DOCSLIB.ORG

Trait Anxiety, Neuroticism, and the Brain Basis of Vulnerability to Affective Disorder

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trait Anxiety, Neuroticism, and the Brain Basis of Vulnerability to Affective Disorder Trim: 7in × 10in Top: 0.5in Gutter: 0.875in CUUS1847-24 CUUS1847/Armony ISBN: 978 1 107 00111 4 October 14, 2012 18:56 CHAPTER 24 Trait Anxiety, Neuroticism, and the Brain Basis of Vulnerability to Affective Disorder Sonia Bishop & Sophie Forster Studies of the brain basis of “norma- pathways through which risk to affective ill- tive” or “healthy” processing of emotion- ness is conferred. ally salient stimuli have flourished over Understanding the brain basis of vulner- the last two decades. An initial focus on ability to affective disorder goes hand in regions implicated in the detection of emo- hand with a focus on individual variation tionally salient stimuli (Morris et al., 1996; and, in particular, trait differences in the Whalen et al., 1998) has broadened to mechanisms supporting the detection and include discussion of mechanisms support- controlled processing of emotional stimuli. ing regulatory functions (Bishop, Duncan, How do we study trait differences in vul- Brett, & Lawrence, 2004; Davidson, 2002; nerability to anxiety and depressive disor- Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002; ders and try to unpack the brain mechanisms Kim, Somerville, Johnstone, Alexander, & though which these might act? A number of Whalen, 2003; Phelps, Delgado, Nearing, & approaches have been adopted, with both LeDoux, 2004). Running in parallel to this shared and unique advantages and limita- literature, psychiatric imaging studies have tions. described alterations in brain function across Studies of the brain basis of vulnerabil- a wide range of anxiety and depressive dis- ity to affective disorders typically rely on orders (for reviews and meta-analyses see recruiting nonclinical volunteer samples and Etkin & Wager, 2007; Ressler & Mayberg, then regressing scores on self-report mea- 2007; Shin & Liberzon, 2010;Stein2009). The sures of trait affect or experience of disorder- study of the brain mechanisms underlying related symptomatology against indices of vulnerability to disorder has, for some rea- brain function or structure. It is important son, fallen outside of the primary spotlight. to remember that this approach is correla- We argue that work of this nature is criti- tional in nature, and hence no conclusions cal to bridging studies in healthy volunteer can be drawn about the direction of causal- and patient groups and to identifying the ity. For example, if we find that, in a student 553 Trim: 7in × 10in Top: 0.5in Gutter: 0.875in CUUS1847-24 CUUS1847/Armony ISBN: 978 1 107 00111 4 October 14, 2012 18:56 554 SONIA BISHOP & SOPHIE FORSTER population, elevated scores on a measure category uses measures taken from the per- of neuroticism are linked to poor frontal sonality literature, such as the Neuroticism recruitment, this could equally plausibly scale from either the Eysenck Personality reflect individuals scoring high on neuroti- Questionnaire (EPQ; Eysenck & Eysenck, cism being less able to cope with envi- 1975) or the NEO Personality Inventory ronmental stress, resulting in diminished (Costa & MacCrae, 1992). The third cat- frontal function; individuals with compro- egory focuses on genetic markers that mised frontal function being more likely differ among individuals (functional poly- to develop a neurotic personality style; morphisms with two or more common vari- both elevated neuroticism and compro- ants) and that have been linked to differ- mised frontal function stemming from a pri- ences in affect-related behaviors in humans mary disruption to neurotransmitter func- and other species. In this chapter, we focus tion; or all of these factors in combination. on the first two of these categories, com- There are also important methodological menting only briefly on the third (for issues pertaining to good practice in con- further discussion, see Chapter 25). The ducting correlational analyses of brain activ- majority of studies on the brain basis of vul- ity, which are discussed briefly later in the nerability to affective disorder falling within chapter. these categories have used measures of trait A shared positive feature of studies in this anxiety (category 1) or neuroticism (cate- area is that constructs such as trait anxiety or gory 2). We use these examples to explore neuroticism can be examined as continuous the state of the field as it stands and to factors, facilitating exploration of their lin- address outstanding questions for future ear and nonlinear relationships with regional research. brain activity. This allows for a more com- plex and potentially accurate picture to be drawn than one that solely uses DSM cat- Trait Anxiety and Neuroticism: egorical assessments of the binary presence Indexing Vulnerability to Affective or absence of a given disease state; the lat- Disorders through Self-Report ter “diagnostic” approach faces limitations arising from difficulties in applying cate- The trait subscale of the Spielberger State gorical cutoffs, high comorbidity between Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., many