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Of Pllanting and Planning OF PLANTING AND PLANNING JOIN US ON THE INTERNET VIA WWW, GOPHER, FTP OR EMAIL: WWW: http://www.thomson.com GOPHER: gopher.thomson.com FTP: EMAIL: [email protected] STUDIES IN HISTORY, PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT Series editors The late Professor Gordon E.Cherry Professor Anthony Sutcliffe, University of Leicester 1 The Rise of Modern Urban Planning, 1800–1914 Edited by Anthony Sutcliffe 2 Shaping an Urban World Planning in the twentieth century Edited by Gordon E.Cherry 3 Planning for Conservation An international perspective Edited by Roger Kain 4 Metropolis 1890–1940 Edited by Anthony Sutcliffe 5 Arcadia for All The legacy of a makeshift landscape Dennis Hardy and Colin Ward 6 Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe Edited by Martin Wynn 7 Thomas Adams and the Modern Planning Movement Britain, Canada and the United States, 1900–1940 Michael Simpson 8 Holford A study in architecture, planning and civic design Gordon E.Cherry and Leith Penny 9 Goodnight Campers! The history of the British holiday camp Colin Ward and Dennis Hardy 10 Model Housing From the Great Exhibition to the Festival of Britain S.Martin Gaskell 11 Two Centuries of American Planning Edited by Daniel Schaffer 12 Planning and Urban Growth in Nordic Countries Edited by Thomas Hall 13 From Garden Cities to New Towns Campaigning for town and country planning, 1899–1946 Dennis Hardy 14 From New Towns to Green Politics Campaigning for town and country planning, 1946–1990 Dennis Hardy 15 The Garden City Past, present and future Edited by Stephen V.Ward 16 The Place of Home English domestic environments Alison Ravetz with Richard Turkington 17 Prefabs A History of the UK Temporary Housing Programme Brenda Vale 18 Planning the Great Metropolis The 1992 Regional Plan of New York and its environs David A.Johnson 19 Rural Change and Planning England and Wales in the twentieth century Gordon E.Cherry and Alan Rogers Forthcoming titles Planning Europe’s Capital Cities Aspects of nineteenth-century urban development Thomas Hall Selling Places The marketing and promotion of towns and cities 1850–2000 Stephen Ward OF PLANTING AND PLANNING The making of British colonial cities ROBERT HOME E & FN SPON An Imprint of Chapman & Hall London · Weinheim · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras Published by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2–2–1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R.Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India First edition 1997 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1997 Robert Home This book was commissioned and edited by Alexandrine Press, Oxford ISBN 0-203-44961-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-46106-1 (Adobe e-reader Format) ISBN 0 419 20230 7 (Print Edition) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress catalog card number 96–70426 CONTENTS PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION: ‘THE CHIEF EXPORTER OF MUNICIPALITIES’ 1 1. THE ‘GRAND MODELL’ OF COLONIAL SETTLEMENT 9 2. ‘PLANTING IS MY TRADE’: THE SHAPERS OF COLONIAL URBAN 41 LANDSCAPES 3. PORT CITIES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE: A ‘GLOBAL 71 THALASSOCRACY’ 4. THE ‘WAREHOUSING’ OF THE LABOURING CLASSES 98 5. ‘THE INCONVENIENCE FELT BY EUROPEANS’: RACIAL 138 SEGREGATION, ITS RISE AND FALL 6. ‘MIRACLE–WORKER TO THE PEOPLE’: THE IDEA OF TOWN 167 PLANNING (1910–1935) 7. ‘THIS NOVEL LEGISLATION’: INSTITUTIONALIZING TOWN 204 PLANNING (1900–1950) 8. ‘WHAT KIND OF COUNTRY DO YOU WANT?’ THE TRANSITION TO 231 INDEPENDENCE CONCLUSIONS: THE LEGACY OF COLONIAL TOWN PLANNING 262 Bibliography 266 Glossary and Abbreviations 292 Index 294 PREFACE The history of towns and town planning in the most rapidly urbanizing parts of the world is still a relatively neglected topic. The growing body of academic work on planning history, nourished by networks such as the International Planning History Society, still deals mostly with Europe and North America. This book is an attempt to widen the area of inquiry, and explore the role of colonialism in forming Third World cities. One’s personal history often influences the choice of a research topic. In my case, I was brought up in the then British