HYDROGEOLOGICAL REPORT FOR URUMANKULAM MULTI-COLOUR GRANITE

1. INTRODUCTION Name of the Applicant with Address- Name of the Company : The Managing Director, M/s. Winner Minerals Exim India Private Limited, Address with contact Number : New No. 2/4, Second Floor, 1st Cross Street, Indira Nagar, Adyar, Chennai – 600 020 State : Tamilnadu. Mobile : +91 98943-24477, 044-43504477 Details of the Area- Land Classification : Company’s Own Patta Land Survey No : 712/3. Extent in Hectares : 4.00.0Ha. Village : Urumankulam, Taluk : Radhapuram, District : . The Client requires detailed information on Ground Water Occurrences at Proposed Project Site is Multi Colour Granite quarry. The objective of the present study is to assess the availability of groundwater and comment on aspects of depth to potential aquifers, aquifer availability and type, possible yields and water quality. For this purpose all available hydrogeological information of the areas has been analyzed, and a geophysical survey was done. The investigations involved hydrogeological, geophysical field investigations and a detailed study in which the available relevant geological and hydrogeological data were collected, analyzed, collated and evaluated within the context of the Client's requirements. The data sources consulted were mainly: a) Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Data b) State & District Geological and Hydrogeological Reports and Maps. c) Technical reports of the area by various organizations.

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2. SCOPE OF THE WORKS – The scope of works includes: ∑ Site visits to familiarize with the project areas. Identify any issues that might impact the Ground Water Scenario due to proposed mining activities. ∑ To obtain, study and synthesize background information including the geology, hydrogeology and existing borehole data, for the purpose of improving the quality of assessment and preparing comprehensive hydrogeological reports, ∑ To carry out hydrogeological evaluation and geophysical investigations in the selected sites in order to determine potential for groundwater at project site. ∑ To prepare hydrogeological survey reports in conformity with the provisions of the rules and procedure outlined by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), by Assessment of water quality and potential infringement of National standards, Assessment of availability of groundwater and Impact of proposed activity on aquifer, water quality and other abstractors.

3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Location The area is marked in the Survey of India, Topo Sheet No. 58 –H/15.The area lies between the Latitudes of 08°19’09.79’’N to 08°19’19.95’’N and Longitudes of 77°49’06.65’’Eto77°49’14.76’’ E on WGS datum-1984. 4. Regional Geology of - Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) of lying south of Palaghat-Cauvery shear zone has been divided into two major tectonic blocks by the Madurai block and Nagercoil- Trivandrum Block in the south. It is separated by WNW-ESE trending Achankovil- Tambaraparani Lineament. Tirunelveli and Thothukudi are significantly the only districts in the state to witness the geology and structure of both the blocks. Tirunelveli district represents a well-developed lithopackage of meta-sedimentary sequence inter banded with charnockite Group of rocks. The rock types exposed are of quartzite, calc-granulite, garnet- biotite-sillimanite gneiss, garnet quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and garnet-biotite-cordierite gneiss belonging to Khondalite Group of rock. Charnockite and pyroxene granulite are the Charnockite Group. Hornblende-biotite gneiss belongs to Migmatitic Complex. Besides, basic intrusive (pyroxenite) and acid intrusive (granite) are noticed. The younger intrusive are represented by pegmatite and quartz veins. Evidence of development of incipient / patchy charnockite along the shear plane is noticed in the district along the Western Ghat high hills..

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Limestone Tirunelveli district, bulk of crystalline limestone for cement industry comes from Ramayyanpatti, Talaiyuttu and Pandapalli areas. The total reserves are about 20-30 million tonnes with average

