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Ecology & Management of Bark-Beetle Forest Pests

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Ecology & Management of Bark-Beetle Forest Pests Some scolytid pests Some bark -beetle pests - Dendroctonus micans Dendroctonus micans Some scolytid pests Ecology and Management of Bark-Beetle Forest Pests 1. Dendroctonus micans 2. Ips typographus 3. Trypodendron spp. Jean-Claude Grégoire Biological Control and Spatial Ecology Lab 4. Scolytus multistriatus Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium 5. Scolytus scolytus [email protected] 6. Dendroctonus ponderosae Some bark -beetle pests - Dendroctonus micans Some bark -beetle pests - Dendroctonus micans Some bark -beetle pests - Dendroctonus micans 1 Some bark-beetle pests - Dendroctonus micans Some bark -beetle pests - Dendroctonus micans Some forest pests - Dendroctonus micans Some forest pests - Dendroctonus micans Some forest pests – Ips typographus Some forest pests – Ips typographus Ips typographus Kielder forest (43,000 ha in England + 50,000 ha in Lothian & Strathclyde : Border) and surrounding area: main concern. 200,000 ha of Sitka North Yorkshire : Ae Forest (40,000 ha). 9,000 ha Total Dumfries & Galloway: Sitka = 104,000 ha; Norway = 5,000 ha Kent: Ashford. 40- 50 sites, all of which with R. South Molton grandis (Devon). 1 site D micans infested zones Unattacked zones, survey planned 2 Some forest pests – Ips typographus Some forest pests – Ips typographus Some forest pests – Trypodendron spp. Trypodendron spp. Some forest pests – Trypodendron spp. Some forest pests – Scolytus spp. Some forest pests – Scolytus spp. Scolytus multistriatus; S. scolytus Insects Symptoms Fungi Scolytus multistriatus Ophiostoma ulmi, O. novo-ulmi Scolytus scolytus 3 Some forest pests – Scolytus spp. Some forest pests – Scolytus spp. Some forest pests – Scolytus spp. Scolytus multistriatus Scolytus scolytus Cycle Some forest pests – Dendroctonus ponderosae in British Columbia. Some forest pests – Dendroctonus ponderosae in British Columbia. Integrated Pest Management of Dendroctonus ponderosae Dendroctonus ponderosae bark beetles • Quarantine • Silvicultural practices • Tree resistance • Biological control • Semiochemicals • Pesticides 4 Quarantine Quarantine Integrated Pest Management of 28 Scolytid species intercepted in Great-Britain, 1980-1988 bark beetles Species Origin Port of interception 1 Crypturgus borealis Russia Hull 2 C. hispidulus Russia Hull 3 C. pusillus Canada Seaforth Dock • Quarantine France Southhampton 4 C. subscribosus Sweden Shoreham • Silvicultural practices 5 Dendroctonus brevicomis Canada Merseyside 6 D. pseudotsugae Canada Newport • Tree resistance 7 D. rufipennis Canada 12 localités 8 Dryocoetes affaber Canada 9 localités • Biological control 9 Gnathotrichus sulcatus Canada Tilbury 10 Hylastes ruber Canada Newport; Erith • Semiochemicals 11 Hylurgops porosus Canada 5 localities 12 H. rugipennis Canada 3 localities • Pesticides 13 Ips amitinus Poland Portsmouth USSR Ellesmere 14 Ips duplicatus USSR Ellesmere 15 Ips latidens Canada Newport 16 Ips pini Canada Dudley 17 Ips typographus Germany; Norway; Sweden, Poland, USSR 13 localities 18 Orthotomicus caelatus Canada Dudley; Teesport 19 Orthotomicus proximus Finland Boston Wainhouse, D. 2005. Ecological Methods in Forest Tim Winter, Forestry Commission, pers. comm. Pest Managment . Oxford University Press. Quarantine Silvicultural practices Silvicultural practices Wainhouse, D. 2005. Ecological Methods in Forest Thinning Pest Managment . Oxford University Press. Felling time The effect of stand management after windblow on the number of Norway spruce killed by Ips typographus in Sweden Healthy beeches were felled sequentially every week from December 2000 to March 2001 They were treated with a pyrethroid insecticide, and equipped with lateral strips of mosquito netting Wainhouse, D. 2005. Ecological Methods in Forest Pest Managment . Oxford University Press. 