anxiety and depressive disorders, and 1983) is a widely used measure of trait poor diagnostic reliability (Brown & Barlow, propensity to anxiety. It has been shown 2009). to have good concurrent validity, with Studies of the brain basis of vulnerabil- patients with anxiety disorders (ADs) scor- ity to affective disorder can be categorized ing higher on the STAI trait subscale than according to the measure used to assess controls (Bieling, Antony, & Swinson, 1998). individual differences in trait affective style. Although fewer studies have examined pre- Arguably there are three main categories. dictive validity, pretrauma STAI trait scores The first involves measures derived from have been found to predict levels of post- the clinical literature and normed for use traumatic stress disorder symptomatology in nonclinical populations to assess individu- after trauma (Weems et al., 2007). How- als’ tendency to show disorder-related symp- ever, the STAI has been criticized for having tomatology, affective and cognitive styles. poor discriminative validity, with individu- A prominent example is the Spielberger als with major depressive disorder (MDD) State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Spiel- also showing elevated scores on the trait berger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, subscale (Mathews, Ridgway, & Williamson, 1983), widely used in studies of the cog- 1996). One possibility is that this low dis- nitive correlates of trait anxiety within criminant validity reflects a poor choice nonselected student samples. The second of anxiety-specific items for the scale. A Trim: 7in × 10in Top: 0.5in Gutter: 0.875in CUUS1847-24 CUUS1847/Armony ISBN: 978 1 107 00111 4 October 14, 2012 18:56 TRAIT ANXIETY, NEUROTICISM, AND THE BRAIN BASIS OF VULNERABILITY TO AFFECTIVE DISORDER 555 second is that there is genuine shared vari- ance underlying vulnerability to both ADs and MDD. Not only are STAI trait scores elevated in patients with MDD but scores on this and other anxiety scales, such as the Tay- lor Manifest Anxiety Scale (Taylor, 1953), have also been found to correlate highly with scores on self-report measures of depres- sive symptomatology; for example, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961)and personality indices of neuroticism (Luteijn & Bouman, 1988). Neuroticism is charac- terized by a propensity for negative affect (Watson & Clark, 1984). This trait, measured by widely used instruments such as the NEO Personality Inventory and the Eysenck Per- sonality Questionnaire, has emerged over the last century as one of the most widely studied personality traits (Costa & Mac- Crae, 1992; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975; John, 1990). The relationship with vulnerability to affective disorder has arguably been inves- tigated more thoroughly for neuroticism than for any other dimension of personal- ity (Brown, 2007; Brown & Rosellini, 2011, Kendler, Gardner, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2007). There is strong evidence to support not only shared variance but also common genetic influences among neuroticism, anxiety dis- 24 1 orders, and depressive disorders (Hettema Figure . Anxiety, neuroticism and et al., 2008; Kendler et al., 2007). depression: overlapping constructs? Three alternate models. (A). Self-report measures of A likely interpretation of the high corre- anxiety, depression, and neuroticism could lations observed among indices of anxiety, potentially all be tapping the same single depression, and neuroticism is that they tap, underlying trait. (B). Alternatively, anxiety and at least in part, into a common underlying depression might be separate components of the trait (Figure 24.1). According to the popular broader trait of neuroticism. In keeping with this tripartite model, anxiety and depression not perspective, the NEO-PI-R includes anxiety and only have a shared component – a propen- depression as subfactors, or “facets,” of sity to negative affect (which arguably maps neuroticism (Costa & McCrae; 1995). (C). A on to the construct of neuroticism) – but third theoretical stance, represented by Clark 1991 also unique components of anxious arousal and Watson’s ( ) tripartite model, asserts that and anhedonia, respectively (Clark & Wat- anxiety and depression not only have a shared component of negative affect or general distress son, 1991). This conception has led to the (potentially corresponding to the construct of development of the Mood and Anxiety neuroticism) but also unique components of Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ; Watson “anxious arousal” (autonomic hyperactivity) and & Clark,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Benzodiazepines: Uses and Risks Charlie Reznikoff, MD Hennepin Healthcare
