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Mushrooms of the Genus Agaricusas Functional Foods

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Mushrooms of the Genus Agaricusas Functional Foods 08. MUSHROOMS:01. Interacción 30/05/12 9:35 Página 1017 Nutr Hosp. 2012;27(4):1017-1024 ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ S.V.R. 318 Revisión Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus as functional foods J. Vinhal Costa Orsine1, R. Vinhal da Costa2 and M.ª R. Carvalho Garbi Novaes3 1Professor. Mestre. Instituto Federal Goiano. Campus Urutaí. Urutaí. Goiás. Brazil. 2Medical Resident. Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. HBDF. Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal. SES/DF. Brasília. Distrito Federal.Brazil. 3Professor. Doutor. School of Medicine. Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde. ESCS-FEPECS. Universidade de Brasília. UnB. Brasília. Brazil. Abstract HONGOS DEL GÉNERO AGARICUS COMO ALIMENTOS FUNCIONALES Mushrooms of the genus Agaricus are noted for their pharmacological and culinary properties. In this study, it Resumen was performed a critical literature review, focusing primarily on aspects of the chemical composition of these Hongos del género Agaricus son conocidos por sus pro- mushrooms whose pharmacological properties and nutri- piedades farmacológicas y culinarias. En este estudio, se tional composition characterize them as functional foods. realizó una revisión crítica de la literatura, centrándose It was also discussed articles conducted in vitro and in principalmente en los aspectos de la composición química vivo proving the high antioxidant potential of the Agari- de estos hongos, cuyas propiedades farmacológicas y caceae family, in addition to articles which emphasize the composición nutricional caracterizarlos como alimentos toxicity characteristics and safety for its use in therapy or funcionales. También se discutió artículos realizados in in human nutrition. These mushrooms exhibit numerous vitro e in vivo demostrando el potencial antioxidante de bioactive substances as well as safety regarding toxicity, alta de la familia Agaricaceae, además de los artículos que which characterize them as functional foods. Despite the hacen hincapié en las características de toxicidad y segu- countless beneficial effects on human health, mushrooms ridad para su uso en terapia o en la nutrición humana. of the genus Agaricus are little known by the population, Estos hongos presentan numerosas sustancias bioactivas, making it necessary partnership and combined efforts así como la seguridad en relación con la toxicidad, lo que among producers, industries and researchers in order to les caracterizan como alimentos funcionales. A pesar de disseminate, research and consumption of these foods. los innumerables efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud (Nutr Hosp. 2012;27:1017-1024) humana, las setas del género Agaricus son poco conocidos por la población, por lo que es colaboración necesaria y el DOI:10.3305/nh.2012.27.4.5841 trabajo conjunto entre productores, industrias e investi- Key words: Agaricaceae. Health. Medicinal foods. gadores con el fin de difundir, la investigación y el con- sumo de estos alimentos. (Nutr Hosp. 2012;27:1017-1024) DOI:10.3305/nh.2012.27.4.5841 Palabras clave: Agaricaceae. Salud. Alimentos funcionales. Abbreviations DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. A. blazei: Agaricus blazei. ENU: N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. A. brasiliensis: Agaricus brasiliensis. HR: Heart rate. A. sylvaticus: Agaricus sylvaticus. LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. AdipoQ: Adiponectin. MAP: Mean arterial pressure. Anvisa: National Health Surveillance Agency. MIP-2: Macrophage inflammatory protein 2. CFU-GM: Granulocytes-macrophage. Pristane: 2,6,10,14-tetrametilpentadecano. CRP: C-reactive protein. SCGE: Single cell gel electrophoresis. DMH: 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alphal. Correspondence: Joice Vinhal Costa Orsine. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, km. 2,5. Introduction CEP 75790-000 Urutai. Goiás. Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Edible mushrooms belong to the Funghi group, Recibido: 6-III-2012. 1.