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Depressive Symptomatology and Personality Traits in Patients With Tóth-Vajna et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2020) 20:304 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01586-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Depressive symptomatology and personality traits in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease Gergely Tóth-Vajna1* , Zsombor Tóth-Vajna2, Piroska Balog1* and Barna Konkolÿ Thege3,4 Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of depressive symptomatology and personality traits with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods: The sample of this cross-sectional study comprised of 300 individuals (Mage = 65.3 ± 8.7 years, 61.0% female) recruited from the offices of 33 general practitioners. Based on at-rest ankle-brachial index (ABI) values and claudication symptoms, four subsamples were formed: clear PAD-positive, clear PAD-negative, ABI-negative but symptomatic, and a non-compressible-artery group. The concurrent role of depression (assessed by a shortened version of the Beck Depression Inventory) and personality traits (measured by the Big Five Inventory) in predicting PAD status was examined using multinomial logistic regression – controlled for sex, age, hypertonia, diabetes, smoking, hazardous drinking, and body mass index. Results: Depressive symptomatology was significant in predicting peripheral arterial disease status even after controlling for both traditional risk factors and personality traits. Among the Big Five personality traits, neuroticism showed a significant, positive relationship with PAD – independently of depression. Conclusions: Patients with PAD – even those with asymptomatic forms of the disease – are at higher risk for suffering from depression compared to individuals without PAD, independently of neuroticism, other Big Five personality dimensions or traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Peripheral arterial disease, Depression, Neuroticism, Big five personality traits Background individuals suffering from hypertension [2]. There is no As a result of population growth, global ageing and dia- population-based prevalence data from Hungary in this betes, the number of patients with peripheral arterial regard, but the number of major amputations is estimated disease (PAD) has increased by 23% in the last decade to be the triple of the international average, suggesting a [1]. The largest national epidemiological study estimated higher prevalence of PAD in the general Hungarian popu- the prevalence of PAD to be 14.4% in Hungary among lation compared to other countries [3, 4]. Traditional risk factors of PAD include hypertension, smoking and hyper- lipidemia but there is an increasing attention on the psy- * Correspondence: [email protected]; toth- chological aspects and their role in the pathomechanism [email protected]; [email protected] 1Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4. XX. of PAD. Psychosocial factors might also influence the way emelet, Budapest 1089, Hungary in which the symptoms of PAD are reported, coped with, Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Tóth-Vajna et al. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (2020) 20:304 Page 2 of 8 and treated [5]. Depression is the most frequently assessed risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. When doing so, psychosocial factor among patients with PAD. According three different presentations of PAD were considered to to these investigations, there is a correlation between PAD provide a more nuanced picture of the relationship be- and depression [6] and the prevalence of depression tween the psychological variables and disease progress. among patients with PAD is comparable to the prevalence We hypothesized, that both symptomatic and asymptom- estimated in CVD patients (cross-sectional estimates atic patients with PAD would show higher level of depres- range from 11 to 48%) [7]. sive symptomatology than those who do not show either The depression-PAD association is hypothesized to be bi- objective symptoms or report subjective complaints re- directional, influenced by several factors. On the one hand, lated to peripheral arterial disease. We also hypothesized patients with depressive symptoms are more likely to ex- that both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with perience later PAD symptoms [8], while on the other hand, PAD would show higher level of neuroticism. individuals with PAD are at higher risk for developing de- pression [9]. Moreover, among individuals with PAD, de- Methods pression is associated with higher mortality rates compared Participants and procedure to the mortality risk in those without depression, even The protocol of the current study was approved by the though adjusting for baseline PAD severity (baseline 6-min Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Medical walk performance) attenuates this association [9]. Research Council, Semmelweis University (ETT TUKEB The PAD-depression association may also be influ- 285/2015) and was carried out in accordance with the enced by personality factors. For instance, Type D per- tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Data collection sonality independently predicted individual differences took place between November 2015 and February 2018, in impaired quality of life and depressive symptoms in with participants recruited from the practices of 33 gen- patients with PAD [10]. To date, extant studies on per- eral practitioners from across Hungary. sonality among patients with PAD have focused on indi- PAD usually appears after the age of 50, with an expo- vidual, isolated personality traits or specific personality nential increase after the age of 65 years. According to patterns: Type-D personality [10], Type A Behavior Pat- governmental regulations of the country of study, it is tern [11] or hostile personality [12]. However, no studies obligatory to record every patients’ ankle-brachial index have been devoted to a better understanding of the rela- (ABI) values every two years after reaching the age of 45; tionships between PAD and a wider range of personality therefore, the target population included men and traits simultaneously, which led to the authors of a re- women aged 45 or older with at least one major vascular lated systematic review to explicitly call for the develop- risk factor (current smoking, type 2 diabetes, or hyper- ment of such a research agenda [5] including Big Five tension). The current sample is a subsample of a larger personality traits [13]. epidemiological study, which involved 816 individuals Further, even though it is well documented that de- and investigated the prevalence of PAD in the primary pression is the main modifiable psychological risk factor health care setting in Hungary [3]. Out of this larger pool in PAD [6] and that personality factors not only correl- of participants, 300 (Mage =65.3years, SD = 8.7 years; ate with depression [14] but might play an important 61.0% female) individuals were approached and agreed to role in the incidence of depressive symptoms [15–17]; participate in the present study, that is, agreed to complete very few studies analyzed personality traits and depres- the psychological test battery on top of the medical sive symptoms within the same study [12], let alone in screening. This way the sample should be considered as a the same statistical model [10] when predicting PAD sta- convenience one with a response rate of 100%, which tus. Importantly, Big Five personality traits, for instance probably is the consequence of the primary care environ- lower openness and extraversion, have been linked to ment (family physician’s office) and the generally high poorer cardiovascular outcomes [18] and neuroticism compliance with medical staff (assessors were resident specifically was also linked to a higher risk of coronary physicians) in these settings in post-socialist countries. All heart disease [19] but these personality traits have never participants provided written informed consent. been studied in terms of their associations with PAD. Participants’ medical history and the presence of major To sum up, studies to date aiming to investigate depres- cardiovascular risk factors were recorded based on the sion and personality traits simultaneously among PAD pa- health records kept by their general practitioners. The in- tients have not considered a wide enough range of person examination started by completing the Edinburgh personality traits. Moreover, none of the previous
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