CaO 45%, MgO 6% and SiO2 8%. Tuffaceous limestone and kankar of about 23-24 million tonnes occurs near Vijayapatti in the district. Gypsum associated with kankar is reported from a few localities in the saltpans, located along the east coast between Veppalodai and Ayyanapuram in the district. Minor graphite occurrences are located in Kurinjankulam in Tirunelveli District with a reserve of about 19,000 tonnes on Palakottai Hill. Rough stone (mostly charnockite and Hbl-bt gneiss) are majorly concentrated in Alangulam, Radhapuram, Nanguneri, Manur and Sankarankovil Taluks in the district. Multicolour Granite Multi color dimension stones occurrences significantly visited during the field work at Kaladaikurichi (Ambai White), Poongudiyarkulam, Mannarkovil, Adachani in Taluk, Kasthurirangapuram, Kannanallur in Radhapuram Taluk and Singikulam, Melacheval in Cheranmahadevi Taluk of Tiurnelveli District. Rich deposits of garnet and ilmenite sand occurs along the coast part of Radhapuram Taluk, in Tirunelveli district. Vijayapatti, Kuttankuzhi and Idindakarai areas show notable garnet and ilmenite sands occurrences. Red garnet sand occurs significantly along Nambiar river. The main sources of the heavy minerals are found to garnetiferrous quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and garnet biotite sillimanite gneiss of Khondalite Group of rocks. Leptynite: Leptynite (Garnetiferrous Leucogranite) the visual display of garnet in the pure white quartzo-feldspathic matrix is appealing and aesthetic around commercial buyers and users. In spite of its high degree of intercalations with charnockite on one hand and granitoid gneiss on the other hand, leptynite at its core has retained its mineralogy and texture..

Kankar and calc tuffa occurrences in Tirunelveli District Kankar is a nodular calcium carbonateformed in soils of semi-arid regions. it forms sheets across alluvial plains and can occur as discontinuous lines of nodular kankar or as indurated layers in stratigraphic profiles more commonly referred to as calcrete, hardpan or duricrust. GSI in 1987-88, carried out investigation for calc tufa occurrences in the areas of north of Uttumalai and Sivanadipatti in Tirunelveli district

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Dimension stone occurrences in Tirunelveli District Developmental activities in respect of dimension stone deposits such as exploration, exploitation, processing and export is so advanced in Tamil Nadu, and it merits distinct entity and narration. Practically every major lithotype of the Precambrian shield is a dimension stone variety, finding extensive use in building industry composed of hard crystalline rocks of Khondalite and Charnockite Group of Late Archean (~ 2600 Ma) which are normally used as dressed stones, ballast and jelly. Granitoid gneiss dimension stone occurrences in Tirunelveli district Granitoid gneiss, in its intricate intercalations with leptynite, has produced a dimension stone variety similar to world famous Tropical Juparana. Gneissosity is pronounced imparting well defined flow pattern. Biotite gneiss layer with pink feldspar and garnet aggregates alternates with leptynite layer/streaks/lensoid bodies. Leptynite exhibits, not pure white colour but pale yellow or pale green colour. Garnet as discrete grains or as aggregates is evenly distributed throughout the rock type, giving a pleasant speckled appearance. Areas of massive zones, capable of yielding dimension stone blocks, occur in localities Sivandiyapuram, Pottaiyadi, Devanallur and Erukalapatti of Nanguneri-Valliyur blocks Rough Stone (Charnockite & Granite gneiss) occurrences in Tirunelveli district Charnockite is extensively quarried as rough stone which is used as aggregates for construction of building, laying of roads and for preparation of value added products like hollow blocks, M-sand etc. Charnockite is exposed as discontinuous body in NW-SE to WNW-ESE direction from in the west to Gangaikondan in the east and from Tiruvenkadanathapuram in the north to Vijayapathi in the south Garnet and Ilmenite sand Vijayapatti, Kuttankuzhi and Idindakarai areas of bordering Tirunelveli and Thothukudi districts villages are notable garnet and ilmenite sands localities in the district. Due to Administrative and Legal judicial (Court cases) issues the area has been not visited. Rich deposits of garnet and ilmenite sand also occurs along the coast part of Radhapuram Taluk, in Tirunelveli district. Red garnet sand occurs significantly along Nambiar river, the main source of the heavy minerals are found to garnetiferrous quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and garnet biotite sillimanite gneiss of Khondalite Group of rocks.