ª Revisión: 13-III-2012. which can grow in the wild or be cultivated, and after Aceptado: 27-III-2012. properly prepared, will be suitable for use as food.1 1017 08. MUSHROOMS:01. Interacción 30/05/12 9:35 Página 1018 In accordance with Resolution RDC no 272/05 of Materials and methods the Anvisa (National Health Surveillance Agency), edible mushrooms are classified as products obtained A review of articles published in Data Bases from species of edible fungi, traditionally used as food, Medline, Lilacs, PubMed, from 1990 to 2012 was and can be prepared in different ways such as dried, done, crossing data between the descriptors in Health whole, fragmented, ground or preserved, subject to Sciences: mushrooms, functional foods, Agaricaceae, drying, smoked, cooked, salted, fermented or any other in Portuguese, English and Spanish. technical process deemed safe for food production.1 The term functional food attributed to edible mush- rooms is due to its rich nutritional value and therapeutic Results and discussion properties described by several researchers, but regula- tion is permitted only after proof of its healthy physio- It was found 60 papers and given the reduced logical effects. To be classified as functional foods they number of articles, all of them have been selected in should be included in daily eating habits, providing this review. The mushrooms showed numerous bioac- consumers with specific physiological benefits, thanks tive substances and safety for toxicity, which characte- to its components capable of causing physiological rize them as functional foods. Some species of the sound effects.2 genus Agaricus have shown chemical and nutritional To be considered functional food, conditions of use composition suitable for human consumption, as well and nutritional value, chemical composition or mole- as a flavor much appreciated for culinary purposes. cular characterization or the product formulation must In 2007 the Brazilian production of mushrooms of be registered. Biochemical, nutritional and/or physiolo- the genus Agaricus reached around 40 tons of dehy- gical, and/or toxicological tests in experimental animals drated mushrooms, 95% of which destined for export should also be submitted, further to epidemiological to the Japanese market. In order to increase their studies, clinical trials, and comprehensive evidence of profits, many businessmen and farmers started looking scientific literature; accredited by international health for these mushrooms as a new alternative source of organizations and international laws recognized under income. For this reason, several companies and coope- properties and characteristics of the product; proven to ratives have produced and marketed the inoculum be of traditional use by the population having no associa- (seed or spawn) of A. blazei or the colonized compost tion with adverse health effects.3,4,5 itself. But little is known about the origin and genetic The study of functional foods is very important, variability of these products.9 since they have beneficial results for the increase in life The identification and classification of species of expectancy of the population. Often times there are Agaricus mushrooms have been based on morpholo- cases of chronic diseases such as obesity, atheroscle- gical and physiological characteristics or by genetic rosis, hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes and cancer. methods, molecular and biochemical. The genetic These ailments have been of great concern both for the variability of the genus Agaricus, native or cultivated population as well as public agencies related to health, throughout the world is enormous. Generally these and are part of their agenda to discuss solutions for differences are in color, shape and size of microscopic better eating habits.6 structures and fruiting bodies (spores, plates, and According to Araújo,7 health-conscious consumers cystides).10 are increasingly looking for foods that help control To talk about A. sylvaticus is the same as to talk their own health and well-being. This growing search about A. blazei. When there are small differences in for a balanced diet in maintaining health has contri- morphology, it does not justify creating a new species. buted to encourage research into new biologically Therefore, mushrooms A. sylvaticus and A. brasiliensis active natural components and has changed our unders- are synonyms of A. blazei.10 tanding of the importance of diet in good health. In a study conducted by Tominazawa et al.,9 the Mushrooms are very rich in proteins, vitamins and authors investigated nine isolates of A. blazei obtained minerals, and have been used worldwide as nutraceu- from different regions in Brazil (São Paulo, Espírito ticals in the prevention and treatment of various Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul), through the disea ses.8 use of molecular markers to assess genetic similarity The objective of this study was to perform a critical among them. The authors concluded that six of the nine review of the literature, highlighting aspects of the isolates showed high genetic similarity and are consi- chemical composition of these mushrooms responsible dered the same origin or clones. for the pharmacological properties and nutritional A. sylvaticus mushroom is a Brazilian fungus found composition which characterize them as functional natively in the countryside in Brazil. Its popular name foods. It was also discussed articles conducted in vitro is “Sun Mushroom”. This mushroom is ranked as and in vivo attesting the antioxidant potential of the Eukaryotic superkingdom, Fungi kingdom, Metazoa Agaricaceae family, besides articles that emphasize
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