jugoslavs a mortal blow by crushing the New of Volosco, Labin, and Novigrad should be Serbia of the Karageorgevic, that most dan­ united with Croatia." gerous focus for the creation of a future Ju­ # # * goslav state. The Croatian Parliament of 1861 and 1865 again affirmed the national unity of Croats In 1712 the Croatian Parliament accepted and Serbs, and demanded the territorial union the Austrian "Pragmatic Sanction" before the of all Jugoslav lands in Austria. Hungarian Parliament did so, and independ­ # * # ently of its decision. The Pragmatic Sanction Even under the régime of Count Khuen includes a clause to the effect that the Croatian Hedervary (1883-1903), the most corrupt ever nation transfers "the Royal Power and Prero­ known in Croatia, the Croatian Parliament in­ gative and the Rights of the Kingdom to such sisted upon the necessity of free and brotherly descendants of the house of Austria in the fe­ intercourse between Serbs and Croats; and male line as shall become possessed of Styria, the language used in all Government offices Carnia, and Carinthia," thus emphasizing the and schools was officially designated as the demand of the nation that the Slovene coun­ "Serbo-Croat language." tries should not be divided from Croatia. Since 1906 the majority in the Croatian # # # Parliament has consisted of members of the The national awakening of Croatia and Serbo-Croat Coalition, a group of parties which the Croats began with the so-called "Illyrian has never failed to obtain a majority at all movement" in 1832. This movement was es­ elections, even upon occasions when the sentially Jugoslav in its character, having for Government has done its utmost to terrorize its ideal the union of the whole nation from the electors. The Serbo-Croat Coalition has for Skutari to Varna and the Triglav. its party programme the union of Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes. The opposition consists * # # of a few members belonging to a small party In 1848, during the reign of Ban Jellacic which is both Austrophil and Serbophobe. The and at the time of the war against the Ma­ Magyarophil party came to an end many years gyars, who tried even then to Magyarize Croa­ ago. 46 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL CROATS AND MAGYARS. can be no question of supremacy between two branches of the same nation. Whatever you We quote the following extracts (penned may achieve, we will gladly acknowledge it and in 1860 and 1862) from the writings of Mons. join hands with you. You are masters of the Franjo Racki, the well-known Croatian histo­ rian and politician, and first President of the Drina. May God bless your standards when Jugoslav Academy of Art and Science, found­ you cross the river." ed in 1867 by Bishop Strossmayer (vide Vla­ We will also quote Tadija Smiciklas, the dimir Zagorki, Francois Racki et la Renais­ author of the first systematically compiled' sance Scientifique et Politique de la Croatie. history of Croatia, late President of the Jugo­ Paris, 1909) :— slav Academy (died 1914). In 1888 he wrote "If the Balkan Peninsula had been grant­ the following:— ed the centuries of comparative peace necessa­ ' ' The Serbs and Croats are one nation. The ry to the development of state society, the best and foremost sons of our nation bow racial differences would have been gradually their heads before this highest principle ; but the obliterated, and the various nationalities amal­ idea of nationality can only be realized by gamated in one national community, which national union." would have proved strong enough to constitute an independent State between the Adriatic and SPEECH BY MR. TRUMBIÔ, IN THE DAL­ the Black Sea. The principal reason why the Jugoslavs have not taken that place in history MATIAN DIET IN 1903, ON THE PAN- to which they are entitled both by their num­ GERMAN PERIL AND THE NEED bers and their geographical position, is that FOR A UNION OP THE EN­ they never succeeded in creating their own DANGERED NATIONS. body politic. "The treaty between Hungary and Croa­ (Mr. Trumbic is the President of the Ju­ tia in the twelfth century not only interrupted goslav Committee in London). the growth of the Croatian state, but post­ In 1903 Croatia was convulsed by a na­ poned the development of Jugoslav unity for centuries. Every thinking man must admit tional movement which aimed at freeing the that South Eastern Europe owes its present country from Magyar tyranny as represented aspect by which it is a menace to civilization, by Count Khuen Hedervary. The disturbances only to the absence of a strong Jugoslav state, which arose in Croatia at the time, accom­ which would have prevented the Turks from panied by wholesale incarcerations and nume­ establishing themselves in Europe. rous executions under martial law, found an "Hungarian policy has always aimed at echo in Dalmatia, in Istria, and in the Slovene undermining Croatian independence, so that land; the idea of Jugoslav communion of in­ Hungary might reach the sea across Croatia, terests and the national Serbo-Croat and Slo­ just as in former times (this was written