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5. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT. In general the study area is an undulating topography with general slope towards east. The area shows a mixed geomorphology having plains (80-90%) as well as hill (10-20%). Western part of the district is entirely covered by Western Ghats. The maximum reliefs are seen in the western part of the area viz., MarandaiMalai (∆193), VallankottaiParambu (∆ 174), TalaiyuttuMalai (∆ 150), Kottamalai (∆ 197) and Uttumalai (∆ 307). Climate: The district, in general experiences tropical climate with minor changes. The normal temperature varies between 24.4°C and 27.1°C at mean minimum, whereas the hottest climate experiences from March to May with mercury reaching 38.5°C at the highest. The climate is comparatively cool during the months from November to February. The average rainfall during 2005-06 is 917.86 mm and the number of rainy days varies from 98 to 110 in a year. The relative humidity, in general around the year is between 55 and 65% in most parts of the district, except during the north-east monsoon season when it is over 65%. However, the coastal areas will be comparatively more humid. Soil: The soil condition of the district may be grouped into two main varieties namely red loam soil and black soil. The black soil is of a higher value compared to the red loam soil and the black soil of the Tamirabarani River Valley overlies a stiff yellow colour. The red loam found in Tenkasi, Shenkottai, Sivagiri, and Radhapuram Taluks. The black soil is found in Sankarankoil, Palayamkottai, and Tirunelveli Taluks. The other soils like lateritic, sandy coastal alluvial soil and red-sand soil are not found much in the district. In the south-east coast, the soil is deep, loose and red loam surfaced by sand with its depth varying from a few inches to 20 feet. 6. GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION METHODS A variety of methods are available to assist in the assessment of geological sub- surface conditions. The main emphasis of the fieldwork undertaken was to determine the thickness and composition of the sub-surface formations and to identify water-bearing zones.This information was principally obtained in the field using, and vertical electrical soundings (VES). The VES probes the resistivity layering below the site of measurement. This method is described below.

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Resistivity Method Vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out to probe the condition of the sub- surface and to confirm the existence of deep groundwater. The VES investigates the resistivity layering below the site of measurement. Basic Principles The electrical properties of rocks in the upper part of the earth's crust are dependent upon the lithology, porosity, and the degree of pore space saturation and the salinity of the pore water. Saturated rocks have lower resistivity than unsaturated and dry rocks. The higher the porosity of the saturated rock, or the higher the salinity of the saturating fluids, the lower is the resistivity. The presence of clays and conductive minerals also reduces the resistivity of the rock. The resistivity of earth materials can be studied by measuring the electrical potential distribution produced at the earth's surface by an electric current that is passed through the earth. Current is moved through the subsurface from one current electrode to the other and the potential difference is recorded as the current passes. From this information, resistivity values of various layers are acquired and layer thickness can be identified. The apparent resistivity values determined are plotted as a log function versus the log of the spacing between the electrodes. These plotted curves identify thickness of layers. If there are multiple layers (more than 2), the acquired data is compared to a master curve to determine layer thickness. This method is least influenced by lateral in-homogeneities and capable of providing higher depth of investigation. The resistance R of a certain material is directly proportional to its length L and cross- sectional area A, expressed as: R = Rs * L/A (in Ohm) Where Rs is known as the specific resistivity (characteristic of the material and independent of its shape or size) With Ohm's Law, R = dV/I (Ohm) Where dV is the potential difference across the resistor and I is the electric current through the resistor. The specific resistivity may be determined by: Rs = (A/L) * (dV/I) (in Ohm m)

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Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) When carrying out a resistivity sounding, current is led into the ground by means of two electrodes. With two other electrodes, situated near the center of the array, the potential field generated by the current is measured. From the observations of the current strength and the potential difference, and taking into account the electrode separations, the ground resistivity can be determined. During aresistivity sounding, the separation between the electrodes is step-wise increased (known as a Schlumberger Array), thus causing the flow of current to penetrate greater depths. When plotting the observed resistivity values against depth on double logarithmic paper, a resistivity graph is formed, which depicts the variation of resistivity with depth. This graph can be interpreted with the aid of a computer, and the actual resistivity layering of the subsoil is obtained. The depths and resistivity values provide the hydro geologist with information on the geological layering and thus the occurrence of groundwater.