    Benzodiazepines: Uses and Risks Charlie Reznikoff, MD Hennepin healthcare 4/22/2020 Overview benzodiazepines • Examples of benzos and benzo like drugs • Indications for benzos • Pharmacology of benzos • Side effects and contraindications • Benzo withdrawal • Benzo tapers 12/06/2018 Sedative/Hypnotics • Benzodiazepines • Alcohol • Z-drugs (Benzo-like sleeping aids) • Barbiturates • GHB • Propofol • Some inhalants • Gabapentin? Pregabalin? 12/06/2018 Examples of benzodiazepines • Midazolam (Versed) • Triazolam (Halcion) • Alprazolam (Xanax) • Lorazepam (Ativan) • Temazepam (Restoril) • Oxazepam (Serax) • Clonazepam (Klonopin) • Diazepam (Valium) • Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) 4/22/2020 Sedatives: gaba stimulating drugs have incomplete “cross tolerance” 12/06/2018 Effects from sedative (Benzo) use • Euphoria/bliss • Suppresses seizures • Amnesia • Muscle relaxation • Clumsiness, visio-spatial impairment • Sleep inducing • Respiratory suppression • Anxiolysis/disinhibition 12/06/2018 Tolerance to benzo effects? • Effects quickly diminish with repeated use (weeks) • Euphoria/bliss • Suppresses seizures • Effects incompletely diminish with repeated use • Amnesia • Muscle relaxation • Clumsiness, visio-spatial impairment • Seep inducing • Durable effects with repeated use • Respiratory suppression • Anxiolysis/disinhibition 12/06/2018 If you understand this pharmacology you can figure out the rest... • Potency • 1 mg diazepam <<< 1 mg alprazolam • Duration of action • Half life differences • Onset of action • Euphoria, clinical utility in acute
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Anxiety Through Childhood Social-Emotional
    MANAGING ANXIETY THROUGH CHILDHOOD SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT by Adriane Hannah Dohl B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2008 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (School Psychology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) October 2013 © Adriane Hannah Dohl, 2013 Abstract School professionals are implementing a universal social-emotional learning program for children in Kindergarten and Grade 1 (aged 4-6 years) in many schools across the province with training and funding provided by the government. The Fun FRIENDS (Barrett, 2007) program focuses on increasing social-emotional learning and promotes coping techniques and resiliency in order to prevent the onset of behavioural and emotional disorders (Pahl & Barrett, 2007). Preliminary results (Pahl & Barrett, 2007, 2010) have highlighted the effectiveness of the Fun FRIENDS program in reducing anxiety in children. The present study utilized a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the Fun FRIENDS program in reducing anxiety and promoting social-emotional competence among a sample of Kindergarten and Grade 1 students (N = 33) in a British Columbia school district. Results revealed a significant decrease in program participants’ anxiety symptoms as rated by teachers when compared with those in the control group. Teachers also reported that children who participated in the program had significant increases in social-emotional skills, while those in the control group’s skills remained the same. However, overall, children in the control group had significantly higher social-emotional skills, as rated by teachers. No significant results were found for parent rated levels of anxiety or social-emotional skills of children enrolled in either condition.
    [Show full text]
  • About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
    About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. .
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
    Journal of Personality 86:2, April 2018 VC 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12303 Disorder of Neuroticism Joshua D. Miller,1 Donald R. Lynam,2 Colin Vize,2 Michael Crowe,1 Chelsea Sleep,1 Jessica L. Maples-Keller,1 Lauren R. Few,1 and W. Keith Campbell1 1University of Georgia 2Purdue University Abstract Objective: Increasing attention has been paid to the distinction between the dimensions of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. We examine the degree to which basic traits underlie vulnerable narcissism, with a particular emphasis on the importance of Neuroticism and Agreeableness. Method: Across four samples (undergraduate, online community, clinical-community), we conduct dominance analyses to partition the variance predicted in vulnerable narcissism by the Five-Factor Model personality domains, as well as compare the empirical profiles generated by vulnerable narcissism and Neuroticism. Results: These analyses demonstrate that the lion’s share of variance is explained by Neuroticism (65%) and Agreeableness (19%). Similarity analyses were also conducted in which the extent to which vulnerable narcissism and Neuroticism share similar empirical networks was tested using an array of criteria, including self-, informant, and thin slice ratings of personality; interview-based ratings of personality disorder and pathological traits; and self-ratings of adverse events and functional out- comes. The empirical correlates of vulnerable narcissism and Neuroticism were nearly identical (MrICC 5 .94). Partial analyses demonstrated that the variance in vulnerable narcissism not shared with Neuroticism is largely specific to disagreeableness- related traits such as distrustfulness and grandiosity. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the parsimony of using basic personality to study personality pathology and have implications for how vulnerable narcissism might be approached clinically.