in 1860) Hungary sought to domikiate Bosnia, vene unity was strenghtened by it and pulsated Serbia, Bulgaria, and Rumania, so that she more vigorously than before. The contempt­ might carry her power as far as the Balkan uous attitude of Francis Joseph, who would Mountains and the Lower Danube. The idea of not condescent to receive the deputies of the Jugoslav unity, no matter whether it appeared Dalmatian Diet, who petitioned for the aboli­ in Croatia, Serbia, or Bosnia, never had a more tion of martial law, merely whetted the desire determined or ruthless enemy than Hungary. for deliverance and the hatred for Austria- "We see in Jugoslav solidarity the strong­ Hungary, who wanted to force the German est guarantee for our national existence ; but, rightly or wrongly, the Magyars see in it the language upon discontented Dalmatia. grave of their own nationality. We look upon Of the leaders of that movement some ar the liberation of the East as a primary condi­ in Austrian prisons, others are safe obroad, be­ tion for a better national future, whereas the yond the reach of Austrian persecution, and Magyars look upon it as the beginning of their furthering the work of union and deliverance. downfall or at least as the end of their claims The Deputy, Dr. Trumbic, now President of to supremacy. the Jugoslav Committee, made a momentous ' ' The Croats can honestly say to the Serbs : speech at the time (Nov. 7, 1903), in which he 'we do not aim at supremacy, because there exposed the methods which Austria employed THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL 47 to isolate Dalmatia from the other Jugoslav justice and suffering in this Monarchy from provinces. time immemorial down to this day. This Criticizing the machinations of Austria, Monarchy, which ought to be a refuge for who was trying to introduce the German lan­ small nations in the heart of Europe, has be­ guage by force, Dr. Trumbic" said: "We dr trayed its trust. Instead of being a house of not want a foreign language. The rights, sen­ liberty for the nations and helping them in timents, and aspirations of the nation are on- their progress and development, it is neither posed to it, because they demand that pride more nor less than a slave market. Conflicts of place should be given to our native V-'- between nationalities are raised, fictitious ad­ guage, both in the Government offices and in ministrative needs invented which are contra­ the home administration of our own country. ry to the welfare of the peoples and solely ful­ National sentiment refuses to tolerate subjec­ fil the purpose of protracting the present state tion to the foreigner within its own borders. of affairs. It seems that this Empire is incur­ Our national aspirations are not leading us able. So long as Austria felt equal to the task, towards Germanism, but towards liberty. An she oppressed her nationalitites single-handed ; attempt is being made to force the German when she no longer felt equal to it, she created language upon us under the pretext of unify­ the Dualism, handing over the nationalities ing the administration of the State. But in a who lived in the other half of the Monarchy State desirous of possessing wholesome and to the savage caprice of the Magyars, while sound foundations there can be no needs be­ she continued her own pernicious labours in yond the needs of the people. And woe to her own half. the State in which the interests of the State are not identical with those of the people ! "The events which have recently taken place in our Croatian fatherland are calculat­ "Germanism threatens to make the aspi­ ed to disillusion even those old champions who rations of the Croats an impossibility. Greater hoped that the Monarchy would in the end Germany is gravitating towards the South of bring its interests into harmony with those of Europe to enslave under its yoke the beauti­ the Croatian people. Alas, these fair dreams ful lands which are the heritage of the Croats. are shattered and the old champions are in de­ Germany is threatening the entire South of spair. As if all were at an end, if Austria Europe with her plans of conquest ; it is a fact will not consent to be just. But this despair recognized by all Europe except Austria. Ger­ is out of place so long as the nation lives ; and many is as great a menace to the oppressed we have been obliged to say: 'There is no Croats as to the Magyar oppressors, who are justice in the Monarchy for the Croats.' We so intoxicated by their Pan-Magyar idea that should add at once : ' Our nation has existed they fail to perceive that they are only the before the Monarchy, and it will exist after tool of the Teuton, to be thrown away when it.' (A voice: 'Both within the Monarchy and it has served its turn. Germany is a peril not without!') only to the non-Germanic nationalities in Aus­ tria and the Balkans, but also to one of the "Violence will have had its day, and so great nations of Southern Europe, via., our long as a nation lives on its own soil then, neighbour Italy. What, then, is the lesson we so long as it is not dead, there is always hope must