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Vertical Electrical Sounding data’s and Diagram STATION-1 GPS Coordinates - 8°19'18.74"N 77°49'13.55"E Resistance Apparent Geometrical S.No Ab/2(m) Mn/2(m) Value in Resistance factor (G) Ohms in Ohms 1 2 1 4.71 21.16 99.66 2 4 1 23.55 8.24 194.05 3 6 1 54.95 4.27 234.64 4 8 1 98.91 3.03 299.70 5 10 1 155.45 2.14 332.66 6 10 5 23.55 16.06 378.21 7 15 5 62.80 7.04 442.11 8 20 5 117.75 4.18 492.20 9 30 5 274.75 1.87 513.78 10 40 5 494.55 1.13 558.84 11 50 5 777.15 0.78 606.18 12 60 5 1122.55 0.61 684.76 13 70 5 1530.75 0.45 688.84 14 80 5 2001.75 0.38 760.67 15 90 5 2535.55 0.32 811.38 16 100 5 3132.15 0.24 751.72

Vertical Eletrical Sounding - 1 2 900.00 4 6 800.00 8 700.00 10 10 600.00 15 500.00 20 30 400.00 40 300.00 50 200.00 60

Resistivity Resistivity Values in Ohms 70 100.00 80 0.00 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 Depth in meters

® A vertical electrical Sounding Graph diagram purple level is fracture zone.

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STATION-2 GPS Coordinates - 8°19'15.17"N 77°49'12.51"E Resistance Apparent Geometrical S.No Ab/2(m) Mn/2(m) Value in Resistance factor (G) Ohms in Ohms 1 2 1 4.71 20.48 96.46 2 4 1 23.55 7.46 175.68 3 6 1 54.95 4.28 235.19 4 8 1 98.91 2.83 279.92 5 10 1 155.45 2.01 312.45 6 10 5 23.55 15.47 364.32 7 15 5 62.80 6.14 385.59 8 20 5 117.75 3.79 446.27 9 30 5 274.75 1.81 497.30 10 40 5 494.55 1.09 539.06 11 50 5 777.15 0.79 613.95 12 60 5 1122.55 0.61 684.76 13 70 5 1530.75 0.44 673.53 14 80 5 2001.75 0.42 840.74 15 90 5 2535.55 0.31 786.02 16 100 5 3132.15 0.26 814.36

Vertical Eletrical Sounding - 2 2 900.00 4 80 100 6 800.00 90 8 700.00 60 70 10 600.00 50 10 40 15 500.00 30 20 20 30 400.00 15 10 40 10 300.00 8 50 6 200.00 60

Resistivity Resistivity Values in Ohms 4 70 100.00 2 80 0.00 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 Depth in meters

® A vertical electrical Sounding Graph diagram purple level is fracture zone.

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STATION-3 GPS Coordinates - 8°19'10.89"N 77°49'11.85"E Resistance Apparent Geometrical S.No Ab/2(m) Mn/2(m) Value in Resistance Factor (G) Ohms in Ohms 1 2 1 4.71 21.47 101.12 2 4 1 23.55 8.24 194.05 3 6 1 54.95 4.16 228.59 4 8 1 98.91 2.47 244.31 5 10 1 155.45 1.90 295.36 6 10 5 23.55 14.24 335.35 7 15 5 62.80 5.88 369.26 8 20 5 117.75 3.64 428.61 9 30 5 274.75 1.70 467.08 10 40 5 494.55 1.02 504.44 11 50 5 777.15 0.71 551.78 12 60 5 1122.55 0.53 594.95 13 70 5 1530.75 0.48 734.76 14 80 5 2001.75 0.35 700.61 15 90 5 2535.55 0.34 862.09 16 100 5 3132.15 0.28 877.00 Vertical Eletrical Sounding - 3 2 1000.00 4 6 900.00 100 90 8 800.00 70 10 700.00 80 10 600.00 60 15 50 20 500.00 40 30 30 400.00 20 15 40 10 300.00 10 50 8 60 200.00 6

Resistivity Resistivity Values in Ohms 4 70 100.00 2 80 0.00 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 Depth in meters

® A vertical electrical Sounding Graph diagram purple level is fracture zone.

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7.Conclusions – Based on the available information and the geophysical investigations it is concluded that the project area is considered to have medium groundwater potential. Productive aquifers are expected at depth of 70m to 80m where minor fractures are observed and shallow aquifers are expected above 60-65m BGL. The ultimate pit limit as per the approved mining plan depth is 23m (3mTopsoil + 20m Multi colour Granite) which will have no impact on the Ground Water.

Dr. P. Thangaraju, M.Sc., Ph.D., Govt. Approved Hydro Geologist M/s. Geo Exploration and Mining Solutions, Regd. Office: No. 17, Advaitha Ashram Road, Alagapuram, Salem – 636 004, Tamil Nadu Mobile: +91 - 94433 56539 E-Mail: [email protected]

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