    [Show full text]
  • The Push and Pull of Network Mobility: How Those High in Trait-Level Neuroticism Can Come to Occupy Peripheral Network Positions
    behavioral sciences Article The Push and Pull of Network Mobility: How Those High in Trait-Level Neuroticism Can Come to Occupy Peripheral Network Positions Eric Gladstone 1,*, Kathleen M. O’Connor 2 and Wyatt Taylor 3 1 Institute for Analytical Sociology, LINKS Center for Social Network Analysis, Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40507, USA 2 London Business School, University of London, London NW1 4SA, UK 3 Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +1-803-463-6266 Received: 8 May 2019; Accepted: 5 June 2019; Published: 28 June 2019 Abstract: Field research shows that people’s network positions are determined, at least in part, by their traits. For instance, over time, actors higher in trait-level neuroticism move out to the network periphery. What is unknown is how this happens. Drawing on personality and social psychological theory, we generated a model that could explain the movement of actors who are higher in neuroticism. Our aim is to add to the existing empirical literature on the interplay of actor level traits and social networks, and do so using methods that can establish possible causal pathways. In four experiments, we tested two explanatory mechanisms—aversion on the part of alters and avoidance on the part of focal actors. Results showed that potential alters indeed perceived actors higher in neuroticism as aversive, leading them to block these actors from well-connected spots. Specifically, low perceived levels of likability prevented actors from being nominated to better positions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Personality Traits in Posttraumatic
    Psychiatria Danubina, 2012; Vol. 24, No. 3, pp 256-266 Review © Medicinska naklada - Zagreb, Croatia THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS IN POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) Nenad Jakšić1, Lovorka Brajković1, Ena Ivezić2, Radmila Topić1 & Miro Jakovljević1 1Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia 2Psychiatric Hospital “Sveti Ivan”, Zagreb, Croatia received: 28.6.2012; revised: 10.8.2012; accepted: 22.8.2012 SUMMARY Background: A number of studies have shown that although exposure to potentially traumatic events is common, development of PTSD is relatively rare, which is one of the reasons PTSD still remains a controversial psychiatric entity. The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the research on the role of personality traits in the vulnerability, resilience, posttraumatic growth and expressions associated with PTSD. Personality based approach represents a dimensional aspect of the transdisciplinary integrative model of PTSD. Methods: We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Complete from 1980 (the year PTSD was first included in the DSM) and 2012 (the year the literature search was performed). Manual examination of secondary sources such as the reference sections of selected articles and book chapters were also conducted. Results: Most of the reviewed studies dealing with personality traits as vulnerability and protective factors for PTSD examined the relationship between basic personality dimensions and severity of symptoms of PTSD. These studies have applied three types of methodological designs: cross-sectional, post-trauma and pre-trauma longitudinal studies, with latter being the least common option. Conclusion: Finding that appears relatively consistent is that PTSD is positively related to negative emotionality, neuroticism, harm avoidance, novelty-seeking and self-transcendence, as well as to trait hostility/anger and trait anxiety.