learn from this peril? Our only lesson of success. The younger generation, by re­ is, that we must go forward all united, and awakening hope in the heart of the nation and shoulder to shoulder, in order to oppose a com­ looking to the nation itself for support and mon front to the common foe. strenght, and abroad for moral support, will carry on the work of emancipation, and we "It is inevitable that the Croats should shall attain our goal, which is to make the seek for support abroad, seeing that we may Croats a nation which is its own master. I look for help in vain in this Monarchy where will conclude my remarks with the words we are isolated and oppressed. The moral with which Milan Samardzic, leader of Krivo- support of foreign nations may help us more sie insurgents, welcomed the Austrian General than guns. The help of other nations and the Eodic: 'May God give Austria all she desires conviction of Europe that our cause is good, for us Croats." that our claims are sacred and justified, since they spring from the right to life These are the words spoken by Mr. Trum­ and existence, can alone change the destiny bic, thirteen years ago, with the applause of of our nation, which has seen nothing but in­ the Dalmatian Diet. 48 THE SOUTHERN SLAV'S APPEAL PEW OP MANY DECLARATIONS OF Mr. Pero Magdic who, referring to the war POLITICAL PARTIES IN CROATIAN on the Adriatic front, said: "The enemy is PARLIAMENT SINCE THE stretching his hand towards our Croatian sea BEGINNING OF WAR. with the object of depriving us of our most precious pearl." Mr. Veceslav Vilder, member When the Croatian Parliament reassem­ of the Serbo-Croat Coalition, spoke of his bled this year in July, i. e., under the most try­ attachment to the idea of Serbo-Croat unity ing conditions of a war atmosphere, it declared which he does not fear to defend in spite of all through th „ Speaker, amids a storm of enthu­ informers. ' ' siastic applause from all parties, that the Cro­ ats demand tj, ? Freedom, unity, and independ­ The same day, in the Budget Committee ence of the nation. During the sittings sharp of the Croatian Sabor, Mr. Alexander Horvat, comments were passed upon the Germans and of the Frank party, refused to vote for the Magyars, and upon the policy pursued by indemnity, giving the following reason for his Vienna and Budapest. refusal :— "We have no liberty to express our In one of the last sittings of the Zagreb thoughts through the press. Everything moves Sabor, Mr. Vilder, Serbo-Croat deputy and under the rule of the court martial, which editor of the news paper HrvatsM Pokret, constantly weighs upon Croatia . . . Political which has been suspended, spoke in answer to censorship is pitilessly rampant—although a press campaign inaugurated against him by utterly without system—in the columns of our- an Austrophil journal. newspapers. The Magyar politicians, both in Mr. Vilder said : "I am replying from the the Goverment and in the Opposition, are free platform of a deputy because the existing to express their views on the future reorganiza­ typographic conditions (he was referring to tion of the Monarchy, especially in all that the censorship) do not permit me to reply concerns the conquered territory of the king­ through the press to the polemics of hostile dom of Serbia; they discuss home and foreign journals. The abnormal conditions which pre­ politics, and insult and provoke us at their vail because of the war are being exploited by leisure. If we attempt to defend Croatian the Austrophil elements. Every Serb and Croat rights, or even to copy what they freely write, who does not belong to the Prank party is we are inexorably censored. denounced as a traitor to the State. As for me, I am accused of having declared that the idea of the Serbo-Croat coalition will survive In the sitting of the Sabor on June 17 Mr. the war. Well, yes ; here, during the war even, Stjepan Radie, of the peasant party, critizised I tell you frankly that the idea of national the Hungaro-Croatian Compromise and re­ Serbo-Croat unity will live after the war as it gretted the lacunas in the instruction received lived before it. I am only re-stating here in by the Croatian youth. He complains of our a few words what thousands of the best sons students' ignorance of foreign languages, of the Croatian people have said and preached. especially of Russian. His party, which It will be just the same in the future. Without accepts the integral unity of Croats, Serbs, and considering myself a prophet, I can assert with Slovenes, is opposed to the Hungaro-Croatian perfect confidence that, even if after the peace Compromise, which is contrary to the national treaty the frontiers remain as they are at unity: "Conscious of being Slavs and Europe­ present, those in power will be obliged to ans we must endeavour to overthrow the exist­ reckon with this idea. ' ' ing Hungarian Goverment; the future of the Croats is safe, because they are bound to the Te sitting on June 14, the first of the new West by their intellectual influence, and to session, was opened by a loyalist speech by Russia by racial affinity."