colonies of the Gold Coast, Nigeria and Cyprus around the time that they became independent, in the 1950s and 1960s. I trained as a town planner and my doctorate was on the influence of colonial government upon Nigerian urbanization, with fieldwork undertaken soon after the Nigerian civil war. Since then I have taught planning and land management to many students from the so-called ‘New Commonwealth’, as well as British students with backgrounds in the multi-cultural societies created by colonialism in the Caribbean and elsewhere. The growing internationalism of the planning history academic network has encouraged me to persevere with the research in spite of the daunting scale of the enterprise, and I was fortunate to make short study visits to some of the countries in the story, particularly Trinidad, Malaysia and South Australia. London was a good place to carry out the research. While not much related research (regrettably) is currently being undertaken in Britain, a wealth of source material is available. Among the libraries that I used (and whose library staff were unfailingly helpful, especially Ted Maloney and the late John Barrick) were my own University of East London, the University of London (Senate House, London School of Economics, School of Oriental and African Studies), the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, professional institutes such as the Royal Institute of British Architects, Royal Town Planning Institute, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and Institute of Civil Engineers, and the Development Planning Unit. I also used the Public Record Office at Kew. It is perhaps also appropriate to state my attitude to the material. Much British writing on the subject of the British Empire has been frankly celebratory and self-congratulatory, portraying it as, for example, ‘Rosebery’s great and secular force for good, which left memorials behind of which everyone could be proud, and for which everyone could be thankful’ (Winchester, 1985, p. 126). An opposing view, with which I identify more, was that expressed by Samuel Johnson, who in 1744 censured: …those Crimes which have been generally committed by the Discoverers of new Regions, and to expose the enormous Wickedness of making War upon barbarous Nations because they cannot resist, and of invading Countries because they are fruitful. (quoted in Holmes, 1993, p. 46) My view is that British colonialism inflicted much suffering on millions of people. It was an important episode in world history, and especially in the processes of world urbanization. Its effects were both good and bad, or good for some and bad for others. Many people have helped and encouraged, particularly those met through the International Planning History Society, with whom I have spent many happy hours of discussion. The faults and errors of the final product are mine. My especial thanks are due to the following (in alphabetical order): Linda and Tony Buckley, the late Gordon Cherry, Michael Hebbert, Alan Hutchings, Ben Hyman, Tony King, Goh Ban Lee, Jonathan Lim, Alan Mabin, Michael Mattingly, John Muller, Tony Sutcliffe, John Tregenza, Steve Ward and Brenda Yeoh. I wish to thank Hilda Matthews, who as my research assistant assembled much useful material, Ann Rudkin, my commissioning editor, and Simon Pattle, who helped with the illustrations. Finally I acknowledge the stimulus given by my students over the years. INTRODUCTION: ‘THE CHIEF EXPORTER OF MUNICIPALITIES’ Among history’s imperialists the British were certainly not the greatest builders, but they were the greatest creators of towns. Conquerors since Alexander the Great had seen the strategic and cultural advantages of establishing their own cities across the world, but as the first modern industrial power, Britain was the chief exporter of municipalities, and through the agency of her empire broadcast them everywhere. Half the cities of the American East owe their genesis to the British Empire, most of the cities of Canada, many of the cities of Africa, all the cities of Australasia and the tremendous city-states of Singapore and Hong Kong. Sporting pastimes apart, and the English language, urbanism was the most lasting of the British imperial legacies. (Morris, 1983, p.
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