    [Show full text]
  • Social and Emotional Skills Well-Being, Connectedness and Success
    Social and Emotional Skills Well-being, connectedness and success ©OECD FOREWORD Contents Foreword Foreword 3 Education systems need to prepare students for continuous effort to create the kind of binding social their future, rather than for our past. In these times, capital through which we can share experiences, ideas Introduction 4 digitalisation is connecting people, cities and continents and innovation and build a shared understanding among to bring together a majority of the world’s population in groups with diverse experiences and interests, thus 01. Measuring Social and Emotional Skills 5 ways that vastly increases our individual and collective increasing our radius of trust to strangers and institutions. potential. But the same forces have made the world also 02. Social and emotional skills drive critical life outcomes 10 more volatile, more complex, and more uncertain. And Over the last years, social and emotional skills have when fast gets really fast, being slow to adapt makes been rising on the education policy agenda and in the 03. The impact of specific social and emotional skills on life outcomes 17 education systems really slow. The rolling processes of public debate. But for the majority of students, their automation, hollowing out jobs, particularly for routine development remains a matter of luck, depending on ○ Conscientiousness – getting things done, as required and in time 17 tasks, have radically altered the nature of work and life whether this is a priority for their teacher and their and thus the skills that are needed for success. For those school. A major barrier is the absence of reliable metrics ○ Openness to experience – exploring the world of things and ideas 20 with the right human capacities, this is liberating and in this field that allow educators and policy-makers to exciting.
    [Show full text]
  • Dysphoria As a Complex Emotional State and Its Role in Psychopathology
    Dysphoria as a complex emotional state and its role in psychopathology Vladan Starcevic A/Professor, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, Australia Objectives • Review conceptualisations of dysphoria • Present dysphoria as a transdiagnostic complex emotional state and assessment of dysphoria based on this conceptualisation What is dysphoria? • The term is derived from Greek (δύσφορος) and denotes distress that is hard to bear Dysphoria: associated with externalisation? • “Mixed affect” leading to an “affect of suspicion”1,2 1 Sandberg: Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtl Medizin 1896; 52:619-654 2 Specht G: Über den pathologischen Affekt in der chronischen Paranoia. Festschrift der Erlanger Universität, 1901 • A syndrome that always includes irritability and at least two of the following: internal tension, suspiciousness, hostility and aggressive or destructive behaviour3 3 Dayer et al: Bipolar Disord 2000; 2: 316-324 Dysphoria: associated with internalisation? • Six “dysphoric symptoms”: depressed mood, anhedonia, guilt, suicide, fatigue and anxiety1 1 Cassidy et al: Psychol Med 2000; 30:403-411 Dysphoria: a nonspecific state? • Dysphoria is a “nonspecific syndrome” and has “no particular place in a categorical diagnostic system”1; it is neglected and treated like an “orphan”1 1 Musalek et al: Psychopathol 2000; 33:209-214 • Dysphoria “can refer to many ways of feeling bad”2 2 Swann: Bipolar Disord 2000; 2:325-327 Textbook definitions: dysphoria nonspecific, mainly internalising? • “Feeling
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroticism and Fear of COVID-19. the Interplay Between Boredom
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 October 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574393 Neuroticism and Fear of COVID-19. The Interplay Between Boredom, Fantasy Engagement, and Perceived Control Over Time Barbara Caci1*, Silvana Miceli1, Fabrizio Scrima2 and Maurizio Cardaci1 1Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy, 2Département de Psychologie, Université de Rouen, Moint Saint-Aignan, France The Italian government adopted measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection from March 9, 2020, to May 4, 2020 and imposed a phase of social Edited by: distancing and self-isolation to all adult citizens. Although justified and necessary, Joanna Sokolowska, University of Social Sciences and psychologists question the impact of this process of COVID-19 isolation on the mental Humanities, Poland health of the population. Hence, this paper investigated the relationship between Reviewed by: neuroticism, boredom, fantasy engagement, perceived control over time, and the fear of Cinzia Guarnaccia, University of Rennes 2 – Upper COVID-19. Specifically, we performed a cross-sectional study aimed at testing an Brittany, France integrative moderated mediation model. Our model assigned the boredom to the mediation Martin Reuter, role and both the fantasy engagement and perceived control of time to the role of University of Bonn, Germany moderators in the relationship between neuroticism and the fear of COVID-19. A sample *Correspondence: Barbara Caci of 301 subjects, mainly women (68.8%), aged between 18 and 57 years (Mage = 22.12 years; [email protected] SD = 6.29), participated in a survey conducted in the 1st-week lockdown phase 2 in Italy from May 7 to 18, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Neuroticism Predict Parkinson's Disease?