5 Silvicultural practices Silvicultural practices Silvicultural practices Wainhouse, D. 2005. Ecological Methods in Forest Felling time Felling time Felling time Pest Managment . Oxford University Press. Insects killed at landing and caught in the netting were regularly counted Total catches per trap-tree according to felling date 3000 29-Dec 2500 T. domesticum T. signatum 2000 1500 1000 04-Jan 19-Jan 22-Dec Total catches Total 500 12-Jan 16-Mar 23-Mar 09-Feb 09-Mar 26-Jan 23-Feb 30-Mar 02-Mar 02-Feb 16-Feb 0 30-Nov 20-Dec 09-Jan 29-Jan 18-Feb 10-Mar 30-Mar 19-Apr Felling date Biological Control Biological Control Biological Control Biological control Biological control Biological control Eilenberg et al. (2001): Classical biocontrol Conservation biocontrol ‘The use of living organisms to suppress the population density or ‘The intentional introduction of an exotic, usually co-evolved, biological ‘Modification of the environment or existing practices to protect and enhance impact of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less control agent for permanent establishment and long-term pest control’ specific natural enemies or other organisms to reduce the effect of pests’ damaging than it would otherwise be’ Exotic pest – Exotic, coevolved natural enemies • Classical biocontrol Enhancement of native natural enemies against Ips typographus • Inoculation biocontrol • Inundation biocontrol Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans • Conservation biocontrol Eilenberg, J., A. Hajek and C. Lomer. 2001. Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. BioControl 46: 387–400 6 Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biology of D. micans Biology of D. micans Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Sex-ratio is strongly female- biased (1:10 to 1:40) The female tries to bore an egg gallery in an apparently healthy The females are fertilised by tree. It often has to repeat its their brothers before attempts because of host emergence. The species is resistance (resinosis, perhaps extremely resistant to the lignin). chemical defences of spruce (monoterpenes). Therefore, the The female lays its eggs in insects do not need to aggregate batches. on a tree (differing, e.g., from The living tree protect the insects Ips typographus ), and to kill it from interspecific competition before they can establish. and generalist natural enemies. Each female can thus start a new colony on its own. Photo : Forestry Commission UK Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biology of D. micans D. micans et R. grandis are moving westerward Spread of D. micans and of R. grandis Dendroctonus micans is presently expanding in France and in the United Kingdom . There could be several years between the arrival of the pest and that of the predator. In areas isolated by geographical barriers (Caucasus, United- Kingdom) the predator may even never follow. Artificially introducing R. grandis is The larvae feed Pupation occurs in individual niches Dendroctonus micans has not yet completed its progresses in France and Great- collectively. They created in the frass which fills the brood Britain. Ireland is stll untouched. of particular relevance in these produce aggregation chamber. In the newly colonised areas, D. micans causes substantial damage. cases. pheromones After several years, these damage decrease. This decrease is systematically correlated with the appearance of R. grandis, which follows D. micans . 7 Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans D. micans and R. grandis in Germany and Belgium Biology of R. grandis Biology of R. grandis specific attractants In 1901, in Germany, Bergmiller described Rhizophagus grandis in the brood chambers of D. micans . He observed that the predator was abundant, specific, ubiquitous et voracious Its life within a living tree which 100 produces toxic monoterpenes protects D. micans against most of 80 the generalist natural enemies. However, its specific predator, 60 Rhizophagus grandis, D. micans entered Belgium in 1898. is also extremely resistant to the host-tree's Rhizophagus grandis was discovered 40 monoterpenes. for the first time in 1945. Presently, R. grandis followed D. micans in its it colonises >90% of D. micans' 20 progression westward. subcortical brood chambers although they are very scarce (1 - 2 per 0 The adults locate their prey using 2 3 4 5 L hectare). L L L chemical signals present in adult and larval frass. These attractants were identified in several experiments: Nymphes Proportion of galleries colonised (%) colonised galleries Proportion of (+) -terpinene-4-ol, (+) -fenchol, (S) -(-)-borneol, dominantes 1 α L (S) -(-)-verbenone, ( -)-fenchone, racemic camphor, -terpineol. Jeunes adultes Chambres vides Galeries de ponte Age of the galleries Grégoire, J.-C., D. Couillien, R. Krebber, W.A. König, H. Meyer & W. Francke (1992). Chemoecology , 3: 14 -18. Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biological Control - Rhizophagus grandis against Dendroctonus micans Biology of R. grandis Biology of R. grandis Biology of R. grandis specific attractants specific attractants oviposition stimuli The adults, males and females, By comparing (GC-MS) extracts of frass of D. enter
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