    4/21/2021 Can neuroticism predict Parkinson's disease? Parkinson's disease: Does neuroticism increase risk? Written by James Kingsland on April 20, 2021 — Fact checked by Hannah Flynn, MS Could neuroticism increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease? Jasmin Merdan/Getty Images People who score high on neuroticism in personality tests tend to experience more negative emotions and are more vulnerable to the effects of psychological stress. A study has found that such individuals had over 80% greater risk of Parkinson’s disease in the following decade compared with those who scored low on neuroticism. The association remained significant even after the researchers accounted for other risk factors for the disease, such as anxiety, depression, smoking, and low levels of physical exercise. Neuroticism is one of the so-called Big Five personality traits that remain relatively stable throughout a person’s lifetime. The other four personal characteristics are extroversion, agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness. People who score high on neuroticism in personality tests are more prone to negative emotionalADVERTISEMENT states, such as worrying, mood swings, and irritability, and the effects of stress. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/parkinsons-disease-does-neuroticism-increase-risk#Some-limitations 4/21/2021 Can neuroticism predict Parkinson's disease? There is strong evidence that neuroticism is associated with major depression and brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. However, few studies have investigated possible links with Parkinson’s disease, which is a degenerative brain disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and problems with movement and balance. It is estimated that around 60,000 new cases of Parkinson’s disease are diagnosed in the United States each year.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Personality, Emotions and Coping Styles: Predictive Value For
    Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Sistema de Información Científica Cardenal, Violeta; Cerezo, Mª Victoria; Martínez, Joaquina; Ortiz-Tallo, Margarita; Blanca, Mª José Personality, Emotions and Coping Styles: Predictive Value for the Evolution of Cancer Patients The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol. 15, núm. 2, 2012, pp. 756-767 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17223158031 The Spanish Journal of Psychology, ISSN (Printed Version): 1138-7416 [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid España How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative The Spanish Journal of Psychology Copyright 2012 by The Spanish Journal of Psychology 2012, Vol. 15, No. 2, 756-767 ISSN 1138-7416 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38887 Personality, Emotions and Coping Styles: Predictive Value for the Evolution of Cancer Patients Violeta Cardenal 1, Mª Victoria Cerezo 2, Joaquina Martínez 3, Margarita Ortiz-Tallo 2, and Mª José Blanca 2 1Universidad Complutense (Spain) 2Universidad de Málaga (Spain) 3Clínica Nuestra Señora de Belén de Murcia (Spain) This study had a twofold goal: to define differences in psychological aspects between cancer patients and a control group and to explore the predictive value of such aspects for the evolution of the disease two years later. Firstly, personality, anxiety, anger and depression were assessed in both groups. Results of t-analyses revealed significant group differences. In personality, cancer patients had higher levels of neuroticism and lower levels of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness than the control group.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Psychomotor Agitation in Major Depressive Episodes Indicate Bipolarity? Evidence from the Zurich Study
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2009) 259:55–63 DOI 10.1007/s00406-008-0834-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Jules Angst Æ Alex Gamma Æ Franco Benazzi Æ Vladeta Ajdacic Æ Wulf Ro¨ssler Does psychomotor agitation in major depressive episodes indicate bipolarity? Evidence from the Zurich Study Received: 4 September 2007 / Accepted: 5 June 2008 / Published online: 19 September 2008 j Abstract Background Kraepelin’s partial interpre- were equally associated with the indicators of bipolarity tation of agitated depression as a mixed state of and with anxiety. Longitudinally, agitation and retar- ‘‘manic-depressive insanity’’ (including the current dation were significantly associated with each other concept of bipolar disorder) has recently been the focus (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.0–3.2), and this combined of much research. This paper tested whether, how, and group of major depressives showed stronger associa- to what extent both psychomotor symptoms, agitation tions with bipolarity, with both hypomanic/cyclothy- and retardation in depression are related to bipolarity mic and depressive temperamental traits, and with and anxiety. Method The prospective Zurich Study anxiety. Among agitated, non-retarded depressives, assessed psychiatric and somatic syndromes in a unipolar mood disorder was even twice as common as community sample of young adults (N = 591) (aged bipolar mood disorder. Conclusion Combined agitated 20 at first interview) by six interviews over 20 years and retarded major depressive states are more often (1979–1999). Psychomotor symptoms of agitation and bipolar than unipolar, but, in general, agitated retardation were assessed by professional interviewers depression (with or without retardation) is not more from age 22 to 40 (five interviews) on the basis of the frequently bipolar than retarded depression (with or observed and reported behaviour within the interview without agitation), and pure agitated depression is even section on depression.
    [Show full text]